9 Circle PDF

9
Properties of
the Circle
TERMINOLOGY
Arc: Part of a curve, most commonly a portion of the Radius: A radius is the distance from the centre of a circle
distance around the circumference of a circle out to the circumference (radii is plural, meaning more
than one radius)
Chord: A straight line joining two points on the
circumference of a circle Subtend: Form an angle at some point (usually the centre
or circumference of a circle)
Concentric circles: Circles that have the same centre
Tangent: A straight line external to a curve or circle that
Concyclic points: Points that lie on the circumference of
just touches the curve or circle at a single point
the same circle
Cyclic quadrilateral: A cyclic quadrilateral is a figure
whose four vertices are concyclic points. The four vertices
lie on the circumference of a circle
Chapter 9 Properties of the Circle 499
INTRODUCTION
IN CHAPTER 4, YOU STUDIED the geometry of angles, triangles, quadrilaterals
and other polygons. This chapter shows you some properties of the circle.
DID YOU KNOW?
A rainbow is the shape of an arc of a circle. If you

could see the whole rainbow, it would form a circle.
Research the rainbow on the Internet and find out
more about its shape and other properties.
Parts of a Circle
An arc is a part of the circumference.
A tangent touches the circle at one point.

500 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Concentric circles are circles that have the same centre.
Equal circles have the same radius.
DID YOU KNOW?
Leonardo da Vinci (14521519) was a great artist, scientist and inventor. He studied geometry,
and many of his model drawings show this influence. His drawings included designs for
flying machines, spring-driven automobiles, bridges and weapons. Leonardos designs were
revolutionary, and the scientists of his time did not have the knowledge needed to make the
models work.
Arcs, Angles and Chords
Equal arcs subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle.

Proof
Let two equal arcs have lengths l 1 and l 2, and subtend angles of a and b at the
You will study the formula
centre of the circle. l = r i in Chapter 5 of
Using l = ri , l 1 = ra and l 2 = rb the HSC Course book.
But l 1 = l 2
` ra = rb
` a=b
The converse is also true:
If two arcs subtend equal angles at the centre of the

circle, then the arcs are equal.
EXAMPLE
AB is a diameter of the circle with centre O. Arc CB = arc BD.

Prove +AOC = +AOD.
Solution
Since arc CB = arc BD,+COB = +DOB
Let +COB = +DOB = x
Then +AOC = 180c - +COB (+AOB is a straight angle)
= 180c - x
Also +AOD = 180c - +DOB (similarly)
= 180c - x
` +AOC = +AOD
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle.
Proof
OA = OC (equal radii)
OB = OD (similarly)
AB = CD (given)
` by SSS, DOAB / DOCD
` +AOB = +COD (corresponding +s in congruent Ds)
The converse in also true:
Equal angles subtended at the centre of the circle cut off equal chords.
EXAMPLE
AD is a diameter of the circle with centre O, where AB = CD. Prove that

BC < AD.
Solution
Since AB = CD, +AOB = +COD
Let +AOB = +COD = x
Then +BOC = 180c - (x + x) (+AOD is a straight +)
= 180c - 2x
OB = OC (equal radii)
` D OBC is isosceles with +OBC = +OCB
+OBC + +OCB + 180c - 2x = 180c (+ sum of DOBC)
+OBC + +OCB = 2x
` +OBC = +OCB = x
` +OBC = +AOB
But these are equal alternate angles
` BC < AD
The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the

circumference subtended by the same arc.
These figures show that

this property can look
quite different in different
situations.
Proof
Join AO and produce to D.

Let +BAO = x and +CAO = y
` +BAC = x + y
OA = OB (equal radii)
` +OBA = x (base +s of isosceles D)

= +BAO
` +OCA = y (base +s of isosceles D)
= +CAO
+BOD = x + x (exterior + of DOBA)
= 2x
+COD = y + y (exterior + of DOCA)
= 2y
+BOC = +BOD + +COD
= 2x + 2y
= 2 (x + y )
= 2+BAC
EXAMPLES
1. Find the values of x and y.
Solution
x = 40 (+ at centre is twice the + at the circumference)
Reflex +BOC = 360c - 80c (+ of revolution)
= 280c
` y = 140 (+ at centre is twice the + at the circumference)
2. Prove +BOC is twice the size of +OCA.

