40

Example (11.6):
Design a combined footing, shown in Figure 15.a, to support two columns A and B spaced at a
distance of 4.0 m center-to-center. Column A is 40 cm 40 cm and carries a dead load of 80 tons
and a live load of 40 tons. Column B is 30 cm 30 cm in cross section and carries a dead load of
50 tons and a live load of 25 tons. Note that there is limitation on extensions of the footing on
both sides.
Use fc = 300 kg / cm2 , f y = 4200 kg / cm2 , qall ( gross ) = 2.2 kg / cm2 , soil = 1.7 t / m3 , and
D f =1.5 m .

Figure 15.a: Footing dimensions

Solution:
1- Select a trial footing depth:
Assume that the footing is 75 cm thick.
2- Establish the required base area of the footing:
qall (net ) = 22 0.75 (1.7 ) 0.75 (2.5) =18.85 t / m2

PA + PB
Areq =
qall (net )

80 + 40 + 50 + 25
Areq = =10.34 m2
18.85
Try a rectangular combined footing
To locate the resultant of the column forces,
PB (4 ) = R ( x ) , or 75 (4) = (120 + 75)( x ) and x 1.55 m , as shown in Figure 15.b
 41

Figure 15.b: Resultant of column forces

Length of footing L = 2 (1.55 + 0.20 ) = 3.50 m
i.e. this type of footing is not possible if uniform soil pressure is to be maintained below the
footing.
Try a trapezoidal combined footing
Assume no projection of footing beyond column B.
B1 + B2
(L) = 10.34
2

B1 + B2 , or
(4.35) =10.34
2

B1 + B2 = 4.75 m

B + 2 B2 L
x = 1
B1 + B2 3

but B1 + B2 = 4.75 m , or
4.75 + B2 4.35
1.55 + 0.20 =
4.75 3

B2 = 0.98 m , taken as 1.0 m

B1 = 4.75 1.0 = 3.75 m , as shown in Figure 15.c

Figure 15.c: Footing plan dimensions

3- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure:
PAu = 1.20 (80 ) + 1.60 (40 )= 160 tons

PBu = 1.20 (50 ) + 1.60 (25 )= 100 tons

 42

P + PBu 160 + 100

qu (net ) = Au = = 25.17 t / m2
+
(4.35 )
LB 1 .0 3.75

2

4- Check footing thickness for punching shear:

Effective depth d = 75 7.5 1.0 = 66.50 cm (lower layer)
The critical sections for punching shear are shown in Figure 15.d

Figure 15.d: Critical sections for punching shear

Column A:
The factored shear force
Vu = 160 (25.17 )(1.065 )(0.7325)= 140.36 tons

bo = 2 (40 + 33.25 ) + 40 + 66.5 = 253.0 cm

Vc is the smallest of:

2
Vc = 0.53 f ' c 1 + bo d

= 0.53 (0.75 ) 300 1 + 2 (253.0 )(66.5 ) / 1000 = 347.51 tons

1

Vc = f ' c bo d

= 0.75 300 (253) (66.5 ) / 1000 = 218.56 tons

d
Vc = 0.27 s + 2 f ' c bo d
bo

= 0.27 (0.75) 30 (66.5) + 2 300 (253) (66.5 ) / 1000 = 572.54 tons

253

Vc = 218.56 tons > 140.36 tons

Column B:
The factored shear force
Vu = 100 (25.17 )(0.965 )(0.6325 )= 84.64 tons

bo = 2 (30 + 33.25 )+ 30 + 66.5 = 223.0 cm

 43

Vc is the smallest of:

2
Vc = 0.53 f ' c 1 + bo d

= 0.53 (0.75 ) 300 1 + 2 (223)(66.5 ) / 1000 = 306.3 tons

1

Vc = f ' c bo d

= 0.75 300 (223) (66.5 ) / 1000 = 192.64 tons

d
Vc = 0.27 s + 2 f ' c bo d
bo

= 0.27 (0.75 ) 30 (66.5 ) + 2 300 (223) (66.5 ) / 1000 = 558.8 tons

223
Vc = 192.64 tons > 84.64 tons

i.e. thickness is adequate in terms of resisting shear force.

5- Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for footing:
The intensity of soil pressure at distance x from the left side of footing is qux = 94.38 15.91 x

The shear force is given as

15.91 2
Vux = 94.38 x x + C1 , where C1 is the constant of integration accounting for shear due to
2
column loads.
The bending moment is given by
x2
M ux = 94.38
2
15.91 3

6
( )
x + C 2 , where C 2 is the constant of integration accounting for bending

due to column loads.
The section of maximum bending moment corresponds to the section of zero shear force, or
15.91 2
94.38 x x 160 = 0
2

or, 7.96 x2 94.38 x + 160 = 0

Solving this equation gives x1 = 2.05 m , and x2 = 9.81 m (rejected).

Substituting x1 = 2.05 m in the moment equation gives M u ,max = 120.53 t .m

The loading diagram is shown in Figure 15.e while S.F.D and B.M.D are shown in Figure 15.f
and Figure 15.g.
 44

(e)

(f)

Figure 15: (continued); (e) Loads, (f) Shearing force diagram; (g)
Bending moment diagram (g)

6- Check footing thickness for beam shear:

a- Section 1-1:
Critical section for beam shear is located at distance 66.5 + 20 = 86.5 cm to the right side of
center of column A.

Vu = 94.38 (1.065 ) (1.065 )2 160 = 68.51 tons

15.91
2

Vc = 0.75 (0.53) 300 (307.67 )(66.5 ) / 1000 = 140.87 tons > 68.51 tons

b- Section 2-2:
Critical section for beam shear is located at distance 66.5 + 15 = 81.5 cm to the left side of center
of column B.

Vu = 94.38 (3.385 ) (3.385)2 160 = 68.33 tons

15.91
2

Vc = 0.75 (0.53 ) 300 (161)(66.50 ) / 1000 = 73.71 tons > 68.33 tons

i.e. footing thickness is adequate for resisting beam shear.

7- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement:
a- Top longitudinal reinforcement:

0.85 (300) 2.353 (10 )5 (120.53)

= 1 1 = 0.003013
4200
0.9 (245.4 )(66.5 )2 (300 )

As = 0.003013 (245.4 )(66.5 ) = 49.17 cm2 , use 20 mm @ 15 cm

b- Bottom longitudinal reinforcement:

< min , so use = min = 0.0018
 45

As = 0.0018 (100 )(75.0) =13.5 cm2 / m , use 14 mm @ 10 cm

c- Transverse reinforcement:
Under Column A:
Effective depth d = 75 7.5 1.4 0.9 = 65.2 cm (upper layer)
160 (1.675 )2
M Au = = 63.85 t .m
3.75 + 3.28 2

2

0.85 (300 ) 2.353 (10 )5 (63.85)

= 1 1 = 0.00574
4200
0 . 9 (72. 60 )(65. 2 )2
(300 )

As = 0.00574 (72.60 )(65.2 )= 27.17 cm2 , use 9 20 mm

Under Column B:
100 (0.55)2
M Bu = = 12.6 t .m
1.0 + 1.4 2

2

0.85 (300 ) 2.353 (10 )5 (12.6 )

= 1 1 = 0.00127
4200
(62.60 )0.9 (65.2 )2 (300 )

= 0.00127 < min , so use = min = 0.0018

Use 14 mm @ 10 cm .
For shrinkage reinforcement in the short direction (top and bottom sides):
Use 14 mm @ 10 cm .
8- Check bearing strength of column and footing concrete:
Pn = 0.65 (0.85 )(300 )(40 )(40 ) / 1000 = 265.2 tons > 160 tons

i.e. use minimum dowel reinforcement, As = 0.005 (40)(40 ) = 8.0 cm2

9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement:

a- Top longitudinal reinforcement ( 20 mm ):

t = 1.3 since more than 30 cm of fresh concrete is cast below the reinforcement,
e = = s = 1.0

cb is the smaller of:

7.5 +1.1 = 8.6 cm, or C = 5.0 cm , i.e., cb = 5.0 cm

cb + Ktr 5.0 + 0
= = 2.27
db 2.2
 46

2.0 (1.3)(4200 )
ld = =79.35 cm
(3.5 ) 2.27 300
Available development length = 205.0 7.5 = 197.5 cm > 79.35 cm
b- Bottom longitudinal reinforcement ( 14 mm ):
t = e = = s = 1.0

cb is the smaller of:

