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ABSTRACT
Droughts today are the biggest concern in todays ever growing world due
to various environmental factors such as global warming, greenhouse
effect to site a few. Due to this very reason a new cure has been discovered
to curb this problem. A super absorbent polymer known as SOLID RAIN
can be used to reduce this problem that mainly arises during the summer
and winter seasons in various tropical and sub- tropical countries in many
parts of the world. In this paper we will be talking about potassium
polyacrylate used in the manufacturing of solid rain and how this chemical
is capable of soaking water upto 500 times its size. We will also be talking
about the various advantages of this new technology and how this product
may prove to be the worlds greatest success towards achieving an eco-
friendly and ecological sustainable environment especially in the third world
countries, so that future generations may also meet their needs.
RESUMEN
Las sequas de hoy son la mayor preocupacin en el creciente mundo de
hoy debido a varios factores ambientales como el calentamiento global, el
efecto invernadero al sitio unos pocos. Debido a esta misma razn se ha
descubierto una nueva cura para frenar este problema. Un polmero supe
absorbente conocido como "SOLID RAIN" puede ser usado para reducir
este problema que surge principalmente durante las estaciones de verano
e invierno en varios pases tropicales y subtropicales en muchas partes del
mundo. En este papel que estaremos hablando de poli acrilato de potasio
utilizado en la fabricacin de lluvia slida y la forma en que este producto
qumico es capaz de empapar el agua hasta 500 veces su tamao.
Tambin hablaremos de las diversas ventajas de esta nueva tecnologa y
cmo este producto puede ser el mayor xito del mundo hacia el logro de
ambiente ecolgico sostenible, especialmente en los pases del tercer
mundo, para que las generaciones futuras necesariamente.
1.-INTRODUCTION (Introduccin)
When a region notes a deficiency in water supply either surface or
underground water for an extended period of time due to climatic conditions
this situation can be termed as drought. When a region receives a constant
below average precipitation for a very long time (years) droughts are said
to occur. Environmental factors may not be the sole cause for droughts,
even human activities such as over farming, deforestation, over use of
fertilizers and erosion which adversely affect the ability of land to capture
and hold water. Sometimes a combination of both environmental factors
and human activities may result in droughts. For this problem to be
resolved a new technology recently developed can be used. This is known
as powdered water.
manufacturing of many household items all over the globe. Some of them
include baby diapers, adult incontinence products, feminine hygiene
products, paper towels, surgical sponges, and many more. The
characteristics of this polymer are as follows: It is innocuous and can sop
up water and relase water time after time. It can also absorb fertilizers,
pesticides and relase them slowly, swell the efficacy of them.
2.5 How do these water crystals work Water Crystals absorb and hold
water, storing it so that they can be used by the plants whenever required.
In agriculture sector these hydrated crystals become reservoirs of moisture
for plants during drought. They capture the excess irrigation in any type of
gardening or farming, helping to keep the soil moist and creating a healthier
growing environment. They will hold the water for extended periods of time
until drained through transpiration.
The crystals absorb and store dissolved nutrients from the surrounding soil.
When hydrated, they supply water to plants. They do not drain water from
plants or compete with them for moisture. Instead, hydrated crystals are
gradually drained of water from the drinking plants and from ambient
temperature. Then, when it rains or when the soil is irrigated, or the
container plant watered, the Water Crystals will again absorb excess
moisture. They are capable of continuing the process many times.
3.
Transplanted Crops: These are crops that grow in nurseries and are then
taken to a field. Examples of such crops are forest species, fruit trees, and
any other plant that can be found in your local nursery. Transplantation
leads to problems arising from water stress, causing high mortality rates or
stunt growth. Adding Solid Rain substantially reduced mortality rates and
eliminates problems of stress.
Cultivos Transplantados: Estos son cultivos que crecen en viveros y luego
son llevados a un campo. Ejemplos de estos cultivos son especies
forestales, rboles frutales y cualquier otra planta que se puede encontrar
en su vivero local. El trasplante conduce a problemas derivados del estrs
hdrico, causando altas tasas de mortalidad o crecimiento de trucos. La
adicin de Lluvia Slida redujo sustancialmente las tasas de mortalidad y
elimina los problemas de estrs.