Solution
Let +OAC = x
+BOC = 2+OAC (+ at centre is twice the + at the circumference)
= 2x
OA = OC ^ equal radii h
` +OCA = +OAC = x (base +s of isosceles D)
` +BOC = 2+OCA
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
Proof
Join A and D to centre O

+AOD = 2+ABD (+ at centre is twice the + at the circumference)
+AOD = 2+ACD
` +ABD = +ACD
EXAMPLE
Prove D ABC and D DEC are similar. Hence nd the value of y correct to
1 decimal place.
Solution
+ABC = +DEC (+s in same segment)
+BCA = +ECD (vertically opposite +s)
` D ABC ||| D DEC
ED EC
` =
BA BC
y 6 .5
=
1 .7 1.2
1 .2y = 1 . 7 # 6. 5
1 .7 # 6 .5
y=
1 .2
= 9.2 cm correct to 1 decimal place.
The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
Proof
+AOB = 180c (straight +)

+AOB = 2+ACB (+ at centre is twice the + at the circumference)
` +ACB = 90c
EXAMPLE
AB is a diameter of the circle below. If BC = 2 m and AB = 9 m, nd the

exact length of AC.
Solution
+ACB = 90c
` AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2
9 2 = AC 2 + 2 2
81 = AC 2 + 4
77 = AC 2
` AC = 77 m
9.1 Exercises
1. Find values of all pronumerals (b)

(O is the centre of each circle).
(a)
(c) 3. Find values of all pronumerals

(a)
(d)
(b)
(e)
(c)
(f)
(d)
2. The circumference of a circle is

16r cm. Find the length of the
arc that subtends an angle of 40c (e)
at the centre of the circle.
(f) 4. Find values of all pronumerals

(a)
(g)
(b)
(h)
(c)
(i)
(d)
(j)
(e) (j)
(f) 5. (a) Prove D ABC ||| D DEC.

(b) Hence nd the value of x
correct to 1 decimal place.
(g)
6. Find x and y, giving reasons.
(h)
7. Find x and y, giving reasons.
(i)
8. Evaluate x, giving reasons for 11. Find x, giving reasons for each
each step in your calculation. step in your calculations.
9. Prove D STV and DWUV are

12. The circle below has centre O.
similar. Hence nd x.
D
C
O y
A x
38c
(a) Evaluate x and y.

10. AB = 6 cm and BC = 3 cm. O is (b) Show that AD = BC.
the centre of the circle. Show
that the radius of the circle is 13. Show that AD < BC in the circle
below.
3 5 A
cm.
2
33c B
D 114c
C
14. A circle has centre O and radius r 15. The circle below has centre O and
as shown. +DAB = i.
A
i
A
B O
O
B C D
C
(a) Show that triangles AOB and Show that +DAB and +BCD are
ABC are similar. supplementary.
(b) Show that BC = 2 r.
Chord Properties
A perpendicular line from the centre of a circle to a chord

bisects the chord.
Proof
+ADO = +BDO = 90c (given)

OA = OB (equal radii)
OD is common
` by RHS DOAD / DOBD
` AD = BD (corresponding sides in congruent Ds)
So OD bisects AB
A line from the centre of a circle that bisects a chord is perpendicular

to the chord.
EXAMPLES
1. Line OC is perpendicular to chord AB. If the radius of the circle is

6 cm and the chord is 11 cm long, nd the length of OC, correct to
1 decimal place.
Solution
AB = 11
` AC = 5.5 (OC bisects AB)
Also OA = 6 (radius-given)
OA = AC + OC
2 2 2
6 2 = 5.5 2 + OC 2
36 = 30.25 + OC 2
5.75 = OC 2
` OC = 5.75
= 2.4 cm
CONTINUED
2. Given XY = YZ and +OXY = 54c, nd +XOY.
Solution
+OYX = 90c (OY bisects XZ)
+XOY = 180c - (90c + 54c) (+ sum of DOXY)
= 36c
Equal chords are equidistant from the centre of the circle.
Proof
Let CD = AB
+OEB = +OFD = 90c (given)
OB = OD (equal radii)
AB = CD (given)
1
BE = AB (OE bisects AB)
2
1
DF = CD (OF bisects CD)
2
` BE = DF
` by RHS DOEB / DOFD
` OE = OF (corresponding sides in congruent Ds)
Chords that are equidistant from the centre are equal.
Class Exercise
Prove that chords that are equidistant from the centre are equal.
EXAMPLE
In the circle below, with centre O, OE = 35 mm, DE = 56 mm and

OC = 21 mm. Show that AB = DE.
Solution
EF = 28 mm (OF bisects DE)

OE = EF + OF
2 2 2
35 2 = 28 2 + OF 2
35 2 - 28 2 = OF 2
441 = OF 2
` OF = 441
= 21 mm
` OF = OC (chords equal when equidistant from the centre)
So AB = DE.
The products of intercepts of intersecting chords are equal.
AE: EB = DE: EC
Proof
+AED = +CEB (vertically opposite +s)

