Part A

http://0-search.proquest.com.library.uark.edu/docview/205280487?pq-origsite=summon

Title: Nonverbal Communication in Two- and Three-Year-Old Children with Autism

Authors: Stone, Wendy L ; Ousley, Opal Y; Yoder, Paul J; Hogan, Kerry L; Hepburn, Susan L

Date: Dec 1997

Generally in the first year of life, infants begin to communicate nonverbally. They use things such as eye
gaze, vocalizations and prelinguistic gestures all of which help them convey their emotions and also
things they need. Nonverbal communication is important because it helps with the development of
verbal communication through the use of verbal and nonverbal together. Children with autism typically
show a lack of or shortage of nonverbal communication understanding and usage. Research shows that
autistic children use communication for different needs than non-autistic children. For example, both
autistic children and non-autistic children communicate for needs and wants, but autistic children show
a significant decrease in communication for attention or commenting.

One explanation for autistic children commenting less is that autistic children get less of an intrinsic or
emotional reward for affirmation. Previous studies showed that autistic children use pointing as a main
form of communication however this study shows different results. These kids did not use pointing to
request objects more than they would verbally request them. But, this study did verify the previous
results of eye contact. All studies show that children with autism use much less eye contact than non-
autistic children.

Part B

http://0-search.proquest.com.library.uark.edu/docview/1880386946?pq-origsite=summon

Title: Completed Ulnar Shaft Stress Fracture in a Fast-Pitch Softball Pitcher

Authors: Wiltfong, Roger E; Carruthers, Katherine H; Popp, James E

Date: march 2017

Stress fractures are fairly common injuries for athletes most often that involves lower extremities. A
study by Iwamoto and Takeda reported that a sports medicine clinic identified 196 stress fractures in
10726 patients during a period of 10 years. Within those 196 stress fractures, almost half occurred in the
tibial shaft. 2 stress fractures in upper extremities have been described in literature but that type of
injury is usually on baseball players. There have only been 2 reports of this injury in softball and the 1 st
was successfully treated. The injury in this report was misdiagnosed, so it wasnt treated correctly.

An 18-year-old left handed pitcher was diagnosed with an ulnar fracture and was otherwise healthy but
she reported pain in her elbow and forearm for an extended period of time. She visited a doctor who
diagnosed it as tendonitis. They treated that injury with anti-inflammatories, physical therapy and
kinesiology tape. That didnt help the pain and it got worse. She continued to pitch until the pain was
unbearable and she experienced numbness in her fingers. She ended up getting screws and plates in that
bone to enable healing.