مقایسهASD LRFD

General Comparison between
AISC LRFD and ASD
1
General Comparison between
AISC LRFD and ASD
2
AISC ASD and LRFD
AISC = American Institute of Steel
Construction
ASD = Allowable Stress Design

AISC Ninth Edition
LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design

AISC Third Edition
3
AISC Steel Design Manuals
1963 AISC ASD 6th Edition
1986 AISC LRFD 1st Edition

1993 AISC LRFD 2nd Edition
1999 AISC LRFD 3rd Edition
4
ASD and LRFD
Major Differences
Load Combinations and load factors
ASD results are based on the stresses and
LRFD results are based on the forces and
moments capacity
Static analysis is acceptable for ASD but
nonlinear geometric analysis is required for
LRFD
Beams and flexural members
Cb computation
5
ASD Load Combinations
1.0D + 1.0L
0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75W
0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75E
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
6
ASD Load Combinations
Or you can use following load combinations with the
parameter ALSTRINC to account for the 1/3 allowable
increase for the wind and seismic load
1. 1.0D + 1.0L
2. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
3. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E
PARAMETER $ ALSTRINC based on the % increase

ALSTRINC 33.333 LOADINGS 2 3
7
LRFD Load Combinations
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L
1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L
1.2D 1.0E + 0.5L
0.9D (1.6W or 1.0E)
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
8
Deflection Load Combinations
for ASD and LRFD
1.0D + 1.0L
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
9
Forces and Stresses
ASD = actual stress values are
compared to the AISC
allowable stress values
LRFD = actual forces and moments

are compared to the AISC
limiting forces and moments
capacity
10
ASTM Steel Grade
Comparison is between Table 1 of the AISC ASD 9th Edition
on Page 1-7 versus Table 2-1 of the AISC LRFD 3rd Edition on
Page 2-24
A529 Gr. 42 of ASD, not available in LRFD
A529 Gr. 50 and 55 are new in LRFD
A441 not available in LRFD
A572 Gr. 55 is new in LRFD
A618 Gr. I, II, & III are new in LRFD
A913 Gr. 50, 60, 65, & 70 are new in LRFD
A992 (Fy = 50, Fu = 65) is new in LRFD (new standard)
A847 is new in LRFD
11
Slenderness Ratio
Compression
KL/r 200
Tension
L/r 300
12
Tension Members
Check L/r ratio
Check Tensile Strength based on the cross-
sections Gross Area
Check Tensile Strength based on the cross-
sections Net Area
13
Tension Members
ASD
ft = FX/Ag Ft Gross Area
ft = FX/Ae Ft Net Area
LRFD
Pu = FX t Pn = t Ag Fy t = 0.9 for Gross Area
Pu = FX t Pn = t Ae Fu t = 0.75 for Net Area
14
Tension Members
ASD (ASD Section D1)
Gross Area Ft = 0.6Fy

Net Area Ft = 0.5Fu
LRFD (LRFD Section D1)
Gross Area t Pn = t Fy Ag t = 0.9

Net Area t Pn = t Fu Ae t = 0.75
15
Compare ASD to LRFD
ASD 1.0D + 1.0L
LRFD 1.2D + 1.6L
0.6Fy (ASD) (1.5) = 0.9Fy (LRFD)
0.5Fu (ASD) (1.5) = 0.75Fu (LRFD)
ASD (1.5) = LRFD

16
Tension Members
FIXED JOINT
Z X o
-400.
17
Tension Members
Member is 15 feet long
Fixed at the top of the member and free at the bottom
Loadings are:
Self weight
400 kips tension force at the free end
Load combinations based on the ASD and
LRFD codes
Steel grade is A992
Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes
18
Tension Members
ASD
W18x46 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989
19
Tension Members
ASD
W18x46 Area = 13.5 in.2
FX = 400.688 kips Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2
FX = 640.881 kips Ratio = 0.989
20
Tension Members
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
640.881 / 400.688 = 1.599
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (1.5) ASD
Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD

640.881 10
. 0.989
Area for LRFD 135
. 14.395
400.688 15
. 0.989
LRFD W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2