+DAE = +ECB (+s in same segment)
+ADE = +EBC (similarly)
` D AED <;D CEB
AE DE
` =
EC EB
` AE: EB = DE: EC
EXAMPLE
Given chord AB = 12.3 cm, EB = 2.7 cm and DE = 10.6 cm, nd the

length of EC, correct to 1 decimal place.
Solution
AE = AB - EB
= 12.3 - 2.7
= 9 .6
AE: EB = DE: EC
9.6 # 2.7 = 10.6 # EC
9 .6 # 2 .7
` EC =
10.6
= 2.4 cm
9.2 Exercises
1. Find the values of all (d)

pronumerals (O is the centre of
each circle).
(a)
(e)
(b)
(f)
(c)
(g) 3. A circle with radius 89 mm has

a chord drawn 52 mm from the
centre. How long, to the nearest
millimetre, is the chord?
4. O and P are the centres of

intersecting circles with radii 20
cm and 8 cm respectively.
If AB = 10 cm, find the distance
(h) OP, correct to 1 decimal place.
(i)
5. Show AB = CD.
(j)
6. AC = 20 cm and AD = 26 cm.
Find OB, correct to 1 decimal
place.
2. Find the exact radius of a circle

with a chord that is 8 cm long
and 5 cm from the centre.
7. Evaluate x and y, correct to 9. A circle with centre O has radius r

1 decimal place. and chord AB = x.
A O
8. Find the values of all B
pronumerals. 2r + 4r 2 - x 2
Show that CD = .
2
10. A
B
D
(a) Prove that triangles ABC and

CDE are similar.
(b) Show that
AC : CD = BC : CE.
Concyclic Points
Concyclic points are points that lie on the circumference of a circle.

Any 3 non-collinear points are concyclic. They lie on a unique circle,

with centre at the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the
intervals joining these points.
Four or more non-collinear points may not necessarily lie on a circle.
Cyclic quadrilaterals
A cyclic quadrilateral is a gure whose 4 vertices are concyclic points.
The opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

Proof
Join B and D to O.
Obtuse +DOB = 2+A (+ at centre is doubl e
Reflex +DOB = 2+C +at circumference)
Obtuse +DOB + reflex +DOB = 360c (+ of revolution)
` 2+A + 2+C = 360c
` +A + +C = 180c
Similarly, it can be proven that +B + +D = 180c by joining A and C to O.
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary,

then the quadrilateral is cyclic.
The property of opposite angles being supplementary in a cyclic quadrilateral

can also be used to prove the following property:
The exterior angle at a vertex of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal

to the interior opposite angle.
Proof
Let +A = x
Then +BCD = 180c - x (opposite +s supplementary
in cyclic quadrilateral)
` +BCD + +BCE = 180c (+DCE straight angle)
` +BCE = 180c - (180c - x)
= 180c - 180c + x
=x
` +A = +BCE
EXAMPLE
Evaluate a, b and c.
Solution
OB = OD (equal radii)
` +ODB = 20c (base + s of isosceles D equal)
a + 20c + 20c = 180c (+ sum of D)
` a = 180c - 40c
= 140c
b = 70c (+ at centre double + at circumference)
c = 180c - 70c (opposite + s in cyclic quadrilateral)
= 110c
9.3 Exercises
1. Find the values of all (e)

pronumerals.
(a)
(f)
(b)
(g)
(c)
(h)
(d)
(i)
(j) (e)
118c
yc
xc O xc
46c 111c
(f)
2. Find the values of all
pronumerals.
(a)
(g)
(b)
(h)
(c)
(i)
(d)
(j)
3. Show that ABCD is a cyclic (c) B C

i
quadrilateral.
(a) A D
D
58c C i
B 58c
(b) C A
B
Tangent Properties
The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn from

the point of contact.
The perpendicular
distance is the shortest
distance any other
distance would be greater
than the radius.
The line perpendicular to the radius at the point where it

meets the circle is a tangent to the circle at that point.
Here is another property of tangents to a circle:
Tangents to a circle from an exterior point are equal.
Proof
Join OB
+A = +C = 90c (tangent = radius)
OB is common
` by RHS, DOAB / DOCB
` AB = CB (corresponding sides in congruent Ds)
EXAMPLE
A circle with centre O and radius 10 cm has a tangent AB drawn to it

where OB = 26 cm. Find the length of AB.
Solution
OA = 10 (radius)
+OAB = 90c (tangent = radius)
` OB 2 = OA 2 + AB 2
26 2 = 10 2 + AB 2
676 = 100 + AB 2
576 = AB 2
` AB = 576
= 24 cm
When two circles touch, the line through their centres

passes through their point of contact.
Proof
You could also prove this

result for when circles
touch internally.
AB is a tangent to circle with centre O

