Sandan: March 1995

SANDAN
eXpress Reference Manual
March 1995
Copyright 1995-1999 by Baker Atlas, Western Atlas International, Inc. All rights reserved.
eXpress Reference Manual SANDAN HOME
Table of Contents
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Data Required to Run sandan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Input Curve Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Control File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Running the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Running sandan from the eXpress Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Running sandan in Batch Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Logical Unit Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Parameters Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Selecting Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Define Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Overwrite Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Alpha Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
ALFC Constant Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Lithology Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Failure Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Mud Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Overburden Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Porosity Unit Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Output Mud Curves Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Pore Pressure Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Units System Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Rock Stress Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Relative Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Initial Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Effective Tangential Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Effective Radial Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Average Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Sand Production Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Fracture Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Closure Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
March 1995 Baker Atlas 1

SANDAN eXpress Reference Manual HOME
Actual Mud Pressure Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Ideal Mud Pressure Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Maximum Mud Pressure Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Minimum Mud Pressure Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Drawdown Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Failure Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Failure Pressure Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Results of sandan Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Output Curve Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Parameter Control File Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 Baker Atlas March 1995

OVERVIEW
The eXpress rock mechanics programs provide information about
rock mechanical properties available from the compressional and
shear acoustic slowness logs and the bulk density log, and applies
the information to analyze the rock behavior under increased
downhole pressure conditions.
There are three rock mechanics programs with the following

applications:
1 The mechprop program reconstructs acoustic and density

logs and calculates the dynamic elastic parameters
describing rock mechanical properties.
2 The fracman program uses the elastic parameters to

calculate stresses in the rock and predict migration of
fractures.
3 The sandan program uses the elastic parameters to

estimate formation strength and predict sand production.
The sandan program uses the elastic variables from the mechprop
program to calculate stresses in the rock and the parameters
necessary for analysis of sand production.

DATA REQUIRED TO RUN SANDAN

Before you execute sandan, provide the following:
Input curve data from a well data file
Parameter assignments, curve redirection, file

selection, and process interval specification in a
control file
Input Curve Data
Input curve data can come from any well data file. Redirect the
input curve data to the input curve names listed in Table 1.
For detailed information about curve selection and redirection, see

Curve Redirection in the Operations Overview.
Table 1: sandan Input Curve Names
Curve Description Units
ALFA Biot's Compressibility Factor
SMOD Shear Modulus 10 +6 psi, 10+3 MPa
BMOD Bulk Modulus 10+6 psi, 10+3 MPa
POIS Poisson's Ratio
VSH Bulk Volume of Shale frac, %
YMOD Young's Modulus 10+6 psi, 10+3 MPa

Control File
Parameter assignments, curve redirection, file selection, and process

interval specification for sandan are entered in a control file by
filling in fields in the cdeditor screens, or using a text editor.
For more information on... See...
Parameter assignments Selecting Parameters
Curve redirection Curve Redirection in the Operations Overview
File selection the cdeditor section of the eXpress Reference Manual

File Assignment or Well Definition in the Operations
Overview
Process interval specification the cdeditor section of the eXpress Reference Manual
Processing Interval Specification in the Operations
Overview

RUNNING THE PROGRAM

You can run the sandan program:
from the eXpress desktop
in batch mode from the command line in an eXpress

xterm
Running sandan from the eXpress Desktop
1 From the default eXpress desktop, select
Analysis Acoustics SANDAN
2 Use cdeditor to create a control file by selecting an input

file, editing zones, picking curves, and assigning values to
parameters.
3 Change the logical unit assignments (optional).
a From the cdeditor main menu, select
Run Assignments
b Make your changes.
c Click on Close.
4 Save the control file (optional, but recommended). Select
File Save or File Save As...
5 Run sandan by either:
a Pressing <F5>
b Selecting the Run option from the Run menu
For assistance with parameter selection and assignment, see

Selecting Parameters.
For assistance with cdeditor, see the cdeditor section of the eXpress
Reference Manual.

Running sandan in Batch Mode
1 Open an eXpress xterm.
2 Run sandan in batch mode from the command line by

using the DOX command as follows:
dox program_name,logical_unit,control_file_name
For example:
dox sandan,4,fd1
where fd1 is the control file and 4 is the logical unit

assignment for the control file.
Logical Unit Usage
The program uses logical units to associate input and output

functions with physical devices and disk files. Logical unit
assignments can be made from the cdeditor Run menu or on the
command line when running in batch mode. The default logical unit
assignments for sandan are listed in the following table. If you do
not make any assignments, the program uses the default set.
Logical Unit Description Default
4 Console or input control file sandan.inp
7 Engineering output listing sandan.eng
8 Message output sandan.msg

PARAMETERS OVERVIEW
Parameters constrain the program by limiting it to using specified
values or ranges of values for well data. In addition, parameters can
specify curve names and piping and how algorithms run. For a
description of the standard method of parameter entry, see Control
File Syntax in the Operations Overview.
The sandan parameters are grouped into the following categories:
Define Intervals
Overwrite Option
Alpha Option
ALFC Constant Value
Lithology Option
Failure Angle
Mud Weight
Overburden Density
Porosity Unit Option
Output Mud Curves Option
Pore Pressure Gradient
Units System Option
Table 2 summarizes the input parameters recognized by sandan.