21
Tension Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and using W10x49
FX = 400.734 kips Ratio = 0.928

640.881 / 400.734 = 1.599
640.881 10
.
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD 0.928 0.989
400.734 15
.
LRFD W10x49 Ratio = 0.989
22
Tension Members
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 400 kips
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 200 kips
Code check W14x43 based on the ASD9
23
Compression Members
Check KL/r ratio
Compute Flexural-Torsional Buckling and
Equivalent (KL/r)e
Find Maximum of KL/r and (KL/r)e
Compute Qs and Qa based on the b/t and h/tw
ratios
Based on the KL/r ratio, compute allowable
stress in ASD or limiting force in LRFD
24
Compression Members
ASD
fa = FX/Ag Fa
LRFD
Pu = FX c Pn = c Ag Fcr
Where c = 0.85
25
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
ASD
b/t = 95 / Fy h/tw = 253 / Fy
LRFD
b/t = 0.56 E / Fy h/tw = 149

. E / Fy
26
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD
b/t = 95 / Fy h/tw = 253 / Fy
LRFD
b/t = 95.36 / Fy h/tw = 253.74 / Fy

27
Compression Members
ASD KL/r Cc (ASD E2-1 or A-B5-11)
KL / r 2
Q 1 Fy
2Cc
2
2 2 E
Fa Where Cc
5 3 KL / r KL / r
3
QFy

3 8Cc 8Cc 3
LRFD c Q 15
. (LRFD A-E3-2)
F
Qc 2 KL Fy
Fcr Q 0.658 Where c
y r E
28
Compression Members
ASD KL/r > Cc (ASD E2-2)
12 2 E 2 2 E
Fa Where Cc
23 KL / r
2
QFy
LRFD c Q 15
. (LRFD A-E3-3)
0.877 KL Fy
Fcr 2 Fy Where c
r
c E
29
Compression Members
LRFD
0.877 Fy
Fcr 2 Fy Where c
KL
c r E

0.877
Fcr Fy

2
KL Fy
r E

0.877 2 E . 2E
20171
Fcr Fcr
KL / r 23 KL / r
2 2
30
Compression Members
ASD LRFD
12 2 E . 2E
20171
Fa Fcr
23 KL / r 23 KL / r
2 2
Fcr / Fa = 1.681
LRFD Fcr = ASD Fa 1.681
31
Compression Members
ASD K y LY K z Lz KL
KL / r , ,
ry rz r e
KL E (ASD C-E2-2)
Where
r e Fe
LRFD
c = Maximum of ( cy , cz , e )
32
Compression Members
LRFD
Where:
K y Ly Fy
cy
ry E
K z Lz Fy
cz
rz E
Fy
e
Fe
33
Compression Members
Flexural-Torsional Buckling
2 EC 10 .
Fe w
GJ
K x Lx I y I z
2
34
Qs Computation
ASD
When 95 / Fy / k c b / t 195 / Fy / k c
Qs 1293
. 0.00309(b / t ) Fy / k c
4.05
kc if h / t 70, otherwise k c 10
.
h / t 0.46
LRFD
When 056
. E / Fy b / t 103
. E / Fy
Qs 1415
. 0.74(b / t ) Fy / E
35
Qs Computation
ASD
When 95 / Fy / k c b / t 195 / Fy / k c
Qs 1293
. 0.00309(b / t ) Fy / k c
LRFD
. / Fy b / t 1754
When 9536 . / Fy
Qs 1415
. 0.004345(b / t ) Fy
36
Qs Computation
ASD
When b / t 195 / Fy / k c

Qs 26200k c / Fy b / t
2

LRFD
When b / t 103
. E / Fy

Qs 0.69 E / Fy b / t
2

37
Qs Computation
ASD When b / t 195 / Fy / k c

Qs 26200k c / Fy b / t
2

LRFD When b / t 1754
. / Fy

Qs 20010 / Fy b / t
2

38
Qa Computation
ASD
253t 44.3
be 1 b
f (b / t ) f
LRFD
E 0.34 E
be 191
. t 1 b
f (b / t ) f
325.26t 57.9
Assume E 29000 ksi, be 1
f (b / t ) f
39
Compression Members
o -100.
Z X FIXED JOINT
40
Compression Members
Fixed at the bottom of the column and free at the top
Loadings are:
Self weight
100 kips compression force at the free end
LRFD codes
Steel grade is A992
41
Compression Members
ASD
LRFD
42
Compression Members
ASD
W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2
FX = 100.734 kips Ratio = 0.941
LRFD
W10x54 Area = 15.8 in.2
FX = 160.967 kips Ratio = 0.944
43
Compression Members
160.967 / 100.734 = 1.598
LRFD Fcr = (1.681) ASD Fa
Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD

160.967 10. 10. 0.941
Area for LRFD 14.4 16.05
100.734 1681
. 0.85 0.944
LRFD W10x54 Area = 15.8 inch
44
Compression Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and use W10x54
FX = 100.806 kips Ratio = 0.845

160.967 / 100.806 = 1.597
160.967 10. 10.
100.806 1681
. 0.85
45
Compression Members
ASD
Example # 1
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 50 kips
Live Load = 50 kips
46
Flexural Members
Based on the b/t and h/tw ratios determine the compactness of
the cross-section
Classify flexural members as Compact, Noncompact, or
Slender
When noncompact section in ASD, allowable stress Fb is
computed based on the l/rt ratio. l is the laterally unbraced
length of the compression flange. Also, Cb has to be computed
When noncompact or slender section in LRFD, LTB, FLB, and
WLB are checked
LTB for noncompact or slender sections is computed using Lb
and Cb. Lb is the laterally unbraced length of the compression
flange
47
Flexural Members
ASD
fb = MZ/SZ Fb
LRFD
Mu = MZ b Mn
Where b = 0.9
48
ASD
b / t 65 / Fy d / t w 640 / Fy
LRFD
b / t 0.38 E / Fy h / t w 376
. E / Fy
b / t 64.7 / Fy h / t w 640.3 / Fy
49
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD (ASD F1-1)
Fb = 0.66Fy
LRFD (LRFD A-F1-1)
b Mn = b Mp = b Fy ZZ 1.5Fy SZ
Where b = 0.9
50
-15.00
Flexural Members
Compact Section
o
FIXED JOINT
Z X
-15.00
Braced at 1/3 Points

o
FIXED JOINT 51
Flexural Members
Compact Section
Fixed at both ends of the member
Loadings are:
Self weight
15 kips/ft uniform load
LRFD codes
Steel grade is A992
Braced at the 1/3 Points
52
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
LRFD
53
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
W18x40 Sz = 68.4 in.3
MZ = 2165.777 inch-kips Ratio = 0.959
LRFD
W18x40 Zz = 78.4 in.3
54
Flexural Members
Compact Section
3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
LRFD = (0.66Sz)(1.5989) / (0.9Zz) ASD
3462.933 0.66 0.959

Zz for LRFD 68.4 78.3
2165.777 0.9 0.982
LRFD W18x40 Zz = 78.4 in.3

55
Flexural Members
Compact Section
Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40

3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
3462.933 0.66 68.4
2165.777 0.9 78.4

56
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 15 kips/ft
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft
Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft
57
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
Based on b/t, d/tw and h/tw determine if the section is
noncompact
Compute Cb
Compute Qs
Based on the l/rt ratio, compute allowable stress Fb
Laterally unbraced length of the compression flange (l)
has a direct effect on the equations of the noncompact
section
58
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
fb = MZ/SZ Fb
LRFD
Mu = MZ b Mn
Where b = 0.9
59
ASD
65 Fy b t 95 Fy
d t w 640 Fy h t w 760 Fb
LRFD
0.38 E Fy b / t 083
. E FL
376
. E Fy h t w 57
. E Fy
60
ASD
65 Fy b t 95 Fy
d t w 640 Fy h t w 760 Fb
LRFD
64.7 / Fy b / t 1413
. / FL
640.3 / Fy h t w 970.7 / Fy
61
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
bf
Fb Fy 0.79 0.002 Fy (ASD F1-3)
2t f
76b f 20000
If Lb Lc minimum or
F
y
d A f Fy
(ASD F1-2)
ASD Equations F1-6, F1-7, and F1-8 must to be checked.
62
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
102 10 3 Cb l 510 10 3 Cb
When
Fy rT Fy
2 Fy l / rT
2
Fb Fy 0.6 Fy Qs (ASD F1-6)

3 1530 10 Cb
3

63
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
l 510 10 3 Cb
When
rT Fy
170 103 Cb
Fb 0.6Fy Qs (ASD F1-7)
l / rT 2
64
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
For any value of l/rT
12 10 3 Cb
Fb 0.6Fy Qs (ASD F1-8)
ld / A f
65
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
1. LTB, Lateral-Torsional Buckling

