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Lecture 7
Niklas Andersson
niklas.andersson@chalmers.se
Adressed Learning Outcomes
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erms 04-1
control volume
S1 left boundary (area A1 )
S2 right boundary (area A2 )
perimeter boundary
x
S1 S2
= S1 S2
Niklas Andersson - Chalmers 10 / 36
Governing Equations - Mass Conservation
I steady-state
I no flow through
d y {
dV + v ndS = 0
dt
| {z } | {z }
=0 1 u1 A1 +2 u2 A2
1 u1 A1 = 2 u2 A2
d y {
vdV + [(v n)v + pn] dS = 0
dt
| {z }
=0
{
(v n)vdS = 1 u21 A1 + 2 u22 A2
{ A2
pndS = p1 A1 + p2 A2 pdA
A1
A2
(1 u21 + p1 )A1 + pdA = (2 u22 + p2 )A2
A1
Niklas Andersson - Chalmers 12 / 36
Governing Equations - Energy Conservation
I steady-state
I no flow through
d y {
eo dV + [ho (v n)] dS = 0
dt
| {z }
=0
which gives
1 u1 A1 ho1 = 2 u2 A2 ho2
ho1 = ho2
Niklas Andersson - Chalmers 13 / 36
Governing Equations - Summary
1 u1 A1 = 2 u2 A2
A2
(1 u21 + p1 )A1 + pdA = (2 u22 + p2 )A2
A1
ho1 = ho2
Continuity equation:
1 u1 A1 = 2 u2 A2
or
uA = c
where c is a constant
d(uA) = 0
uAdu + Adp = 0
Energy equation:
ho 1 = ho 2
dho = 0
1
ho = h + u2
2
dh + udu = 0
d(uA) = 0
dp = udu
dh + udu = 0
Assumptions:
I quasi-one-dimensional flow
I inviscid flow
I steady-state flow
divide by uA gives
d du dA
+ + =0
u A
Eulers equation:
dp dp d
dp = udu = = udu
d
Assuming adiabatic, reversible (isentropic) process and the
definition of speed of sound gives
dp p d d du
= = a2 a2 = udu = M 2
d s u
Niklas Andersson - Chalmers 20 / 36
Area-Velocity Relation cont.
d
Now, inserting the expression for in the rewritten continuity
equation gives
du dA
(a M 2 ) + =0
u A
or
dA du
= (M 2 1)
A u
dA du
= (M 2 1)
A u
M =1
converging-diverging nozzle
M <1 M >1 only possibility to obtain
supersonic flow!
throat
Alternative:
Slowing down from supersonic to subsonic flow
(supersonic diffuser)
M =1
in practice:
M <1 M >1 difficult to obtain completely
shock-free flow in this case
throat
dA du
M 0 =
A u
dA du
+ =0
A u
1
[udA + Adu] = 0
Au
d(uA) = 0 Au = c
where c is a constant
fu
el
combustion
chamber M >1 high-velocity gas
M <1
r
ze
i
id
ox
High-temperature, high-pressure gas in combustion chamber expand through the nozzle to very high velocities. Typical
2
figures for a LH /LOx rocket engine: po 120 [bar], To 3600 [K], exit velocity 4000 [m/s]
M <1 M >1
M >1 M =1 M <1
From Chapter 3:
To ao 2 1
= = 1 + ( 1)M 2
T a 2
po To 1
=
p T
1
o To 1
=
T
Critical conditions:
To a 2 1
o
= = ( + 1)
T a 2
po To 1
=
p T
1
o To 1
=
T
2 u2 u2 a2 u2 a2 a2o
M = = =
a2 a2 a2 a2 a2o a2
1
2
2 ( + 1)
M = M2 1 2
1+ 2 ( 1)M
uA = c
u A = uA
a A = uA
which gives
A a o a
= =
A u o u
A o a
=
A o u
1
o To 1
=
T
1
1 + 12 ( 1)M 2 1
1 A
To 1
=
= A 1
1
o T
2 ( + 1)
1
M
a
1
=
u M
2 2
1 + 12 ( 1)M 2 1
A
=
A 2
1
2 ( + 1)
1
M 2
1
2 ( + 1)
2
M = M2
1 2
1+ 2 ( 1)M
2 +1
1 + 12 ( 1)M 2 1
A
=
A 1
+1
M2
2 ( + 1)
1
Area-Mach-Number Relation
supersonic
0
Mach number, M
10
subsonic
1
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
Area ratio, A/A