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Because the electrons are outside the
nucleus, they are much more likely to be
transferred from one object to another.
When two substances are rubbed together,
electrons are transferred from one to
another.
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Law of Electric Charges
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Quick Review
1.
2.
3.
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Transfer of Electric Charges
There are three ways in which electric
charge can be transferred:
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2.Charging by contact: Electric charge
can sometimes be transferred by simply
touching one object with another.
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Charging By Friction
Static electricity can be caused by rubbing two
different substances together. This is charging
by friction. Before being rubbed, both objects
are neutral which means they have the same
number of protons and electrons. When they
are rubbed, one object will lose electrons and
become positively charged. The other object
will gain electrons and become negatively
charged. Remember the protons and neutrons
never move.
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The Electrostatic Series
This is a chart which list objects in the order
that they are able to hold onto their electrons
(or gain others). The object that is closer to the
top of the chart is always the positive one. It
has a loose hold on its electrons so will lose
them. The object that is closer to the bottom is
the negative one. It has a strong hold on its
electrons and will likely gain other electrons.
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The Electrostatic Series
Acetate
Glass
Wool
Cats fur, human hair
Calcium, magnesium, lead
Silk
Aluminum, zinc
Cotton
Paraffin wax
Ebonite
Polyethylene (plastic)
Carbon, copper, nickel
Rubber
Sulphur
Platinum, gold
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Use your electrostatic series to determine which object in each pair
will become positively charged and which will become negatively
charged:
In each case, indicate which pair will result in attraction and which
will result in repulsion:
1. + and + ______________________
2. + and - _______________________
3. and - _______________________
5. Silk (that has just been rubbed with wool socks) and a
negatively charged rubber balloon. _________________
When two substances are rubbed together, electrons are transferred from one substance to
the other.
The one which gains extra electrons becomes ______________ charged. The one which loses
electrons becomes _______________ charged.
To figure out which object will gain electrons and which will lose them, we use the
______________________________.
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Charging By Contact
Uncharged (neutral) objects can become
charged if they come into contact with charged
objects. When an uncharged object is charged
with a neutral one, it will take on the same
charge as the one that touches it.
If a negatively charged ebonite rod touches a
neutral pith ball, the pith ball will also become
negatively charged. The two objects will now
have the same charge and will repel each other.
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Charging By Contact
We have learned that electrons can be transferred by the
process of friction. Another way to transfer electric charge
is by _______________________. This simply means
touching a ____________________ one with a charged
one. The charged object might be positive or negative, it
doesnt matter.
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Charging by Induction
The third and final way to transfer electric
charge is by induction. This requires
moving a charged object near, but not
touching, a neutral one.
Assume that a balloon has been charged by
rubbing it against your hair (friction) and is
now negatively charged. The nearby wall is
neutral meaning it contains an equal
number of positive and negative charges.
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As the negative balloon approaches the
neutral wall, it will repel the negative
charges at the walls surface, leaving behind
the positive charges. The surface of the
wall is now said to be positive and since
opposites attract, the balloon sticks to the
wall.
This type of induction is referred to as
temporary induction as soon the charges in
the wall will move back to their original
position and the balloon will fall off the
wall.
When charging by induction, the once
neutral object always takes on the opposite
charge to the object which approached it.
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Grounding
One way to protect ourselves against
electric shock is grounding. This means
directing the electricity into the ground
with a conductor. Some people who work
around a lot of electric charge wear
grounding straps.
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Insulators and Conductors
Conductors are materials that allow
electrons to move freely through them.
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Insulators are materials that do not allow
electrons to move freely through them.
Static charge remains in place in an
insulator. Sometimes insulators can be
used to protect us from electric shocks. For
example, electric cords are often covered
with plastic to protect us.
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Review Insulators and Conductors
4. What is the method of charging which requires rubbing one object with another?
5. What is the method of charging an object which simply requires touching it?
8. Define neutralization.
11. Why does the earth itself not give us an electric charge?
12. Which types of objects tend to hold their electric charge very well?
13. Which types of objects tend to lose their electric charge more quickly?
14. Does a positively charged object only attract a negatively charged one? Explain.
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Lightning
Lightning is a natural process where electric
charges are moving through the air. We see
lightning as a jagged path caused by the
electric charges trying to find the fastest
path to the ground. The charges are drawn
to tall buildings because these shorten their
path to the ground.
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Lightning Rods
A lightning rod may be placed on the top of
a building. It is usually made of metal (a
conductor) and is long and pointed so it will
be the tallest part of the building.
3. When you bring a charged object near to, but not touching, a neutral
one, what would you expect?
10.What is grounding?
12.What is static cling? Why does it occur more in the winter time?
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