2. FLB, Flange Local Buckling
3. WLB, Web Local Buckling
66
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
LTB
Compute Cb
Based on the Lb, compute limiting moment capacity. Lb is
the lateral unbraced length of the compression flange,
= Lb/ry
Lb has a direct effect on the LTB equations for noncompact
and slender sections
FLB
Compute limiting moment capacity based on the b/t ratio of
the flange, = b/t
WLB
Compute limiting moment capacity based on the h/tw ratio
of the web, = h/tw
67
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD LTB (Table A-F1.1)
For p < r
p

M n Cb M p M p M r M p (LRFD A-F1-2)
r p
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = FLSz FL = Smaller of (Fyf Fr) or Fyw
= Lb/ry
p = 176
. E Fyf
68
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD LTB (Table A-F1.1)
Where:
X1
r = 1 1 X 2 FL2
FL
EGJA
X1 =
Sz 2
2
C S
X2 = 4 w z
I y GJ
69
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD FLB (Table A-F1.1)
For p < r
p

M n M p M p M r
r p (LRFD A-F1-3)
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = FLSz FL = Smaller of (Fyf Fr) or Fyw
= b/t
p = 0.38 E Fy
r = 0.83 E FL
70
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD WLB (Table A-F1.1)
For p < r
p

M n M p M p M r
r p (LRFD A-F1-3)
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = Re Fy Sz
Re = 1.0 for non-hybrid girder
71
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD WLB (Table A-F1.1)
= h/tw
p = 3.76 E Fy
r = 5.7 E Fy
72
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
. M 1 M 2 0.3 M 1 M 2 2.3
2
Cb 175
. 105
M1 M 2
If M max between M 1 and M 2 , Cb 10
.
LRFD
12.5 M max
Cb
2.5 M max 3 M A 4 M B 3 M C
M A absolute value of moment at quarter point
M B absolute value of moment at centerline
M C absolute value of moment at three quarter point
73
-12.00
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
o
Pin
Z X
-12.00
Roller 74
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
Pin at the start of the member
Roller at the end of the member
Cross-section is W12x65
Loadings are:
Self weight
Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
Steel grade is A992
Check code based on the ASD and LRFD codes
75
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
W12x65 Cb = 1.0
Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988
LRFD
W12x65 Cb = 1.136
Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.971
Code check is controlled by FLB.
Cb = 1.0 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.973
76
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
Example # 1
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 6 kips/ft
77
Design for Shear
ASD h / t w 380 Fy
fv = FY/Aw Fv = 0.4Fy (ASD F4-1)
LRFD h / t w 2.45 E / Fyw
Vu = FY vVn = v0.6Fyw Aw (LRFD F2-1)

Where v = 0.9
78
Design for Shear
ASD h / t w 380 Fy
fv = FY/Aw Fv = 0.4Fy (ASD F4-1)
LRFD h / t w 417.2 / Fyw
Vu = FY vVn = v0.6Fyw Aw (LRFD F2-1)

Where v = 0.9
79
Design for Shear
ASD h / t w 380 Fy
Fy
fv = FY/Ay Fv
2.89
Cv 0.4 Fy (ASD F4-2)
LRFD 2.45 E / Fyw h / t w 307

. E / Fyw
2.45 E / Fyw
Vu = FY vVn = v0.6Fyw Aw

(LRFD F2-2)
h / tw
Where v = 0.9
80
Design for Shear
LRFD 307
. E / Fyw h / t w 260
4.52 E
Vu = FY vVn = v Aw (LRFD F2-3)
h / t w
2
Where v = 0.9
81
-15.00 Design for Shear
o
FIXED JOINT
Z X
-15.00
Braced at 1/3 Points

o
FIXED JOINT 82
Design for Shear
Same as example # 3 which is used for design of flexural
member with compact section
Fixed at both ends of the member
Loadings are:
Self weight
Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
Steel grade is A992
Braced at the 1/3 Points
83
Design for Shear
ASD (Check shear at the end of the member, equation F4-1 Y)
LRFD (Check shear at the end of the member, equation A-F2-1 Y)
84
Design for Shear
ASD
W18x40 Ay = 5.638 in.2
FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8
LRFD
W18x40 Ay = 5.638 in.2
FY = 144.289 kips Ratio = 0.948
85
Design for Shear
Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40
FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8
144.289 / 90.241 = 1.5989
LRFD = (0.4)(1.5989) /(0.6)(0.9) ASD
144.289 0.4 10
.
90.241 0.6 0.9

