BIOLOGY 1210 ASSIGNED STUDY QUESTIONS #8 KEY CHAPTER 8

1 b. Use the labels to

Show that you know:
sister chromatids are identical (genes are in the same place
and have same alleles)

and homologs are similar (same size, same shape, same genes
in the same place, can have alternate alleles)

b. Label the parts of this diagram with the following:

two identical sister chromatids, one centromere,
a pair of homologs, two non-homologs
two different alleles of the same gene: point to A and a on above diagram
two different genes: point to A and B (or a and b) on above diagram

HOMOLOGS

ALLELES

CENTROMERE

NON-HOMOLOGS
SISTER CHROMATIDS

c. You would describe this cell as: 2n = ____4____

genome number(1 or 2) number of chromosomes
The copy number of the cell that is shown is ____4_____. For a given gene/letter, how many are there?
How many chromosome(s) does it take to hold one genome in this organism? _2__
2. a. The picture to right (Cell A1) represents a cell that is
_2__n=__4__ and copy number _2_

# of genomes # of chromosomes

b. Cell A1 has not yet gone through S phase.

The two large chromosomes are ______ homologs ______
The two small chromosomes are ______ homologs ____________
One large versus one small small chromosomes are _ non- homologs _
The red chromosomes represent one ____ genome _______
(sister chromatids, or homologs, or non-homologs or genome)
Cell A1
c. Below, draw the chromosomes that were in the sperm and egg (before S)
(gametes) that gave rise to Cell A1.

gametes

Each of these gametes are _1_n=___2__ and copy number _1_

d. To right (Cell A2), draw the Cell A1 chromosomes after S phase

(G2 or prophase). __2_n=__4__ and copy number __4_
Each chromosome is made of two identical sister chromatids Cell A2
connected by a centromere (after S)

Cell B Cell C
e. Above (Cell B+C), draw the chromosomes after Cell A2 completes
Mitosis and Cytokinesis. Each is __2_n=___4__ and copy number __2_

IT MIGHT HELP YOU ON QUESTION 2 TO GO BACK AND LABEL THE CHROMOSOMES IN THE
PICTURES WITH the genes AaBbDd like in questions 1a
One genome is one set of all information and should include one of each letter.
For chromosomes, count centromeres / or X is one chromosome
For copy number count the number of a given letter (how many As including A and a)
For DNA molecules count lines (chromatids)

3. see text for these definitions, look in glossary and index

homologous pair (of chromosomes) or homologs = SIMILAR, look alike, same order of genes, may
have different alleles
sister chromatids = IDENTICAL DNA molecules, same genes, same alleles. result from DNA
replication in S phase. Connected by centromere until anaphase of mitosis or anaphase II of meiosis)
After crossover sister might not be identical
diploid has two sets of genetic information (two genome), two of every chromosome, 2n, humans
are 2n=46
haploid has one set of genetic information (genome), one of every chromosome, 1n, humans are
1n=23

**4. & 5. All the info you need is in on slides and in book except the Why? which I want you to think about
and I dont put on test. . This is all easier to remember if you think in context of why is this happening.
ie for first one Name of stage: G1
What happens here: Transcription and translation
Why: Cell growth and function

6. a. order doesnt matter. All 4 are in a line at metaphase plate. Make sure sisters are identical

6b. Independent assortment IS REALLY IMPORTANT and missed by many

A A a a A A a a
B B b b B B b b

D D d d d d D D

GAMETES: ABD (x2) abd (x2) ABd (x2) abD (x2)

(Assuming crossing over does not occur)

c. WRITE the different gametes that would be produced if crossing over occurred between 2 chromatids on
homologs in the region between A and B on the large chromosome (so now Ab and aB)

GAMETES: AbD aBd Abd aBD

(Assuming crossing over occurs between two homologous chromatids)
and you would also get the noncrossed over products and these recombinant products:
ABD abd ABd abD

7. see book

8. d. production of gametes

9. b. halves the number of chromosomes in cells

10. c. division of chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis

11. n represents genome so 1n is haploid, 2n is diploid
After S phase DNA content is twice as much as it was in G1 but genome or information has not changed, still 2n

a. A human bone marrow cell in prophase of mitosis contains __46_ chromosomes and __92_ chromatids.
b. A human oocyte in prophase I of meiosis contains __46_ chromosomes and __92_ chromatids.
c. A human oocyte in prophase II of meiosis contains __23_ chromosomes and __46_ chromatids.

