Article 44.

The following are juridical persons:

(1) The State and its political subdivisions;

(2) Other corporations, institutions and entities for public interest or purpose, created by law; their personality begins
as soon as they have been constituted according to law;

(3) Corporations, partnerships and associations for private interest or purpose to which the law grants a juridical
personality, separate and distinct from that of each shareholder, partner or member. (35a)

Article 45. Juridical persons mentioned in Nos. 1 and 2 of the preceding article are governed by the laws creating or
recognizing them.

Private corporations are regulated by laws of general application on the subject.

Partnerships and associations for private interest or purpose are governed by the provisions of this Code concerning
partnerships. (36 and 37a)

Article 46. Juridical persons may acquire and possess property of all kinds, as well as incur obligations and bring civil
or criminal actions, in conformity with the laws and regulations of their organization. (38a)

Article 1775. Associations and societies, whose articles are kept secret among the members, and wherein any one
of the members may contract in his own name with third persons, shall have no juridical personality, and shall be
governed by the provisions relating to co-ownership. (1669)

CONSTI ART XII Section 16. The Congress shall not, except by general law, provide for the formation, organization,
or regulation of private corporations. Government-owned or controlled corporations may be created or established by
special charters in the interest of the common good and subject to the test of economic viability.