Gas-Turbine Peformance

Aviation Engineer / Specialist

Real open gas turbine process in T-S chart
Efficiency variation of real gas turbines
Efficiency variation of real gas turbines
Turboprop engine
Jet-engine
Thrust force calculation
Ramjet/Scramjet engine
Different thrust levels
Back pressure derating
Ambient temperature derating
Ram Recovery
SUPERSONIC INTAKES
Inlet air evaporative cooling
THRUST AUGMENTATION BY
AFTERBURNING
Reverse
thrust
 There are five safeguards built into the
selection of Reverse Thrust, they are;
Reverse thrust cannot be selected until the throttle lever is at
idle.
Reverse thrust cannot be activated until the aircraft has the
weight on the mainwheels (air/ground logic interlock)
RPM in Reverse cannot be increased above idle until the
Reverse Thrust doors are in the deployed
(Reverse Thrust) position.
If, while Forward Thrust is selected, the Reverser doors
inadvertently move to the deployed (Reverse Thrust) position,
the throttle may automatically close to idle.
If, while Reverse Thrust is selected, the Reverser doors
inadvertently move to the stowed (Forward Thrust) position,
the reverse thrust lever will automatically go
to the reverser deploy position
GAS PARAMETER CHANGES AND EXHAUST MACH
NUMBERS
IN BOTH A CONVERGENT AND A CONVERGENT-
DIVERGENT NOZZLE
NOISE SUPPRESSION
 QUESTIONS Intake
1. In a high by-pass engine with a pitot intake,
with the engine running and the brakes on,
what will P1 be in relation to P0?

a. Same
b. Greater
c. Less
d. 14.7psi
2. A pitot intake forms a ____________ duct______ the
fan to ensure that the airflow ______
to ________ and achieves a ________

a. convergent - before - speeds up - subsonic

- pressure rise
b. divergent - after - slows down - subsonic
- pressure rise
c. divergent - before - speeds up sonic
- pressure drop
d. divergent - before - slows down - subsonic
- pressure rise
 3. What effect will severe icing in the intake
have on a high by-pass engine?
a. The axial velocity of the air will increase with a
reduction in the angle of attack of the airflow with
the compressor blades and a possible stall.
b. The axial velocity of the air will decrease with a
reduction in the angle of attack of the airflow with
the compressor blades and a possible stall.
c. The axial velocity of the air will decrease with an
increase in the angle that the resultant airflow
forms with the compressor blades chord line and a
possible stall.
d. The axial velocity of the air will increase with an
increase in the angle of attack of the airflow with
the compressor blades and a possible stall.
 4. Which of the following would be classed as
prudent when carrying out Engine Ground Runs?

a. Only carry out engine runs with a tail wind

b. Fit debris guards when running
c. Only do ground runs on Tarmac
d. Only do ground runs on concrete
5. With an S type intake, if the pilot selects max
RPM while standing still, there is a strong
possibility that:
a. The angle, which the relative airflow forms with
the compressor blades, will become too small,
which will cause the engine to stall and surge.
b. The angle, which the relative airflow forms with
the compressor blades, will become too small,
which will cause the engine to surge then stall.
c. The angle which the relative airflow forms with
the compressor blades will become too large,
which will cause the engine to stall and surge.
d. The angle, which the relative airflow forms with
the compressor blades, will become too large,
which will cause the engine to surge then stall.
 6. Secondary air inlet doors are utilised:

a. When an aircraft is in the cruise

b. When the aircraft is near its maximum IAS.
c. When the rpm of the engine is low while
stationary.
d. When the rpm of the engine is high when
stationary.
 7. What is the purpose of the supersonic
diffuser in the variable throat intake?
a. Final reduction in velocity prior to compressor face.
b. Interim reduction in velocity to below Mach 1
prior to a further reduction in the subsonic diffuser.
c. Interim reduction in velocity to below Mach .5
prior to a further reduction in the subsonic diffuser.
d. Increase in velocity prior to compressor face.
 8. The purpose of an air inlet is to provide a relatively
________ supply of air to the ________ of the ________
compressor.
a. turbulent free - face - low pressure
b. turbulent - face - low pressure
c. turbulent free - rear - low pressure
d. turbulent free - face - high pressure
 9. In a pitot intake the term Ram Pressure
Recovery refers to the time when:
a. EPR has attained the take off setting.
b. The HP Compressor has reached its maximum.
c. The EPR has recovered to its optimum figure.
d. Intake pressure has been re-established to ambient
pressure.
 10. The effect on EPR with an iced up P1
probe with the RPM of the engine increasing

a. EPR would decrease.

b. No change.
c. EPR would momentarily decrease then
increase.
d. EPR would increase
 QUESTIONS Exhaust
1. The velocity of the gases in the exhaust unit
is held to:

a. 0.5 Mach to minimise turbulence.