7.5 + 0.7 = 8.2 cm, or C = 5.0 cm , i.e., cb = 5.0 cm

cb + Ktr 5.0 + 0
= = 3.57 , taken as 2.5
db 1.4

1.4(0.8 ) (4200 )
ld = = 31.04 cm
3.5 (2.5 ) 300
Available length = 15 7.5 = 7.5 cm < 31.04 cm
Hook bars at their ends to provide additional anchorage length.
c- Bottom transverse reinforcement ( 20 mm ):
t = e = = s = 1.0

cb is the smaller of:

73.25 7.5 1.0

7.5 +1.0 = 8.5 cm, or C = = 3.60 cm , i.e., cb = 3.60 cm
9 (2 )
cb + Ktr 3.6 + 0
= = 1.8
db 2.0

2.0 (4200 )
ld = =76.98 cm
3.5 (1.8 ) 300

Available length = 144 7.5 = 136.5 cm > 76.98 cm

d- Bottom transverse reinforcement ( 14 mm ):
Available length = 35 7.5 = 27.5 cm < 31.04 cm
Bottom longitudinal bars need to be hooked at their ends to provide additional anchorage.
10- Prepare neat design drawings, showing footing dimensions and provided
reinforcement:
Detailed design drawings are shown in Figure 15.h and in Figure 15.i.
 47

Figure 15.h: Top and bottom reinforcement

Figure 15.i: Cross section A-A

 48

Example (11.7):
Design a combined footing to support three columns A , B, and C as shown in Figure 11.16.a.
Column A is 40 cm 40 cm and carries a dead load of 50 tons and a live load of 30 tons, column
B is also 40 cm 40 cm in cross section but carries a dead load of 80 tons and a live load of 48
tons, and column C is also 40 cm 40 cm in cross section but carries a dead load of 60 tons and a
live load of 36 tons. Note that there is no property line restriction.
Use fc = 300 kg / cm2 , f y = 4200 kg / cm2 , and qall (net ) =1.80 kg / cm2 .

Figure 11.16.a: Footing dimensions and critical shear sections

Solution:
1- Select a trial footing depth:
Let footing thickness h = 80 cm
2- Establish the required base area of the footing:
PA + PB + PC
Areq =
q all (net )

80 + 128 + 96
Areq = =16.89 m2
18.0
To locate the resultant of the column forces, and assume footing width of 1.5 m,
PC (10) + PB (4.5) = R ( x ) , or 96 (10) +128 (4.5) = (304 )( x ) and x = 5.05 m

L1 + 5.05 = (10.0 5.05) + L2

L2 L1 = 0.1 m (a)

(10.0 + L1 + L2 )(1.5) = 16.89 m2

L1 + L2 = 1.26 m (b)
 49

Solving (a) and (b) gives

L2 = 0.68 m , and L1 = 0.58 m
3- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure:
PAu = 1.20 (50 ) + 1.60 (30 ) = 108 tons

PBu = 1.20 (80 ) + 1.60 (48 ) = 172.8 tons

PCu = 1.20 (60 ) + 1.60 (36 ) = 129.6 tons

PAu + PBu + PCu

qu (net ) = .
LB
121+ 193.6 +145.2
qu (net ) = = 27.22 t / m2
(10.0 + 0.68 + 0.58)(1.50)
108 + 172.8 + 129.6
qu (net ) = = 24.3 t / m2
11 .26 (1.5 )

4- Check footing thickness for punching shear:

Column B:
Effective depth d = 80 7.5 1.0 = 71.5 cm (lower layer)
The factored shear force
Vu = 172.8 (24.3)(1.115 )(1.115 ) = 142.59 tons

bo = 4 (40 + 71.5) = 446.0 cm

Vc is the smallest of:

2
Vc = 0.53 f ' c 1 + bo d

= 0.53 (0.75 ) 300 1 + 2 (446 )(71.5 ) / 1000 = 658.66 tons

1

Vc = f ' c bo d

= 0.75 300 (446 ) (71.5 ) / 1000 = 414.25 tons

d
Vc = 0.27 s + 2 f ' c bo d
bo

= 0.27 (0.75) 40 (71.5) + 2 300 (446 ) (71.5 ) / 1000 = 940.92 tons

446
Vc = 414.25 tons > 142.59 tons
 50

(b)

(c)

Figure 11.16: (continued); (b) Loading;

