Load

Relative Density of Sand, Dr

Settlement
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0

Relative Depth of Foundation D/B^

A. General Shear 1 General
Load Local Shear
Shear
2
Settlement

Punching
Ultimate Load Shear
3

B. Local Shear

Load 4
Settlement

Test at Greater
5
Depth B^ = B for a Square or Circular Footing.
Surface B^ = 2BL/(B+L) for a Rectangular Footing.
Test

C. Punching Shear Modes of Failure of Model Footings in Chattahoochee

Modes of Bearing Capacity Failure (76) Sand (20,76)

Adapted from Vesic (1973) JSMFD, ASCE, 99(SMI)

Very loose Very Dense

Loose Medium Dense

140 0
Standard Penetration Resistance

130 10
N
120 20
N, blows/ft

110 30
Bearing Capacity Factors, Nr and Nq

100 40
90 50
80 60
Nr
70
60
Nq
50

40

30
20
10

0
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
Angle of Internal Friction, �, degrees

Curves showing the relationship between bearing-capacity factors

and �, as determined by theory, and rough empirical relationship
between bearing capacity factors or � and values of standard
penetration resistance N.
Adapted from Peck, Hanson & Thornburn (1974)
 SPT N Value (Blows/30cm)
0 20 40 60 80 100
0

Dr = 80%
Vertical Stress, �v̀o (kg/cm2)

Dr = 40%

3
Gibbs & Holtz (1957)
Peck & Bazaraa (1969)
Marcuson & Bieganousky (1976)
Schultze & Melzer (1965)

Fig. 47. Empirical correlations between standard penetration

resistance and relative density for cohesionless soils.
Adapted from Ladd et al. (1977) 9th ICFMFE

N, Blows/Foot
0 40 80 120 160 200
0
Effective Overburden Pressure, Kips/Square Foot

DR = 100 %
4 (Bazaraa)
DR = 100 %
(Gibbs and Holtz)

Points omitted in this

area

8
Dry Cohesionless Soil
Submerged Coarse
Cohesionless Soil
10

Results of Standard Penetration Tests for Very Dense Sands

Adapted from Peck & Bazarra (1969)
 Angle of Internal Friction Vs Density (For Coarse Grained Soils)
45
�` Obtained from effective 100%
stress failure envelopes en sity
t ive D
approximate correlation Rela
40
is for cohesionless 75%
materials without

Angle of Internal Friction �`(Degrees)

plastic fines GW
GP 50%
SW Material Type
35

ML
d SP 25%
SM an
nge
30
in this ra
0

25

20

75 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

Dry Unit Weight (� ), PCF

(G = 2.68)
D

1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15
Void Ratio, e

0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15

Porosity, n

Correlations Of Strength Characteristics For Granular Soils

Adapted from NAVFAC DM-7.1 (5/82) p 7.1 - 149