` +OCB = 90c (tangent = radius)
AB is a tangent to circle with centre P
` +PCB = 90c (similarly)
+OCB + +PCB = 90c + 90c
= 180c
` OCP is a straight line.
EXAMPLE
Two circles touch at A and the larger circle has centre O. Prove
(a) TABC and TAOD are similar
(b) CB < DO
(c) BC = 2DO.
Solution
(a) OA is a diameter of small circle (line through centres passes
through point of contact)
` +ODA = 90c (+ in semicircle)
Since AB is a diameter of the larger circle,
+BCA = 90c (similarly)
` +BCA = +ODA
+A is common
` D ABC ;;; D AOD
(b) +BCA = +ODA [from (a)]
These are equal corresponding angles.
` CB < DO
(c) AB = 2 OA (OA radius)
AB
` =2
OA
AB AC BC
` = = =2 (by similar Ds)
OA AD DO
` BC = 2DO
The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point

of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
Proof
Draw in diameter CF and join EF.

Let +ECB = x.
+FCB = 90c (tangent = radius)
` +FCE = 90c - x
+FEC = 90c (+ in semicircle)
` +EFC = 180c - (90c + 90c - x) (angle sum of D )
=x
+EFC = +EDC (angles in same segment)
` +EDC = +ECB
EXAMPLE
Evaluate x and y.
CONTINUED
Solution
+ABC = 180c - (95c + 50c) (+ sum of D )
= 35c
` x = 35c (+ s in alternate segment)
y = 35c ( y and +ABC in same segment)
The square of the length of the tangent from an external point

is equal to the product of the intercepts of the secant passing
through this point.
PQ 2 = QR:QS where PQ is a tangent to the circle.
Proof
+QPR = +PSR (angles in alternate segments)

The third pair of angles is
equal by angle sum of a +Q is common
triangle. ` PQR ;;;D SPQ
PQ PR QR
` = =
QS SP PQ
PQ QR
` =
QS PQ
PQ = QR:QS
2
EXAMPLE
AB is a tangent to the circle and CD = 1.3 cm, BC = 1.7 cm. Find the
length of AB, correct to 1 decimal place.
Solution
BD = 1.3 + 1.7
=3
AB 2 = BC: BD
= 1 .7 # 3
= 5 .1
AB = 5.1
= 2.3 cm correct to 1 decimal place.
9.4 Exercises
1. Find the values of all (b)

pronumerals.
(a)
(c) (h)
(d) (i)
y
x 38c
O
(e)
(j)
(f)

pronumerals (all external lines
are tangents to the circles).
(g)
(a)
(b) (g)
(h)
(c)
(i)
(d)
63c
xc
O yc
(j)
(e)
cm
15
13 cm
9 cm
O
y
P
(f)
3. Find the values of all 6. Find the values of all

pronumerals, giving reasons pronumerals (O is the centre of
for each step of your working each circle; all external lines are
(O is the centre of circle, AB is tangents).
a tangent).
(a)
4. AB, BC and AC are tangents, (b)

with AB = 24 cm, BC = 27 cm
and BM = 15 cm. Find the length
of AC.
(c)
5. AB = 6.5 m, AC = 3.9 m and

BC = 5.2 m. Prove A lies on a
diameter of the circle, given BC is
a tangent to the circle.
(d)
(e) (i)
(f) (j)
(g)
pronumerals.
(a)
(h)
(b)
(c) (h)
(d)
(i)
(e)
(j)
(f)
8. Find AB, given AD = 4.9 m,
BC = 5.1 m and CD = 7.8 m.
(g)
Test Yourself 9
1. O is the centre of the circle. Evaluate i. 5. Evaluate x, y and z, giving reasons for
each step of your working.
2. Evaluate y to 1 decimal place.

6. O is the centre of the larger circle. Find
the value of x.
3. AB is a tangent to the circle. Find the

value of x to 1 decimal place.
7. AB is a tangent to the circle. Evaluate a, b
and c.
4. O is the centre of the circle. Find the

length of tangents x and y.
8. O is the centre of the circle, and AB is

a tangent. Evaluate a, b, c and d, giving
reasons for each step of your working.
9. Find the length of the radius of the 13. Calculate the length of AB to 3
circle. O is the centre. significant figures, given that A and B are
the centres of the circles.
10. Find the length of tangent AB.