See Selecting Parameters for detailed information about each
parameter.

Table 2: Parameter Name and Description
Default Range
Parameter Description Units
Value Low High
Define Intervals
FILE Input data file name
FILELIST Name of ASCII file that contains a

list of input data files
ZONE An array parameter that lists

processing intervals
Overwrite Option
OWRITE Weel Data File Curve Overwrite 0 0 1

Flag
Alpha Option
ALFAOPT Alpha Option Flag 0 0 2
ALFC Constant Value
ALFAC Constant Alpha Value 0 0 1
Lithology Option
LITH Lithology Option Flag 0 0 1
Failure Angle
FANG Failure Angle 30 0 90 deg
Mud Weight
MUDW Mud Weight 8 1 20 lb/gal,

1000 120 2400 kg/m
Overburden Density
OVBDEN Overburden Density 2.3 1 4 g/cm3

Table 2: Parameter Name and Description (Continued)
Default Range
Parameter Description Units
Value Low High
PFLG Porosity Unit Flag 0 0 1
MPGFLG Output Mud Curves Flag 0 0 1
PORPG Pore Pressure Gradient 0.476 0.1 1 psi/ft,

10.50 2.2 22 kPa/m
Units System Option
UNITFG Units System Flag 0 0 1

SELECTING PARAMETERS
In this section, the control file parameters are described in detail
including a description, valid values, defaults, and
recommendations for selection.
The sandan parameters are grouped into the following categories:
Define Intervals
Overwrite Option
Alpha Option
ALFC Constant Value
Lithology Option
Failure Angle
Mud Weight
Overburden Density
Units System Option

Define Intervals
Note: The following are standard file and depth interval

parameters. For more information on setting these
parameters using cdeditor, see the cdeditor section of the
eXpress Reference Manual. For detailed descriptions of
these parameters, see the Control File Syntax section in the
Operations Overview.
FILE Specify the name of the input data file. For a detailed description see
FILE Parameter in the Operations Overview.
FILELIST Specify the name of the file that contains the list of input data files.
For a detailed description see FILELIST Parameter in the Operations
Overview.
ZONE Define the zone processing intervals. For a detailed description see
ZONE Parameter in the Operations Overview.
Overwrite Option
OWRITE Enter a flag value to indicate the desired results if an output curve
created by actcal processing has the same name as a curve existing
in the well data file.
Enter 0 to prevent an overwrite of curves existing in the well data

file. Enter 1 to overwrite.
Values:
0 = Do not overwrite existing curves
1 = Overwrite existing curves

Alpha Option
ALFAOPT Enter a flag value to select the input alpha option.
Alpha is a variable used in the determination of pressure gradients

and drawdown pressure. Its value ranges from 0 to 1 and is related
to formation compressibility. It is recommended that alpha be
computed at each depth level based on total porosity. This is done
by using the mechprop program.
Values:
0 = Variable alpha
1 = Constant alpha
Default: 0
ALFC Constant Value
ALFAC Enter a constant different from 0 as alpha value when ALFAOPT is

equal to 1. Alpha used in the processing will have this constant
value. For example, ALFAC=1 causes the closure pressure gradient
equation used in the determination of maximum mud weight to
duplicate the Eaton fracture pressure gradient relationship.
Lithology Option
LITH Enter a flag to indicate the general lithology correlation to use in

determining initial shear strength.
Values:
0 = Sand-shale Sequence
1 = Carbonate-shale Sequence
Default: 0

Failure Angle
FANG Enter the failure angle value in degrees.
Default: 30 degrees
Mud Weight
MUDW Enter the mud weight in lb/gal or kg/m3.
MUDW is the weight of the mud that is present in the borehole

prior to production. Mud weight used for drilling as obtained from
the log heading is often used as an approximation of this value.
Default: 8 lb/gal or 1000 kg/m3
Overburden Density
OVBDEN Enter the overburden density value in g/cm3.
OVBDEN is the average density of the overburden above the

processed interval extending all the way to surface. If a density log
were available to surface, OVBDEN could be computed. Since this is
rarely the case, it must often be estimated. A value of 2.3 g/cm3
(1 psi/ft) is typically used for sand-shale sequences. A value of
2.55 g/cm3 (1.1 psi/ft) might be more appropriate in a carbonate-
shale sequence.
Default: 2.3 g/cm3
PFLG Enter a flag value to indicate the porosity and volume unit used.
Values:
0 = percent
1 = fractions
Default: 0

