Exercise 4

Preparing input data for load flow calculations

Exercise aim
Knowledge acquire of the preparation of equivalent parameters of lines, cables and
transformers for load flow circuit analysis

Exercise description
Theoretical background is given in lecture no 6,7.
Network configuration is determined as follows:.
breaker W1 is switched on (closed)
breaker W2 is switched off to isolate generator from the station R-2 110/10 kV,
breaker W3 is switched off to isolate generator from the R-3 110/10 kV,
All equivalent parameters of generator, motors, transformers and lines should be individually
calculated.

Exercise proceedings
1. Scheme of power system. (see eps_scheme.pdf)
2. Numbering the nodes of power system. Number 1 is reserved for slack bus. Then should go
numbers of generator nodes.
3. Base power Sb = 100 MVA.
4. Calculated equivalent parameters of line and transformer in per unit. (see Example below)
5. Calculate generation and load at buses in per unit.
6. Calculate the step of transformer ratio and its maximal and minimal values.
7. Create the input data file. (see srmdat.pdf)

Report
Relevant schemes and equivalent parameters should given in report.
Example

1
110 kV 110

10kV 3 10

2 15
(1+j0.3)MVA
G
13 6

KSP

4
5 12 11

(1.3+j0.39)MVA
(1.2+j0.36)MVA

Rys. 1. Scheme of power system

Base impedance for Sb = 100 MVA depends of the nominal bus voltage at a given
bus. For example for 10 kV we have
U2 U2 10 2
Z b = b = NLS = = 1
Sb Sb 100

Tab. 1. Line parameters for Sb = 100 MVA and Ub = UN = 10 kV

From To UN R X B R X B
nr nr kV S pu pu pu
13 10 10 0.264 0.136 160 0.264 0.136 0.000160
13 12 10 0.272 0.17 200 0.272 0.17 0.000200
10 11 10 0.038 1.136 46.0 0.038 1.136 0.000046
11 12 10 kV 0.038 0.024 18.0 0.038 0.024 0.000018
10 15 10 kV 0.004 0.002 9.4 0.004 0.002 0.0000094

Transformer with regulated tap under load

SN = 40 MVA
UNH = 115 kV +/- 16% , i.e. dUH% = 16% related to UNH
zmax = 25 taps, i.e.i n = +/- 12 regulation steps
UNL = 11 kV
uk = 11% Pcu = 205 kW PFe = 33 kW
 I0 = 0.5%

Parameters related to UNL = 11 kV

Pcu U 2NL 0.205 112
R= = = 0.0155
SN SN 40 40
u k U 2NL 11 112
X= = = 0.33239
100 S N 100 40
P 0.033
G = Fe 2
= = 0.000273 S = 273 S
U NL 112
I SN 0.5 40
B= o = = 0.001653S = 1653S
100 U NL 100 112
2

Base impedance for Sb = 100 MVA and Ub = UNLS = 10 kV

U2 U2 10 2
Z b = b = NLS = = 1
Sb Sb 100

Tab. 3. Parameters of transformer

UNHT UNHL UNHS UNLS R X G B t tmin tmax dt

kV kV kV kV pu pu pu pu pu pu pu pu
115 11 110 10 0.01550.3324 0.000273 0.001653 0.9504 1.1028 0.798 0.0127

110 kV R+jX 22 kV

D
G

G/2+jB/2 G/2+jB/2

Rys. 2.. Scheme of transformer with regulated ratio

Nominal transformer ratio

tN = UNHT/UNLT = 115/11 = 10.4545
Ideal ratio of network
tNS = UNHS/UNLS = 110/10 = 11
Transformer ratio in per unit
U Hpu U H U NLS U H U NLS t jm
t= = = =
U Lpu U NHS U L U L U NHS t NS
Transformer ration for open circuit, i.e. UH = UHNT and UL = UNLT
U Hpu U H U NLS U NHT U NLS t N
tb = = = =
U Lpu U NHS U L U NHL U NHS t NS
Ratio step
 dU H % 1 16 115 1840
dU H = U NHT = = = 1.5333 kV
100 n 100 12 1200
Change of ratio per tap
dt jm 1 U H 1 U H 1 dU H 1 1.5333 1.5333
dt = = d = d = = = = 0.0127
t NS t NS U L t NS U NLT t NS U NLT 11 11 121
Maximal ratio
t max = t b + s dt = 0.9504 + 120.0127 = 1.1028
Minimal ratio
t max = t b s dt = 0.9504 - 120.0127 = 0.798

function [wezly,galezie,Sbase]=esrmdat
%
Sbase = 100; % base power MVA
% bus data
wezly=[
% No. 1 = slack bus
% No.2, 3, ..., nPU = generator buses
% No. nPU+1,...,n = load buses
% Pd(+) - active load at bus, Pd(-) - active injection at bus
% Qd(+) - reactive load at bus, Qd(-) - reactive injection at bus
% Pg(+) - active generation at bus, Pg(-) - active consumption at bus
% Qg(+) - reactive generartion at bus, Qg(-) - reactive consumption at bus
% Psh(+) - active shunt
% Qsh(+) - reactive shunt (capacitive), Qsh(-) - inductive
%bus name type Un_kV Um Uk_st Pd Qd Pg Qg Psh Qsh
% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 110 3 110.00 1.00000 0.0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
2 15 1 10.00 1.00000 0.0 0.00000 0.00000 0.08 0.00 0.0000 0.0000
3 10 1 10.00 1.00000 0.0 0.01000 0.00300 0.00000 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
4 11 1 10.00 1.00000 0.0 0.01200 0.00360 0.00000 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
5 12 1 10.00 1.00000 0.0 0.01300 0.00390 0.00000 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
6 13 1 10.00 1.00000 0.0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.0000 0.0000
];
% branch data
galezie=[
% Bus No. 1 must be alwyas from bus
% Transformer ratio tn=Uwpn/Uwkn - Uwpn - bus from., Uwkn - bus to
% Ratio trpu = tr/tn is in per unit
% Ratio angle must be in gradius
% Line susceptance is positive (+), transformer susceptance is negative (-)
% Smax - thermal loading in pu
% STATUS : status on =1, statusoff = 0
% dtr - ratio step
% name_from name_t No_from N0_to R X G B Smax tm tk_st tmin
tmax dtr st
% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15
110 10 1 3 0.01550 0.33239 0.0002727 -0.0016529 0.40000 1.00 0.0
0.79804 1.10200 0.012660 1
10 11 3 4 0.03800 1.13600 0.0000000 0.0000460 0.05000 0.000 0.0
0.00000 0.00000 0.0 1
11 12 4 5 0.03800 0.0240 0.0000000 0.0000180 0.05000 0.000 0.0
0.00000 0.00000 0.0 0
13 10 6 3 0.26400 0.13600 0.0000000 0.0001600 0.05000 0.000 0.0
0.00000 0.00000 0.0 1
13 12 6 5 0.27200 0.17000 0.0000000 0.0002000 0.05000 0.000 0.0
0.00000 0.00000 0.0 1
15 10 2 3 0.00400 0.00200 0.0000000 0.0000094 0.12000 0.000 0.0
0.00000 0.00000 0.0 1
];
%

return;
============