b. 0.75 Mach to optimise the pressure distribution.
c. 0.85 Mach to maximise thrust.
d. Mach 1 to maximise acceleration.
 2. The exhaust cone:
a. Straightens the gas flow before it goes into
the turbine assembly.
b. Prevents the hot gases flowing across the
rear turbine face.
c. Increases the velocity of the gases.
d. Decreases the pressure of the gas.
3. The propelling nozzle is designed to:

a. Increase the velocity and decrease the

pressure of the gas stream.
b. Decrease the velocity and increase the
pressure of the gas stream.
c. To increase the velocity and the pressure of
the gas stream.
d. To decrease the velocity and the pressure of
the gas stream.
 4. A nozzle is said to be choked when:

a. The gas flow through it is subsonic.

b. The gas flow through it reaches its sonic value.
c. The gas temperature rises.
d. The gas flow through it is supersonic.
 5. A choked nozzle:

a. Decreases thrust.
b. Gives additional pressure without the addition
of heat.
c. Has no effect on thrust.
d. Implies that no further increase in velocity can
be obtained without the increase of heat.
6. The exhaust gasses pass to atmosphere via
the propelling nozzle which:

a. Is a convergent duct, thus it increases the gas

velocity.
b. Converts kinetic energy into pressure energy.
c. Is a divergent duct, thus it increases the gas
velocity.
d. Is a divergent nozzle, thus it increases the gas
pressure.
 7. The jet pipe is insulated from the
airframe by:
a. Heat insulation materials.
b. A cooling air jacket.
c. A combination of cooling air and insulating
material.
d. Semi-conducting geodetic structures.
8. The noise from a high ratio by-pass engine:

a. Is created mainly in the exhaust section.

b. Is high in the exhaust section because of the
high velocity gas flow.
c. Is predominantly from the fan and the
turbine.
d. Is greater than that from a turbo-jet engine
of comparable power output.
9. The shape of the volume within the jet pipe
casing immediately to the rear of the turbine:
a. Is convergent to accelerate the gases
towards the propelling nozzle.
b. Is divergent to accelerate the gases away
from the turbine blades.
c. Is convergent to increase the pressure of the
gases in the jet pipes.
d. Is divergent to reduce the velocity of the
gases leaving the turbine.
 10. The turbine rear support struts:
a. Add swirl to the gases before they travel
down the jet pipe.
b. Prevent the hot gases flowing across the
rear face of the rear turbine bearing.
c. Allow entry of the by-pass air into the
exhaust system.
d. Straighten out any residual whirl in the gas
stream.
 11. An exhaust nozzle is said to be
choked when the velocity at the throat is:
a. Mach.5.
b. Below Mach 1.
c. At Mach 1.
d. Above Mach 1.
 QUESTIONS Thrust
1. EPR is a
a. Ratio between ambient pressure and exhaust
pressure.
b. Ratio between ambient pressure and fan
pressure.
c. Ratio between intake pressure and compressor
delivery pressure.
d. Ratio between exhaust pressure and intake
pressure.
2. In a high by pass engine whose fan max rpm is 20000rpm,
when turning at 5000rpm will develop approx.

a. 25% take off thrust.

b. 50% take off thrust
c. 5% take off thrust
d. 15% take off thrust
 3 With an increase in altitude which of the following
statements are correct for a jet aircraft with
constant engine speed for a fixed throttle setting?
1. Temperature and pressure reduce with a resulting drop in thrust.
2. Fuel consumption will increase.
3. Fuel consumption will decrease.
4. Specific fuel consumption will increase.
5. Specific fuel consumption will decrease.
6. Specific fuel consumption stays relatively the same
7. Temperature and pressure will reduce, resulting in an increase in
thrust.
a. 1, 3, 6.
b. 2, 4, 1.
c. 7, 2, 4.
d. 1, 2, 5
4. The maximum thrust that a jet engine can
develop will be:

a. Take off thrust.

b. Go around thrust.
c. Max climb thrust.
d. Max Static Thrust.
5. As temperature ___________air density ____________ and the mass
of air for given engine speed __________ therefore thrust ___________.
To maintain the compressor speed however _______ fuel must be added
or the compressor will _________.

a. decreases - decreases - increases - increases - less - slow down

b. increases - decreases - decreases - increases - more - slow down
c. decreases - increases - increases - increases - more - slow down
d. Increases - decreases - increases - decreases - less - speed up
 6. From a standing start with an increase in
forward speed jet thrust will:

a. Increase.
b. Stay the same.
c. Decrease.
d. Decrease then recover but will never
achieve its initial setting.
 7. On a turboprop aircraft with a 14 stage axial
flow compressor while climbing it will
experience:
a. Increase shaft horse-power increase jet thrust
increase fuel consumption
b. Decrease shaft horse-power decrease jet thrust
decrease fuel consumption
c. Decrease shaft horse-power increase jet thrust
decrease fuel consumption
d. Decrease shaft horse-power decrease jet thrust
increase fuel consumption
 8. On a turboprop aircraft with a 14 stage axial
flow compressor while increasing forward
speed, it will experience:
a. Increase shaft horse-power increase jet thrust
b. Decrease shaft horse-power decrease jet thrust
c. Decrease shaft horse-power increase jet thrust
d. Increase shaft horse-power decrease jet thrust
 9. On a part throttled engine, take off
thrust would be achieved:
a. Later than normal due to pressure in the
compressor being low.
b. Later than normal due to the EPR being low.
c. Earlier than normal.
d. Later than normal due to the EPR being high.
 10. In a gas turbine engine:
a. Ram pressure is maximum at the start of the
take off run.
b. Ram pressure is unaffected by airspeed.
c. Thrust is unaffected by the aircrafts
forward speed.
d. Thrust is maximum and ram pressure at
minimum at the start of the take off run.
 1. When after burning the jet pipe will:

a. Close to allow for the decreased volume of gas

b. Open to allow for the increased volume of gas.
c. Remain the same
d. Remain the same until the temperature reaches
1700C then open.
 2. When does the variable nozzle open?

a. When the exhaust temperature reaches 1700C

b. Automatic when after burning selected.
c. Automatic on take off.
d. Automatic when approaching Mach 1.
 3. When leaving the turbine the gas stream:

a. Increases velocity immediately to maximise

thrust.
b. Is diffused to ensure the afterburning flame is
stabilised.
c. Goes through a convergent duct to ensure the
after-burning flame is stabilised.
d. Goes through a divergent duct to maximise
thrust.
 4. Which of the following statements are
correct with regard to after-burning?
1. Fuel consumption increases
2. Fuel consumption decreases.
3. Pressure thrust decreases
4. Thrust increases.
5. Pressure thrust increases.
6. EGT increases
7. EGT decreases
8. Thrust decreases.
a. 1, 3, 4 and 6
b. 2, 4, 5 and 6
c. 8, 1, 5 and 7
d. 6, 5, 4 and 1
 5. On a turbojet aircraft which of the following
statements would be correct with the introduction
of water into the combustion chamber?

a. Power can be restored up to its flat rated 100% only,

and is prevented from exceeding its limitations due to a
pressure sensor at the high pressure outlet.
b. Power can be restored up to its flat rated 100% only,
due to a pressure sensor at the combustion chamber
outlet.
c. Power can be restored up to its flat rated 100% only,
due to a pressure sensor in the exhaust.
d. Power can be augmented above100% due to the denser
mixture impinging on the turbine, which consequently
drives the compressor quicker.
 6. In a turboprop aircraft with water methanol
injection in the combustion chamber, which of the
following statements would be correct?

a. SHP can be re-established up to 100% only, when

operating in warmer climates.
b. SHP can be increased beyond 100% by
maintaining the RPM and increasing the blade
angle.
c. SHP can be increased beyond 100% by increasing
RPM and decreasing the blade angle.
d. SHP can be increased beyond 100% by
maintaining RPM and decreasing the blade angle.
 7. Water Methanol is injected into an engine
so that the combustion chamber inlet
temperature is reduced and there is:
a. A substantial power decrease.
b. A substantial power increase with no increase
in fuel flow.
c. A substantial power increase which is due
solely to the combustion of methanol.
d. An increase in power output solely due to the
increased fuel flow, since methanol does not
burn.
 8. When methanol is added to a
water injection system:
a. It is an important source of fuel.
b. It is an anti-freeze.
c. It is an important source of fuel and an anti-
freeze.
d. The temperature of combustion remains the
same.
 9. Water injection is used for take off:

a. To cool the combustion chambers.

b. To cool the turbine blades.
c. Only at high altitude airfields where the
prevailing temperature is high.
d. At airfields with an ambient temperature
above 30F
 1. Use of reverse thrust below the
recommended speed may cause:
a. Over stressing of the gear oleos.
b. Ingestion of the exhaust gases and foreign
objects.
c. More fuel to be provided to the burners.
d. The T.G.T. limit to be exceeded, in which
case the reverse thrust lever will return to
the forward thrust position.
2. A big fan engine gets reverse thrust by:

a. Reversing the direction of rotation of the

compressor.
b. Deflecting the exhaust gases.
c. Blocking the by-pass air.
d. Reversing the hot stream gases.
 3. Before reverse thrust can be selected, the
forward thrust lever must be:

a. Pulled back to idle power.

b. Positioned to reverse minimum power.
c. Put back to the reverser deploy position.
d. Positioned to reverse maximum power.
 4. An aircraft uses clamshell doors for
thrust reversal to:
a. Direct the gas flow rearwards.
b. Block the flow of exhaust gas.
c. Absorb any change in thrust.
d. Change the direction of the exhaust gas.
 5. A Reverse Thrust Warning Light
illuminates:
a. Only when the reverser doors are fully
deployed in the reverse thrust position.
b. When the reverser doors are stowed in the
forward thrust position.
c. When the reverser doors are not stowed in
the forward thrust position.
d. Whenever reverse thrust is selected.
 6. Once the blocker doors are fully deployed,
with an increase in RPM, which of the
following statements would be incorrect?
a. Forward thrust from the hot gases would
increase.
b. Forward thrust from the hot gases would
decrease.
c. Reverse thrust from the blocked air would
increase.
d. TGT will increase.
Thank You for Your Attention !