(d) (c) Shearing force diagram;
(d) Bending moment diagram
5- Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for footing:
The loading diagram is shown in Figure 11.16.b, while S.F.D and B.M.D are drawn in Figure
11.16.c and Figure 11.16.d.
6- Check footing thickness for beam shear:
Effective depth d = 80 7.5 1.0 = 71.5 cm (lower layer)
Vc = 0.75 (0.53) 300 (150 )(71.5 ) / 1000 = 73.84 tons

Maximum factored shear force Vu is located at distance d from the face of column C,

Vu = 71.53 tons < 73.84 tons

7- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement:

a- Top longitudinal reinforcement:

0.85 (300 ) 2.353 (10 )5 (142.55 )

= 1 1 = 0.005135
4200
0 .9 (150 )(71 . 5 )2
(300 )

As = 0.005135 (150 )(71.5 ) = 55.07 cm2 , use 18 20 mm

b- Bottom longitudinal reinforcement:

< min , so use = min = 0.0018

As = 0.0018 (150 )(80 ) = 21.6 cm2 , use 14 14 mm

c- Bottom transverse reinforcement:

 51

Under Column A:
Effective depth d = 80 7.5 1.4 0.8 = 70.3 cm

108 (0.55 )2
M Au = = 10.89 t .m
2 (1.50 )

0.85 (300 ) 2.353 (10 )5 (10.89 )

= 1 1 = 0.00053
4200
0 .9 (110 .3 )(70 .3 )2
(300 )

Use = min = 0.0018
Use 14 mm @ 10 cm
Under Column B:

172.8 (0.55 )2
M Bu = = 17.42 t .m .
2 (1.50 )

Use = min = 0.0018

Use 14 mm @ 10 cm .
Under Column C:

129.6 (0.55 )2
M Cu = = 13.07 t .m
2 (1.50 )

Use = min = 0.0018

Use 14 mm @ 10 cm .
For shrinkage reinforcement in the short direction ( top and bottom sides), use 14 mm @ 10 cm .
8- Check bearing strength of column and footing concrete:
Pn = 0.65 (0.85 )(300 )(40 )(40 ) / 1000 = 265.2 tons > 172.8 tons

Use minimum dowel reinforcement, As = 0.005 (40)(40 ) = 8.0 cm2

9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement:

a- Top longitudinal reinforcement ( 20 mm ):

t = 1.3 since more than 30 cm of fresh concrete is cast below the reinforcement, e = s = = 1

cb is the smaller of:

150 7.5 7.5 2

7.5 + 1 = 8.5 cm , or = 3.5 cm , i.e., cb = 3.5 cm
19 (2 )

cb + Ktr 3.5 + 0
= = 1.75
db 2.0
 52

2.0 (1.3) (4200 )

ld = = 102.93 cm
3.5 (1.75 ) 300

available length = 238.0 + 58 7.5 = 288.50 cm > 102.93 cm

b- Bottom longitudinal reinforcement ( 14 mm ):

t = e = = 1 and s = 0.8

cb is the smaller of:

150 7.5 7.5 1.4

7.5 + 0.7 = 8.2 cm, or = 5.14 cm , i.e., cb = 5.14 cm
13 (2)

cb + Ktr 5.14 + 0
= = 3.67 > 2.5 , take it equal to 2.5
db 1.4

1.4(0.8 ) (4200 )
ld = = 31.04 cm
3.5 (2.5 ) 300

Available length = 6 + 38 7.5 = 36.5 cm > 31.04 cm

c- Bottom transverse reinforcement ( 14 mm ):
Available length = 55 7.5 = 47.5 cm > 31.04 cm
10- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided
reinforcement:
Detailed design drawings are shown in Figure 11.16.e.

Figure 11.16.e: Design drawings

 53

Example (11.8):
Using the same data given in Example (11.7), design a combined footing to support the three
column loads using a 50 cm wide spine beam.
Use fc = 300 kg / cm2 , f y = 4200 kg / cm2 , and qall (net ) =1.80 kg / cm2 .