12. What are three sources of genetic variation?_cross over (recombination)__, __independent assortment__ and
__random fertilization___.Mutation is the fourth source of genetic variation. A mutaion is any change in nucleotide
sequence of the DNA. Mutations often occur when the DNA polymerase puts in a wrong base. This is most like to
occur in what stage of the cell cycle? _S phase of interphase when DNA is replicated___
 n
13. 2 (2 to the nth power) where n=# chromosomes needed to contain the genome
23
2 =8,388,608 possible kinds of gametes!

14. 1n=_7 and 2n=_14_. b. B_Why?__independent assortment__

15. On the human Karyotype below use a blue highlighter to mark the information from one parent and a pink
highlighter to mark the information from the other.
Shown here are :
How many chromosomes? 46
How many pairs of homologs? 23
How many DNA molecules TOTAL? 92
How many DNA molecules
that are same or similar 4c
(copy number or C)
How many genomes? 2 or 2n
Is this from a boy or girl? boy XY
isolated from? Prophase Mitosis
decondensed and after S
Describe this cell: 2n=46

HERE ARE FOUR QUESTIONS FROM OLD EXAMS

**16. Take note I am using computer to draw so not exactly right. When chromosomes are shown as /
there should be two different sizes so I made one / and one |. Genome is contained on one larger one
smaller chromosome

x / x
XX X | X X /
xx x | / x X x |
X
17. The following cells are all from the same organism. For convenience the nuclear membrane is not
show and chromosomes are shown as condensed even if they might be decondensed chromatin at that
phase. Do the same in your drawings. Focus on chromosome number and size, and if chromosomes
are duplicated or not, paired or not, have a homolog or not.
a. What stages are shown:
(i) __prophase Meiosis II______ (ii) __G1 interphase___________________

b. In the blank circles (iii-v), draw the following (vertical metaphase plate).
(iii) metaphase I of meiosis (iv) metaphase of mitosis (v) gamete
c. NOW compare and contrast these five cells (in table below). Copy number
means number of same or similar DNA molecules (sister or homologous chromatids)

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

1n or 2n? 1n_ 2n_ 2n _ ___2n _ 1n _

# chromosomes? __2__ 4_ 4__ 4__ 2___
copy number? 2_ 2_ 4__ 4__ 1___

18. a. _2n=__6_______________
b. (i) (left) ___Anaphase I Meiosis_______________________
(ii) (center) _Anaphase Mitosis_________________
(iii) (right) __ Anaphase II Meiosis _________
19. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis (stages I and II). Be thorough: Do homologs pair in
meiosis I? What about Meiosis II?? When does crossing over occur? What is role? Are resulting cells haploid or
diploid? Identical or non-identical? Can they divide again? etc. for example see below from next Quiz

MITOSIS MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II

Do chromosomes replicate before division? (Y/N) __Y__ __Y__ __N__
Do homologs pair?(Y/N) __N__ __Y__ __N__
Does crossing over occur?(Y/N) __N__ __Y__ __N__
Number of daughter cells: __2__ __2__ _2x2=4_
Are the daughter cells genetically identical?(Y/N) __Y__ __N__ __N__
Resulting cells are (diploid 2n /haploid 1n)? __2n_ __1n_ __1n_
2 homologs 1 homolog

Can the daughter cells divide again? (Y/N) __Y__ __(Y)_ __N*__
Daughter cells are technically the products after meiosis I and II is complete. They cant divide again in
humans and most organisms. There may be some odd balls out there that are exceptions

MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Number of nuclear divisions: _____1_____ __2______
Type of cell produced (somatic/gamete): __somatic___ __gamete__

For (CHAPTER 9)

20. a. What is Mendels First Law? Segregation

You should be able to draw (and explain in words) the three parts
i) parents are diploid
ii) alleles separate (into haploid) in the formation of gametes,
iii) alleles combine randomly in fertilization (A with A or A with a)
b. What is Mendels Second Law? Independent Assortment
With 2n=4, n=2
n 2
2 =2 =4 types of gametes can be formed

Homologs can line up like this: Aa or like this Aa

Bb bB

possible gametes: AB ab Ab aB

Here are the clicker questions for practice. Answers at end

1. If G and D are on separate chromosomes,

which is the correct way to draw a GgDd cell?
(a) or (b) or (c) or (d) or
e. all are OK
f. None are OK

2. Sister chromatids separate during______

a. anaphase of mitosis
b. anaphase of meiosis I
c. anaphase of meiosis II
d. both a and b
e. both a and c
3. If 2n=4 (in somatic cell), what stage is this?
a. early prophase of mitosis
b. metaphase of meiosis I
c.metaphase of meiosis II
d.metaphase of mitosis
e. metaphase

4. If 2n=8 (in somatic cell), what stage is this? (same picture)

a. early prophase of mitosis
b. metaphase of meiosis I
c. metaphase of meiosis II
d. metaphase of mitosis
e. metaphase

5. What stage is this cell? Is there any information you need

before you answer this question? (Are these homologs? NO)
a. Prophase Mitosis
b. Metaphase Mitosis
c. Prophase I Meiosis
d. Metaphase I Meiosis
e. Prophase II Meiosis
f. Metaphase II Meiosis
g. No way to know

6. n = genome (information content),

c = DNA content (# of same or similar DNA molecules)
This cell has
a. 2n, 4c
b. 2n, 2c
c. 2n, 1c
d.1n, 2c
e.1n, 1c

7. n = genome (information content),

c = DNA content (# of same or similar DNA molecules)
This cell has
a. 2n, 4c d.1n, 2c
b. 2n, 2c e.1n, 1c
c. 2n, 1c

8. n = genome (information content),

c = DNA content (# of similar or same DNA molecules)
A gamete has a. 2n, 4c
b. 2n, 2c
c. 2n, 1c
d.1n, 2c
e.1n, 1c

9. What stage is this?

a. telophase of meiosis
b. metaphase of interphase
c. metaphase of mitosis
d. metaphase I of meiosis
e. metaphase II of meiosis
10. In the germline cell below there are
two pairs of chromosomes. F and f represent
two different alleles of one gene, and Q and q
represent two different alleles of another gene.
If this cell divides normally to produce sperm,
what are the possible sperm genotypes?
a. F, f, Q, q
b. Ff, Ff, Qq, Qq
c. FQ, fq, Fq, fQ
d. Ff, Qq, FQ, fq, fQ, Fq
e. None of these

11. If (in a different species) F and Q (big F and big Q) are tightly linked, (close together on same
chromosome, no cross over, always stay together, NOT independent)
what gametes can genotype FfQq produce and in what proportions?
a. Ff Qq 1/2 each
b. F f Q q 1/4 each
c. FQ fq 1/2 each
d. Fq fQ 1/2 each
e. FQ Fq fQ fq 1/4 each

12. If (in a different organism, same species) F and q (big F and little q) are tightly linked, (close
together on same chromosome, no cross over, always stay together, NOT independent) what
gametes can genotype FfQq produce and in what proportions?
a. Ff Qq 1/2 each
b. F f Q q 1/4 each
c. FQ fq 1/2 each
d. Fq fQ 1/2 each
e. FQ Fq fQ fq 1/4 each

CLICKER KEY

1. (a) homologs are similar, sisters are indentical G and D are unlinked
2. e
3. d
4. c (because this has 4 chromosomes so must be haploid, Meiosis II is haploid)
5. e haploid still have sister
6. a
7. d
8. e
9. e
10. c
11. c
12. d