Field Crops: Open field crops are usually worked with heavy machinery.
These crops can be irrigated or depend solely on rain. Their main problem
here is the scarcity of water resources and the high cost of irrigation. With
the correct dosage of Solid Rain there has been significant productivity
gains in crops of at least 50% while watering up to 90% less.
FEATURES
Benefits to soil Beneficios para el suelo
The incorporation of Solid Rain in the soil improves soil structure and
moisture holding capacity. This reduces leaching and increases water and
nutrients for plants.
Fertilizer Support
Soluble fertilizers can work in combination with Solid Rain to provide a slow
release to the plant. Solid Rain absorb, stores and release soluble fertilizer
and nutrients almost as fast as water does. Thus reduce leaching losses of
fertilizer (especially nitrogen) and other important nutrients. However, the
presence of salts reduces the holding capacity of Solid Rain, but is
corrected by increasing the amount of product per liter of water. The main
factors that affect retention are iron, phosphates and lime.
Los fertilizantes solubles pueden trabajar en combinacin con Solid Rain
para proporcionar una liberacin lenta a la planta. La lluvia slida absorbe,
almacena y libera fertilizantes y nutrientes solubles casi tan rpido como
el agua. As, reducir las prdidas de lixiviacin de fertilizantes
(especialmente nitrgeno) y otros nutrientes importantes. Sin embargo, la
presencia de sales reduce la capacidad de retencin de la lluvia slida,
pero se corrige aumentando la cantidad de producto por litro de agua. Los
principales factores que afectan la retencin son el hierro, los fosfatos y la
cal.
Las instrucciones para el uso de una lluvia slida son bastante simples. Se
puede aplicar en forma seca o hidratada.
Solid Rain is a highly efficient product and for this reason the doses are
quite low, making them economically profitable for farmers. Generally,
using 25 kilos per acre with a performance of up to 10 years.
Fruit: Pears, particularly in very dry regions, mortality was reduced to zero.
We also saw an 80% in fruit production. We also saw the first crop was
harvested at 2 years. Doses recommended 100g-200g per tree.
Gardening: Hundreds of people already use Solid Rain in their gardens and
indoor plants in order to maintain healthy plants without worrying about
watering. In shade plants we have recorded up to five months without
water.
Grasses: From golf courses to home lawns, all areas have proven the
benefits of Solid Rain. Since grass relies heavily on water, we recommend
more than 25kg per acre, you can find the correct calculations at
www.solid-rain.com/buy and use our online calculator.
Solid Rain is a degradable compound very safe for the environment and
not classified toxic or hazardous by the European and American
government agencies. Approved for use in organic production in Mexico
(USA market still in application form).
The most widely used, commercial application of this technology has been
in disposable nappies, or diapers as they are quaintly termed in the US.
But a Mexican chemical engineer called Sergio Jesus Rico Velasco saw
more in the product than dry bottoms.
He formed a company to sell Solid Rain and it has quietly been selling the
product in Mexico for around 10 years. The company says that the
government there tested Solid Rain and found that crop yields could
increase by 300% when it was added to the soil.
"It works by encapsulating the water, and our product lasts 8 to 10 years in
the ground, depending on the water quality - if you use pure water, it lasts
longer," he told BBC News.
The company recommends using about 50kgs per hectare - though it's not
cheap, at $1,500 (960) for that amount.
Mr Gonzalez was at pains to point out that Solid Rain was all natural and
would not damage the land even if it was used for several years.
Science uncertain-
Ciencia incierta
But not everyone is convinced that Solid Rain is a significant solution to the
problem of drought.
"They're hardly new, and there's no scientific evidence to suggest that they
hold water for a year, or last for 10 years in the soil," she told BBC News.
"An additional practical problem is that gels can do as much harm as good.
As the gels begin to dry out, they soak up surrounding water more
vigorously. That means they will start taking water directly from plant roots,"
she added.
Dr Chalker-Scott says that research she carried out in Seattle with newly
transplanted trees showed that wood chip mulching was just as effective
as adding powdered materials and gels to the soil. And it was significantly
cheaper.