14. Find the value of x to 1 decimal place.
11. Evaluate a and b.

15. Find the length of AB.
12. O is the centre of the circle. Find the

value of a and b. 16. Evaluate a and b.
17. Evaluate x and y, giving reasons for your 19. Prove that DBCD is similar to DABC.
working.
20. O is the centre of the circle.

(a) Prove that DOAC and DOBC are
congruent.
18. Evaluate x, y and z. (b) Show that OC bisects AB.
Challenge Exercise 9
1. Find the length of the radius, to the 2. In the circle below with centre O,
nearest centimetre, if AC = 10 cm and OD = DC. Prove +AOE = 3+DCB.
BD = 3 cm.
3. Two circles meet at points A and B. 5. The triangles below have

A tangent to each circle is drawn from +BDE = 2+BAD and +CDE = 2+CAD.
A to meet the circles at D and C. Prove Prove that a circle can be drawn through
+DAC = 90c. A, B and C with centre D.
4. Three equal circles touch each other, as 6. Two chords AB and CD intersect
in the figure. at 90c Prove, for obtuse
(a) Prove that the triangle with vertices +AOD,+AOD + +COB = 180c where O
the centres of the circles is equilateral. is the centre of the circle.
(b) Find the perimeter of the curved
figure DEF in terms of the radius r of the
circles.
(c) Find the exact area of the shaded
region.
7. Prove that any kite ABCD with

+ADC = +ABC = 90c is a cyclic
quadrilateral with diameter AC.
8. A large circle with radius R is surrounded 9. Prove that if an interval subtends equal
by 7 smaller circles with radius r. A circle angles at two points on the same side of
is drawn through the centres of the it, then the endpoints of the interval and
3r the two points are concyclic.
smaller circles. If R = , find the shaded
2
10. Prove that if both pairs of opposite angles
area in terms of r.
in a quadrilateral are supplementary,
then the quadrilateral is cyclic.

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9

DID YOU KNOW?

A rainbow is the shape of an arc of a circle. If you

An arc is a part of the circumference.

A tangent touches the circle at one point.

Concentric circles are circles that have the same centre.

Equal circles have the same radius.

DID YOU KNOW?

Arcs, Angles and Chords

Equal arcs subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle.

If two arcs subtend equal angles at the centre of the

AB is a diameter of the circle with centre O. Arc CB = arc BD.

Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle.

The converse in also true:

AD is a diameter of the circle with centre O, where AB = CD. Prove that

The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the

These figures show that

Join AO and produce to D.

` +OBA = x (base +s of isosceles D)

1. Find the values of x and y.

2. Prove +BOC is twice the size of +OCA.

Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

Join A and D to centre O

The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

+AOB = 180c (straight +)

AB is a diameter of the circle below. If BC = 2 m and AB = 9 m, nd the

1. Find values of all pronumerals (b)

(c) 3. Find values of all pronumerals

2. The circumference of a circle is

(f) 4. Find values of all pronumerals

(f) 5. (a) Prove D ABC ||| D DEC.

6. Find x and y, giving reasons.

7. Find x and y, giving reasons.

9. Prove D STV and DWUV are

(a) Evaluate x and y.

A perpendicular line from the centre of a circle to a chord

+ADO = +BDO = 90c (given)

The converse is also true:

A line from the centre of a circle that bisects a chord is perpendicular

1. Line OC is perpendicular to chord AB. If the radius of the circle is

2. Given XY = YZ and +OXY = 54c, nd +XOY.

Equal chords are equidistant from the centre of the circle.

Chords that are equidistant from the centre are equal.

In the circle below, with centre O, OE = 35 mm, DE = 56 mm and

EF = 28 mm (OF bisects DE)

The products of intercepts of intersecting chords are equal.

+AED = +CEB (vertically opposite +s)

Given chord AB = 12.3 cm, EB = 2.7 cm and DE = 10.6 cm, nd the

1. Find the values of all (d)

(g) 3. A circle with radius 89 mm has

4. O and P are the centres of

2. Find the exact radius of a circle

7. Evaluate x and y, correct to 9. A circle with centre O has radius r

8. Find the values of all B

(a) Prove that triangles ABC and

Concyclic points are points that lie on the circumference of a circle.

Any 3 non-collinear points are concyclic. They lie on a unique circle,

Four or more non-collinear points may not necessarily lie on a circle.

A cyclic quadrilateral is a gure whose 4 vertices are concyclic points.

The opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary,

The property of opposite angles being supplementary in a cyclic quadrilateral