Figure 11.17.a: Footing dimensions

Solution:
1- Select a trial footing depth:
Let footing thickness h = 30 cm
2- Establish the required base area of the footing:
Same as in Example (11.7).
3- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure:
Same as in Example (11.7).
4- Check footing thickness for beam shear:
Effective depth d = 30 7.5 0.7 = 21.8 cm
For a strip 1-m wide

Vc = 0.75 (0.53 ) 300 (100 )(21.8 ) / 1000 = 15.01 tons

Maximum factored shear force Vu is located at distance d from the faces of columns,

Vu = 24.3 (1)(0.282 ) = 6.85 tons < 15.01 tons

5- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement for the slab:

a- Transverse direction:

24.3 (1)(0.50 )2
Mu = = 3.04 t .m
2

0.85 (300 ) 2.353 (10 )5 (3.04 )

= 1 1 = 0.00171
4200
0 .9 (100 )(21 .8 )2
(300 )

As , min = 0.0018 (100 )(30 ) = 5.4 cm2 / m

use 12 mm @ 20 cm
 54

b- Longitudinal direction:
For shrinkage reinforcement in the longitudinal direction of the slab
As = 0.0018 (100 )(30 ) = 5.4 cm2 / m , use 12 mm @ 20 cm

6- Draw S.F.D and B.M.D for footing:

S.F.D and B.M.D are same as given in Example (11.7).
7- Design of spine beam for moment and shear:
7-1 For moment:
Assuming that the beam is 110 cm high
Effective depth d = 110 7.5 1.2 2.5 1.25 = 97.55 cm (assuming two layers of
reinforcement)
a- Top reinforcement:

Figure 11.17.b: Section at maximum negative bending

The section at maximum negative moment is designed as a T-section
For a 30 cm
C = 0.85 (300) (a) (150)/1000 = 38.25 a tons
Mu = M n

142.55 =
0.90
[C (d a / 2)]
100

142.55 =
0.90
[38.25 a (97.55 a / 2)]
100

a2
97.55 a + 414.09 = 0
2
Solving this quadratic equation gives a = 4.34 cm
C = T = 38.25 (4.34) = 166 tons
 55

As = 166 / 4.2 = 39.52 cm2 , use 12 22 mm

b- Bottom reinforcement:
Effective depth d = 110 7.5 1.2 1.0 1.0 = 99.30 cm
Use = min = 0.0033

As = 0.0033 (50 )(99.3) =16.38 cm2 , use 6 20 mm

7-2 For shear:

Vc = 0.75 (0.53) 300 (50 )(97.55 ) / 1000 = 33.58 tons

Maximum factored shear force Vu is located at distance d from the face of column C,

Vu = 62.05 tons > 33.58 tons

i.e. shear reinforcement required.

62.05 33.58
Vs = = 37.96 tons
0.75
Av 37.96 (1000 ) 3.5 (50 )
= = 0.0927 cm2 / cm >
S 4200 (97.55 ) 4200

Use 10 mm stirrups @ 15 cm .
8- Check bearing strength of column and footing concrete:
Pn = 0.65 (0.85 )(300 )(40 )(40 ) / 1000 = 265.2 tons > 172.8 tons

i.e. use minimum dowel reinforcement, As = 0.005 (40 )(40 ) = 8.0 cm2

9- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement:

a- Slab reinforcement ( 12 mm ):
Anchorage length should be sufficient as it is found adequate in the previous example when
larger-diameter bars are used.
b- Beam reinforcement ( 22 mm ):

t = 1.3 since more than 30 cm of fresh concrete is cast below the reinforcement,

e = s = = 1

cb is the smaller of:

50 7.5 7.5 2.0 2.2

7.5 +1.0 + 1.1 = 9.6 cm, or = 3.08 cm ,
5 (2 )

i.e., cb = 3.08 cm

cb + Ktr 3.08 + 0
= = 1.4
db 2.2
 56

2.2 (1.3) (4200 )

ld = = 141.53 cm
3.5 (1.4 ) 300

Available length = 288.50 cm > 141.53 cm

c- Beam reinforcement ( 20 mm ):
t = e = s = = 1

cb is the smaller of:

50 7.5 7.5 2.0 2.0

7.5 +1.0 + 1.0 = 9.5 cm, or = 3.1 cm ,
5 (2 )

i.e., cb = 3.1 cm

cb + Ktr 3.1 + 0
= = 1.55
db 2.0

2.0 (4200 )
ld = = 89.4 cm
3.5 (1.55 ) 300

Available length = 36.5 cm < 89.4 cm

Hook bottom bars at their ends to provide additional anchorage length.
10- Prepare neat design drawings, showing footing dimensions and provided
reinforcement:
Detailed design drawings are shown in Figure 11.17.c and Figure 11.17.d.
 57

Figure 11.17.c: Design drawings

Figure 11.17.d: Section at maximum negative moment (A-A)