MPGFLG Enter a flag value to select the output mud curves type.
Values:
0 = Mud Pressure Gradient
1 = Mud Weight
Default: 0
PORPG Enter the value of the formation pore pressure gradient in psi/ft or
kPa/m, depending on UNITFG.
PORPG*DEPTH is equal to formation pore pressure. If an accurate

value for this parameter is not known, a salt water equivalent
gradient of 0.476 is typically assumed.
Pore pressure is a critical parameter in accurate determination of

drawdown pressures. If this parameter is incorrect, the predicted
drawdown pressure will definitely be in error.
Default: 0.476 psi/ft or 10.5 kPa/m
Units System Option
UNITFG Enter a flag value to indicate the system of units used.
Values:
0 = English system of units
1 = Metric system of units
Default: 0

PROCESSING
The sandan processing can be divided into two parts:
Rock Stress Calculations
Sand Production Analysis
All calculation formulas used in the program are for English system
of units. If the input data are in metric units, the output parameters
are automatically converted to the metric units.
Rock Stress Calculations
Relative Stresses
RAT1 = POIS / (1 - POIS)
RAT2 = (1 - 2 * POIS) / (1 - POIS)
RAT3 = (1 - 3 * POIS) / (1 - POIS)
where
Units = none
Initial Shear Strength
SHIN = 0.025 * BMOD * UCS
where
BMOD= bulk modulus input value in 106 psi

UCS = defined by the formula
Units = psi
When the input alpha is variable (ALFAOPT=0):
UCS = YMOD * [45 - (20 * LITH)] * (100 -VSH) + (85 * VSH)
When the input alpha is constant:
UCS = YMOD * (4500 - (2000 * LITH))

The constant LITH in both expressions is equal 0 for a shale-sand

sequence, and to 1 for a carbonate-shale sequence.
Effective Tangential Stress
TAN = (2 * X) - PMUD - (ALFA * PP),
where
X = (RAT1 * PO) + (ALFA * PP * (1 - RAT1))

PO = OVBDEN*DEPTH is overburden pressure
PP = PORPG*DEPTH is pore pressure
PMUD= MUDW*DEPTH is mud pressure
Units = Psi
Effective Radial Stress
RAD = PMUD - (ALFA * PP)
where
PMUD= MUDW*DEPTH is the mud pressure

PO = OVBDEN*DEPTH is the overburden pressure
Units = Psi
Average Stress
SAVG = (RAD + TAN) / 2
where
Units = psi

Sand Production Analysis
Fracture Pressure
FP = (2 * RAT1 * PO) + (ALFA * RAT3 * PP)
where
Units = psi
Closure Pressure
CLP = RAT1 * (PO - ALFA * PP) + PP
where
Units = psi
Actual Mud Pressure Gradient
MPA = PMUD / DEPTH
where
Units = psi/ft
Ideal Mud Pressure Gradient
MPI = (SAVG + ALFA * PP) / DEPTH
where
Units = psi/ft
Maximum Mud Pressure Gradient
MPMX = FP / DEPTH
where
Units = psi/ft

Minimum Mud Pressure Gradient
MPMN = (RADS + ALFA * PP) / DEPTH
where
RADS = SAVG[SAVG*sin(FANG)][SHIN*cos(FANG)]
Units = psi/ft
Drawdown Pressure
DDPR = PP - (RADS + ALFA * PP)
where
Units = psi
Failure Pressure
FLP = [(RAT1*PO)*.5 - (SHIN*.93)] / [1- ALFA + (.5*ALFA*RAT1)]
where
Units = psi
Failure Pressure Gradient
FLPG = FLP / DEPTH
where
Units = psi/ft

RESULTS OF SANDAN PROCESSING

The sandan program produces the following:
Output curve data written to a well data file.
Information about the execution is written to the

engineering report file assigned to logical unit 7.
Error and warning messages are written to the

message listing file assigned to logical unit 8.
Output Curve Data
The output curves are written to the specified well data file. Redirect
the output curve data to the output curve names listed in Table 3.
For detailed information about curve selection and redirection, see

Curve Redirection in the Operations Overview.
Table 3: sandan Output Curve Names
Curve Description Units
DDPR Drawdown Pressure psi, kPa
FLPG Failure Pressure Gradient psi/ft, kPa/m
MPA Actual Mud Press. Gradient psi/ft, kPa/m