"There are other competitors that last three or four years. The ones that
don't last as long are the ones that have sodium - they don't absorb as
much. The potassium ones, like ours, are seen as the better products," he
said
Despite the fact that the science may not be entirely certain about the
benefits of products like this, Edwin Gonzalez says his company has been
inundated with enquiries from dry spots including India and Australia.
And he's also had several orders from the UK, where the lack of water is
usually not a problem.
Pero no todo el mundo est convencido de que Solid Rain es una solucin
significativa para el problema de la sequa.
La Dra. Linda Chalker-Scott de la Universidad Estatal de Washington dice
que estos tipos de productos han sido conocidos por los jardineros desde
hace varios aos.
"Son apenas nuevos, y no hay evidencia cientfica que sugiera que
retengan agua durante un ao, o duren 10 aos en el suelo", dijo a BBC
News.
"Un problema prctico adicional es que los geles pueden hacer tanto dao
como bueno.Como los geles comienzan a secarse, absorben el agua
circundante ms vigorosamente.Esto significa que comenzarn a tomar
agua directamente de las races de las plantas", aadi.
La Dra. Chalker-Scott dice que la investigacin que llev a cabo en Seattle
con rboles recin trasplantados mostr que el acolchado de astillas de
madera era tan eficaz como aadir materiales en polvo y geles al suelo. Y
fue significativamente ms barato.
Sin embargo, Edwin Gonzlez dice que Solid Rain es diferente.
"Hay otros competidores que duran tres o cuatro aos, los que no duran
tanto son los que tienen sodio - no absorben tanto, los de potasio como el
nuestro son vistos como los mejores, " l dijo
A pesar de que la ciencia no puede estar completamente segura de los
beneficios de productos como este, Edwin Gonzlez dice que su compaa
ha sido inundada con investigaciones de lugares secos como India y
Australia.
Y tambin ha recibido varias rdenes del Reino Unido, donde la falta de
agua no suele ser un problema.
In 2006 the United Nations announced its International Decade for Action
Water for Life 2005-2015. The UN predicts that 1.8 billion people will be
living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity by the year
2025.
But a few years before the publication of the 2006 Human Development
Report by the United Nations Development Program and of the report
Coping with Water Scarcity. Challenge of the Twenty-First Century. UN-
Water, by the FAO in 2007, a Mexican scientist Sergio Jess Rico Velasco
from the Instituto Politcnico Nacional invented Solid Rain and founded
the company Silos de Agua in 2002 to commercialize his product.
Slowly but steadily the news of his invention reached the world, opening a
new window of hope for many countries around the world, including Russia,
India, Ivory Coast, Colombia, Spain, Portugal, Chile, Peru and, of course
Mexico; which began to experiment with the new product to ease water
shortages for agriculture. In 2012 Rico Velasco was nominated for the
World Water Prize.
The magic of solid rain, a compound based on potassium acrylate, is that
it can store 300 times, even 500 times its own weight in water without
causing any harm to the environment, nor triggering toxic chemical
reactions regardless of the type of soil substrate.
The product looks like a white powder sugar but is made of ultra-absorbent
potassium polyacrylate which Rico Velasco and other scientists call water
silos.
So as an alternative to reducing water resources, this product stores
rainwater and has the advantage that it can be kept anywhere, even in
burlap sacks because the rain water molecules adhere to the potassium
polyacrylate, which allows the gelatinization of the rain in the agricultural
fields.
How does it work? Solid Rain encapsulates and disperses water during its
lifetime, ranging from 8 to 10 years, it helps to aerate the soil, and permits
agriculture in extreme climates and places with poor soil conditions.
The ideal usage proportion is four "silos", each one containing the
equivalent of one litre of water. The comparative cost is minimal because
the "powder" sufficient for one hectare has a price tag of around one
thousand dollars.
Rico Velasco explained that this technology can be used in all kind of soil
substrates and with all kind of plants because it produces no chemical
reactions with pesticides nor fertilizers because its just water and it does
not generate pollution.
The Solid Rain can regularly provide enough water to plants over a period
of ten years maximum, while avoiding water stress and evaporation.
Moreover, the solid rain particles can be rehydrated with each agricultural
cycle.
How is it used? Farmers need to take a spoon and mix 20 grams of Solid
Rain with one liter of water, then mix it into the soil. Then plant theirs seeds
and mix it in with the soil of other plants.