86
Design for Shear
ASD
Example # 1
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft
Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft
87
Combined Forces
ASD fa /Fa > 0.15
fa Cmy f by Cmz f bz
10
. (ASD H1-1)
Fa fa fa
1 Fby 1
Fez
Fey
fa f by f
bz 10
. (ASD H1-2)
0.6Fy Fby Fbz
LRFD Pu /Pn 0.2
Pu 8 M uy M uz (LRFD H1-1a)
10
.
Pn 9 b M ny b M nz
88
Combined Forces
ASD fa /Fa 0.15
fa f by f bz
10
. (ASD H1-1)
Fa Fby Fbz
LRFD Pu /Pn < 0.2
Pu M uy M uz
10
. (LRFD H1-1a)
2Pn b M ny b M nz
89
Combined Forces
Z X
90
Combined Forces
3D Simple Frame
3 Bays in X direction 3 @ 15 ft
2 Bays in Z direction 2 @ 30 ft
2 Floors in Y direction 2 @ 15 ft
Loadings
Self weight of the Steel
Self weight of the Slab 62.5 psf
Other dead loads 15.0 psf
Live load on second floor 50.0 psf
Live load on roof 20.0 psf
Wind load in the X direction 20.0 psf
Wind load in the Z direction 20.0 psf
91
Combined Forces
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 >
< W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 >
< W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
< W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 4 >
< W8x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 4.6566E+01 VOLUME = 1.6437E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
92
Combined Forces
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
< W10x33 3.6000E+03 3.4956E+04 9.9030E+00 16 >
< W10x39 1.4400E+03 1.6560E+04 4.6914E+00 4 >
< W10x49 7.2000E+02 1.0368E+04 2.9373E+00 4 >
< W12x45 1.4400E+03 1.9008E+04 5.3850E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
< W8x31 1.4400E+03 1.3147E+04 3.7246E+00 4 >
< W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 8 >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
93
Combined Forces
ASD
WEIGHT = 46.566 kips
LRFD
94
Deflection Design
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 >
< W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 >
< W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 >
< W14x43 1.4400E+03 1.8144E+04 5.1402E+00 4 >
< W14x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
95
Deflection Design
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W10x49 1.4400E+03 2.0736E+04 5.8745E+00 8 >
< W10x54 7.2000E+02 1.1376E+04 3.2228E+00 4 >
< W12x40 1.4400E+03 1.6992E+04 4.8138E+00 4 >
< W14x43 2.8800E+03 3.6288E+04 1.0280E+01 8 >
< W14x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
96
Deflection Design
ASD
LRFD
97
Compare Design without and with
Deflection Design
ASD
Without Deflection Design WEIGHT = 46.566 kips
With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 46.933 kips
LRFD
Without Deflection Design WEIGHT = 33.874 kips
With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 38.345 kips
98
Design same example based on
Cb = 1.0
Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0
ASD
Compute Cb WEIGHT = 46.933 kips
Specify Cb = 1.0 WEIGHT = 51.752 kips
LRFD
Compute Cb WEIGHT = 38.345 kips
Specify Cb = 1.0 WEIGHT = 48.421 kips
99
Design Similar example based on
Cb = 1.0 and LL5
Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 and increase the live
load by a factor of 5.
Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.
ASD WEIGHT = 25.677 kips
LRFD WEIGHT = 22.636 kips
Difference = 3.041 kips
100
Design Similar example based on
Cb = 1.0 and LL10
Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 and increase the live
load by a factor of 10.
Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.
ASD WEIGHT = 31.022 kips
LRFD WEIGHT = 29.051 kips
Difference = 1.971 kips
101
Stiffness Analysis
versus
Nonlinear Analysis
Stiffness Analysis Load Combinations or Form
Loads can be used.
Nonlinear Analysis Form Loads must be used.
Load Combinations are not valid.
Nonlinear Analysis Specify type of Nonlinearity.
Nonlinear Analysis Specify Maximum Number of
Cycles.
Nonlinear Analysis Specify Convergence Tolerance.
102
Nonlinear Analysis
Commands
NONLINEAR EFFECT
TENSION ONLY
COMPRESSION ONLY
GEOMETRY AXIAL
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
103
Design using Nonlinear Analysis
Input File # 1
1. Geometry, Material Type, Properties,
2. Loading SW, LL, and WL
3. FORM LOAD A FROM SW 1.4
4. FORM LOAD B FROM SW 1.2 LL 1.6
5. FORM LOAD C FROM SW 1.2 WL 1.6 LL 0.5
6. FORM LOAD D FROM SW 0.9 WL 1.6
7. DEFINE PHYSICAL MEMBERS
8. PARAMETERS
9. MEMBER CONSTRAINTS
10. LOAD LIST A B C D $ Activate only the FORM loads
11. STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
12. SAVE
104
Input File # 2
1. RESTORE
2. LOAD LIST A B C D
3. SELECT MEMBERS
4. SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS
5. DELETE LOADINGS A B C D
6. SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE
12. STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
13. CHECK MEMBERS
14. STEEL TAKE OFF
15. SAVE
105
Input File # 3
1. RESTORE
3. SELECT MEMBERS
4. SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS
5. DELETE LOADINGS A B C D
6. SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE
106
Input File # 3 (continue)
1. NONLINEAR EFFECT
2. GEOMETRY ALL MEMBERS
3. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES
4. CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE DISPLACEMENT
6. NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
7. CHECK MEMBERS
8. STEEL TAKE OFF
9. SAVE
107

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مقایسهASD LRFD

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General Comparison between

AISC LRFD and ASD

ASD = Allowable Stress Design

LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design

1986 AISC LRFD 1st Edition

PARAMETER $ ALSTRINC based on the % increase

LRFD = actual forces and moments

Pu = FX t Pn = t Ae Fu t = 0.75 for Net Area

Gross Area Ft = 0.6Fy

LRFD (LRFD Section D1)

Gross Area t Pn = t Fy Ag t = 0.9

0.6Fy (ASD) (1.5) = 0.9Fy (LRFD)

0.5Fu (ASD) (1.5) = 0.75Fu (LRFD)

ASD (1.5) = LRFD

W18x46 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989

W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989

Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD

LRFD W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

b/t = 95 / Fy h/tw = 253 / Fy

b/t = 0.56 E / Fy h/tw = 149

b/t = 95 / Fy h/tw = 253 / Fy

b/t = 95.36 / Fy h/tw = 253.74 / Fy

LRFD Fcr = ASD Fa 1.681

W10x49 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941

W10x54 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.944

Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD

LRFD W10x54 Area = 15.8 inch

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

LRFD W10x54 Ratio = 0.944

Assume E = 29000 ksi

LRFD (LRFD A-F1-1)

Braced at 1/3 Points

W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.959

W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.982

3462.933 0.66 0.959

LRFD W18x40 Zz = 78.4 in.3

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

LRFD W18x40 Ratio = 0.982

ASD Equations F1-6, F1-7, and F1-8 must to be checked.

Fb Fy 0.6 Fy Qs (ASD F1-6)

For any value of l/rT

1. LTB, Lateral-Torsional Buckling

fv = FY/Aw Fv = 0.4Fy (ASD F4-1)

LRFD h / t w 2.45 E / Fyw

Vu = FY vVn = v0.6Fyw Aw (LRFD F2-1)

fv = FY/Aw Fv = 0.4Fy (ASD F4-1)

LRFD h / t w 417.2 / Fyw

Vu = FY vVn = v0.6Fyw Aw (LRFD F2-1)

LRFD 2.45 E / Fyw h / t w 307

Braced at 1/3 Points

W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.8

LRFD (Check shear at the end of the member, equation A-F2-1 Y)

W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.948

LRFD W18x40 Ratio = 0.948

LRFD Pu /Pn 0.2

LRFD Pu /Pn < 0.2

WEIGHT = 46.566 kips

WEIGHT = 33.874 kips

WEIGHT = 46.933 kips

WEIGHT = 38.345 kips

ASD WEIGHT = 25.677 kips

LRFD WEIGHT = 22.636 kips