Actual Mud Weight lb/gal, kg/m3
MPI Ideal Mud Press. Gradient psi/ft, kPa/m

Ideal Mud Weight lb/gal, kg/m3
MPMX Maxim Mud Press. Gradient psi/ft, kPa/m

Maxim Mud Weight lb/gal, kg/m3
MPMN Minim Mud Press. Gradient psi/ft, kPA/m

Minim Mud Press. Gradient lb/gal, kg/m3
RAD Effective Radial Stress psi, kPa
SHIN Initial Shear Strength psi, kPa
TAN Effective Tangential Stress psi, kPA

EXAMPLES
Parameter Control File Example
The following is a typical sandan parameter control file.
FILE=W00010.XTF ! Well Data File Name

8800.,9050 ! Well Data File Processing Interval
!---------------------- INPUT CURVES ----------------------
ALFA < ALFA, ! Biot's Coefficient [-]

BMOD < BMOD, ! Bulk Modulus [10+6psi]
POIS < POIS, ! Poisson's Ratio [-]
VSH < VSH , ! Bulk Volume of Shale [%]
YMOD < YMOD, ! Young's Modulus [10+6psi]
! -------------------- OUTPUT CURVES --------------------
OWRITE=1 , ! Output Curves written without extension
DDPR > DDPR, ! Drawdown Pressure [psi]

FPG > FPG , ! Fracture Pressure Gradient [psi/ft]
MPA > MPA , ! Actual Mud Press. Gradient [psi/ft]
MPI > MPI , ! Ideal Mud Press. Gradient [psi/ft]
MPMN > MPMN, ! Minim. Mud Press. Gradient [psi/ft]
MPMX > MPMX, ! Maxim. Mud Press. Gradient [psi/ft]
RAD > RAD , ! Effective Radial Stress [psi]
SHIN > SHIN, ! Initial Shear Strength [psi]
TAN > TAN , ! Effective Tangential Stress [psi]
! -------------------- PARAMETERS -----------------------
ALFAOPT= 0, ! Alpha Input: Curve [-]

ALFAC = 0, ! Alpha Input Constant: 0 [-]
LITH = 0, ! Lithology: Sand-shale sequence [-]
MPGFLG = 0, ! Output Mud Curves: press grad [psi/ft]
MUDW = 8.0, ! Mud Weight [lb/gal]
FANG = 30., ! Failure Angle [deg]
OVBDEN = 2.3, ! Overburden Density [g/cm3]
PFLG = 1 ! Porosity and volumes unit [%]

PORPG = 0.465 ! Pore Pressure Gradient [psi/ft]

UNITFG= 0. ! English Units System
EOZ
END

Sandan: March 1995

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SANDAN

eXpress Reference Manual

March 1995 Baker Atlas 1

Actual Mud Pressure Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2 Baker Atlas March 1995

There are three rock mechanics programs with the following

1 The mechprop program reconstructs acoustic and density

2 The fracman program uses the elastic parameters to

3 The sandan program uses the elastic parameters to

March 1995 Baker Atlas 3

DATA REQUIRED TO RUN SANDAN

Input curve data from a well data file

Parameter assignments, curve redirection, file

Input Curve Data

For detailed information about curve selection and redirection, see

Table 1: sandan Input Curve Names

Curve Description Units

ALFA Biot's Compressibility Factor

SMOD Shear Modulus 10 +6 psi, 10+3 MPa

BMOD Bulk Modulus 10+6 psi, 10+3 MPa

POIS Poisson's Ratio

VSH Bulk Volume of Shale frac, %

YMOD Young's Modulus 10+6 psi, 10+3 MPa

4 Baker Atlas March 1995

Parameter assignments, curve redirection, file selection, and process

For more information on... See...

Parameter assignments Selecting Parameters

Curve redirection Curve Redirection in the Operations Overview

File selection the cdeditor section of the eXpress Reference Manual

March 1995 Baker Atlas 5

RUNNING THE PROGRAM

from the eXpress desktop

in batch mode from the command line in an eXpress

Running sandan from the eXpress Desktop

1 From the default eXpress desktop, select

Analysis Acoustics SANDAN

2 Use cdeditor to create a control file by selecting an input

3 Change the logical unit assignments (optional).

a From the cdeditor main menu, select

b Make your changes.

4 Save the control file (optional, but recommended). Select

File Save or File Save As...

5 Run sandan by either:

b Selecting the Run option from the Run menu

For assistance with parameter selection and assignment, see

6 Baker Atlas March 1995

Running sandan in Batch Mode

1 Open an eXpress xterm.

2 Run sandan in batch mode from the command line by

where fd1 is the control file and 4 is the logical unit

Logical Unit Usage

The program uses logical units to associate input and output

Logical Unit Description Default

4 Console or input control file sandan.inp

7 Engineering output listing sandan.eng

8 Message output sandan.msg

March 1995 Baker Atlas 7

The sandan parameters are grouped into the following categories:

ALFC Constant Value

Porosity Unit Option

Output Mud Curves Option

Pore Pressure Gradient

Units System Option