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Tutorial 2
Calculus of variations II
Guy Rosman
2010
c
d
Fu Fu 0 = 0
dx
with the boundary conditions u(x0 ) = u 0 and u(x1 ) = u 1 .
F u 0 Fu 0 = const,
dF F 0 F 00 F
= u + 0u +
dx u u x
F 0 dF F F
u = 0 u 00
u dx u x
Multiplying the E-L equation by u 0 we obtain:
F d F
u0 u0 = 0,
u dx u 0
or
F d F
u0 = u0
u dx u 0
dF F F F 0
0 u 00 u =0
dx u x |u {z }
dF F F d F
0 u 00 u0 =0
dx u x dx u 0
F dF F d F
+ 0 u 00 u 0 =0
x |dx u {z dx u}0
F d 0 F
+ F u =0
x dx u 0
x1 x2
y1 A
y2 B
Figure: Brachistochrone
1 ds 2 m
m mgy E0 = V02 mgy
2 dt
| {z } |{z} 2
potential
kinetic
ds 2 V02
= 2g ( + y ), = y,
dt 2g
Our integral becomes:
Z Z p
dt x2
1 + y 0 2 dx
T = ds = p
ds x1 2g ( + y )
02
p
y 1 + y 02
p
1 + y 02 y + y +
1
=p = c
1 + y 02 y +
1 1
p 02
= b>0
1+y y + 2b
dx dx dy 1
= = (b sin )
d dy d (4) tan 2
= b(1 + cos ) (5)
= x = a + b( + sin ) , .
Z p
2
1 + y 02
min dx
1 x
y (1) = 0 y (2) = 1
p
1 + y 02
F =
x
F is independent of y , and therefore we use
y0
Fy 0 = c p =c
x 1 + y 02
(y 2)2 + x 2 = 5
Solution
Construct the Lagrangian
Z 1 Z 1 q
L(y ) = ydx + 0
1 + y dx S ,
2
1 1
and denote
q
F (x, y , y 0 ) = y + 1 + y 02.
sin
r
sin cos2
= q cos
= = sin ,
sin2 + cos2 cos 1
cos2
from where
x
sin = .
Guy Rosman 236861 - Tutorial 2 - Calculus of Variations II
Problem 3: Constrained maximum (cont.)
Substituting again
sin sin
y 0 = tan = = p
cos 1 sin2
(x ) (x )
= q = p .
1 (x)
2
2 (x )2
2
or
(x )2 + (y )2 = 2
d
F u 0 Fu 0 =
dx
d 1 0 2
(u ) u u 0 (u 0 ) =
dx2
d 1 0 2
(u ) u = (u 0 )(u 00 ) u 0 = 0,
dx 2
I1 (x + u) I1 (x) + I1,x u.
Using the brightness constancy assumption, we have
I1,x u + I1 I2 0
.. but this is only approximate, and our images are usually 2D..
I1 (x + u, y + v ) I1 + I1,x u + I1,y v .
The brightness constancy assumption gives us the following
functional on u, v :
Z
(I1,x u + I1,y v + I1 I2 )2 d
.. but this is not enough! We need some way to propagate
information in the field.. Otherwise, the constraint
Ix u + Iy v = It
will not suffice (2 variables, 1 equation).
Z
(Ix2 u 2 + Iy2 v 2 + It2 + 2Ix Iy uv + 2Ix It u + 2Ix It v )
d
+(ux2 + uy2 + vx2 + vy2 )