Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
LABORATORY HANDOUT
Students name:
Reg. No:
Group:
Date:
Cylinders In Series
CYLINDERS SERIES
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
DISCUSSION
Cylinders in series
Figure 3-6 shows two cylinders connected in series. The rod end of one cylinder
is connected to the cap end of the second cylinder. With this circuit, neither
cylinder can move unless the other is also moving.
Shifting the lever of the directional valve in Figure 3-6 will cause the cylinders to
start and stop at the same time. If the cylinders are of the same size and stroke,
however, cylinder 2 (downstream cylinder) will extend slower, and It will not
extend completely since the flow out of the rod end of cylinder 1 (upstream
cylinder) will be less than the flow entering the cap end of cylinder 1.
If the two cylinders are of the same size, the total force of the two cylinders in
series is equal to the system pressure multiplied by the area of one of the piston.
Differences0 in cylinder size, however, will cause considerable variation.
Intensification of the system pressure will occur in a series circuit if the flow from
the rod end of the upstream cylinder is blocked severely restricted as by a
heavy load on the downstream cylinder.
Figure 3-7 shows an example. The cylinders in this figure have the same size as
the two cylinders supplied with your Hydraulics Trainer. The input force exerted
on the full piston area of the upstream cylinder is 1775 . Since the flow from the
rod end of this cylinder is partially blocked by the heavy load on the downstream
cylinder, the pressure at the rod end of the upstream cylinder will rise until the
force applied on the annular piston area of the upstream cylinder equals the input
force of 1775 .
Due to the difference in exposure area between the full and annular piston area,
the pressure at the rod end of the upstream cylinder will intensify by a factor
equal to the ratio of the full piston area to the annular piston area, A 1/Aa, resulting
in a pressure of 5763 kPa at the cap end of the downstream cylinder, and in a
force of 6570 at the output load. Notice that the intensification ratio A 1/Aa will
hold as long as there is no load on the upstream cylinder.
REFERENCE TERIAL
Procedure summary
In the first part of the exercise, you will connect two cylinders in series with a
loading device to the upstream cylinder. The loading device will be a flow control
valve. You will gradually increase the load on the upstream cylinder, while noting
the effect a change in load has on the synchronization of the cylinders, along with
the pressures applied to both cylinders.
In the second part of the exercise, you will connect the loading device to the
downstream cylinder. You will repeat the manipulations performed in the first part
of the exercise in order to observe the effect a change in load position has on the
operation of the series circuit.
QUI REQUIRED
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 3-8. In this circuit, the Flow Control
Valve will act as a loading device on the upstream cylinder [2.54-cm (1-)
bore).
2. Before starting the Power Unit, perform the following start-up procedure:
4. Open the Flow Control Valve completely (turn knob fully counterclockwise)
so that no load is placed on the upstream cylinder.
5. Move the lever of the directional valve toward the valve body to extend
both cylinders. While keeping the valve lever shifted, turn the Relief Valve
adjustment knob clockwise until the circuit pressure at gauge is 1720
kPa (250 psi). Retract the cylinders by moving the valve lever outward
from the valve body.
6. While observing the cylinders, move the lever of the directional valve
toward the valve body to extend their rod. D0 the cylinders start and stop
at the same time? Does the downstream cylinder [3.81-cm (1.5-in) bore]
extend fully? Explain.
Answer:
8. Now extend and then retract the cylinders again and observe the pressure
readings at gauges and as the cylinders are extending. Record these
pressures in the "NO-LOAD" row of Table 3-6.
PRESSURE
LOAD CONDITION GAUGE A (UPSTREAM GAUGE B (DOWNSTREAM
CYLINDER) CYLINDER)
NO-LOAD
MEDIUM LOAD
HEAVY LOAD
STALL
10. Extend and then retract the cylinders. 00 they start and stop at the same
time?
Yes
11. Extend and then retract the cylinders and observe the pressure readings
12. Put a heavy load on the upstream cylinder. do so, close the Flow
Control Valve completely (turn knob fully clockwise), then open it turn.
13. Extend and then retract the cylinders. 00 they start and stop at the same
time?
Yes
14. From your observations, does a change in load affect) the synchronization
of the two cylinders? Explain why.
Answer:
15. Extend and then retract the cylinders and observe the pressure readings
at gauges and as the cylinders are extending. Record these pressures
in the 'V LD" row of Table 3-6.
16. Close the Flow Control Valve completely (turn knob fully clockwise) so that
the upstream cylinder will stall completely.
17. Attempt to extend the cylinders, while observing the pressure readings at
gauges and . Record these pressures in the "SALL" row of Table 3-6.
18. Turn off the Power Unit. D0 not modify the Relief Valve pressure setting.
19. According to Table 3-6, did the pressure required to extend the down-
stream cylinder remain approximately constant when the various loads
were placed on the upstream cylinder? Why?
Answer:
20. Why did the pressure at gauge drop when the load stalled the cylinders?
Answer:
21. If you were asked to modify the bore size of the upstream cylinder to allow
both cylinder5 to complete their full stroke (10.16 cm/4 in) at the same
time, what bore size would you select?
22. Modify your circuit connections in order to place the loading device (Flow
Control Valve) on the downstream cylinder [3.81-cm (1.5-) bore), as
Figure 3-9 shows.
24. Open the Flow Control Valve completely (turn knob fully counterclockwise)
so that no load is placed on the downstream cylinder.
25. Extend the cylinders. Do they still start and stop at the same time? Explain
why.
Answer:
27. Extend and then retract the cylinders and observe the pressure readings
at gauges and as the cylinders are extending. Record these pressure
in the "NO-LOAD" row of Table 3-7.
PRESSURE
LOAD CONDITION GAUGE A (UPSTREAM GAUGE B (DOWNSTREAM
CYLINDER) CYLINDER)
NO-LOAD
MEDIUM LOAD
HEAVY LOAD
STALL
28. Put a medium load on the downstream cylinder. To do so, close the Flow
Control Valve completely (turn knob fully clockwise), then open it 1 turn.
29. Extend and then retract the cylinders and observe the pressure readings
at gauges and as the cylinders are extending. Record these pressures
in the "MEDIUM L" row of Table 3-7.
30. Put a heavy load on the downstream cylinder. To do so, close the Flow
Control Valve completely (turn knob fully clockwise), then open it turn.
31. Extend and then retract the cylinders and observe the pressure readings
at gauges and as the cylinders are extending. Record these pressures
in the 'V LOAD" row of Table 3-7.
32. Close the Flow Control Valve completely (turn knob fully clockwise) so that
the downstream cylinder will stall.
33. Attempt to extend the cylinders while observing the pressure readings at
gauges and . Record these pressures in the "STALL" row of Table 3-7.
34. Turn off the Power Unit Open the Relief Valve completely (turn knob fully
counterclockwise).
35. According to Table 3-7, did the pressures at gauge and increase as
-10- Hydraulics And Pneumatics
Cylinders In Series
Answer:
Answer:
37. Explain the reason why pressure intensification can occur in a series
circuit.
Answer:
38. Disconnect the line cord from the wall outlet, then disconnect a/l hoses.
Wipe off any hydraulic oil residue.
39. Remove all components from the work surface and wipe off any hydraulic
oil residue. Return all components to their storage location.
40. Clean up any hydraulic oil from the floor and from the trainer. Properly
dispose of any paper towels and rags used to clean up oil.
CONCLUSION
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Answer:
Answer:
3. In a series circuit where the two cylinders are of the same size and stroke,
will both cylinders extend completely? Explain why.
Answer:
Answer:
Answer: