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OBJECTIVES
To be able to use the instruments and compute the area of traverse.
To be able to determine the positions of existing boundary markers.
To be able to establish control for gathering data, adjusting a traverse and plotting the
results.
To be able to make a traverse survey.
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INTRODUCTION TO TRAVERSING
Traverse surveying is a popular method in surveying. Traversing is a type of survey in which a
number of connected survey lines form the framework and the directions and lengths of the
survey lines are measured with the help of an angle measuring instrument and a tape or
chain respectively. The angles are measured using a theodolite and the distance is measured
by using a measuring tape or chain.
INSTRUMENTS USED
THEODOLITE CHAIN MEASURING
TELESCOPE TAPE
LEVELLING ROD TRIPOD
PROCEDURE
1. Before beginning with the theodolite traversing survey, a few things to consider is
the tripod stand; it must be in a straight line with the picket (station).
2. After setting it out. The value from bearing must be entered correctly and the
distance between one point to the other must be clearly seen.
3. When survey is taking place, the cross hairs must be clearly seen by observer. The
parallax error might occur when the reading is taken. Therefore, the observer must be
the same person and very sure that the reading was taken correctly.
4. During the changing of left face and right face, be sure that the position of tripod did
not change and the distance between one point to another was taken correctly.
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TYPES OF TRAVERSE
There are 2 types of surveying. They are:
1. Open Traverse
2. Closed Traverse
OPEN TRAVERSE
An open traverse which does not close on the point of the beginning and cannot be assessed
or corrected. The only way to assess the accuracy of an open traverse is to measure distances
and angles repeatedly, forward and backward, and to average the results of calculations as
repeated measurements are costly, other surveying techniques that enable surveyors to
calculate and account for measurement error are preferred over open traverses for most
applications. An example is the line centre survey of a highway, railroad.
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CLOSED TRAVERSE
A closed traverse begins and ends at the same point or at two different but known points.
Measurement errors in a closed traverse can be quantified by summing the interior angles of
the polygon formed by the traverse. An example of closed traverse is a closed property
boundary.
Procedure of closed traverse:
The location where the traverse begins is known as a closed traverse.
For the traverse to end, the initial traverse point has to be observed.
The surveyed reading that was taken backwards to the formerly observed location is
horizontal and angular with the closed traverse or is an observed existing point. When
using the leapfrog method, a closed-loop traverse and redundant observations of
distances and angles results.
When depicted graphically, the closed traverse looks like what is called a shape in
geometry, with the shape having no opening
The accuracy of a single angle measurement cannot be known, but since the sum of the
interior angles of a polygon is always (n-2) 180, it's possible to evaluate the traverse as a
whole, and to distribute the accumulated errors among all the interior angles.
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DEFINITION & TERMS
The direction of a line is known by a horizontal angle between the line & an arbitrarily
reference line called a meridian. The types of meridians & directions are:
Geodetic An angle generally measured from geodetic north.
Traverse
Magnetic Angle measured from magnetic north. Since magnetic fields fluctuate
Traverse over time, this meridian is time-dependent.
Grid Angle measured from grid (map) north.
The angle is dependent on the map projection. The types of directions are:
Azimuths Angles measured clockwise from a reference meridian. Azimuths are
based from the north. They can be geodetic, astronomic azimuths and
range from 0 to 360. For examples, 34, 157, 235, 317.
Bearings Horizontal angles measured from the meridian either east or west. They
can be geodetic, astronomic. They are designated with nomenclature
which require two letters and an acute angle not more than 90. Bearings
are measured both clockwise and counter-clockwise and can be
measured from North or South axis of meridian.
AZIMUTHS BEARINGS
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TRAVERSE SURVEY RESULT - FIELD DATA
(C)
"
(D)
" (B)
"
(A)
"
Not to Scale
STATION FIELD ANGLES
o
DEGREE ( ) MINUTE () SECOND ()
A 70 34 10
B 102 54 20
C 74 32 20
D 111 56 10
SUM 357 176 60
359 57 00
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ANGULAR ERROR & ANGLE ADJUSTMENT
Interior Angle = (n-2) x 180o
= (4-2) x 180o
= 360o
Total Angular Angle = 360o 359o 57 00
= 00o 03 00
Error per Angle = 00o 03 00 / 4
= 00o 00 45 / 45 per angle
STATION FIELD ANGLE CORRECTION ADJUSTED ANGLE
A 70o 34 10 + 00o 00 45 70o 34 55
B 102o 54 20 + 00o 00 45 102o 55 5
C 74o 32 20 + 00o 00 45 74o 33 5
D 111o 56 10 + 00o 00 45 111o 56 55
TOTAL 359o 57 00 + 00o 03 00 360o 00 00
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ADJUSTED ANGLE
(C)
"
(D)
" (B)
"
(A)
"
Not to Scale
STATION FIELD ANGLES
DEGREE (o) MINUTE () SECOND ()
A 70 34 55
B 102 55 05
C 74 33 05
D 111 56 55
SUM 357 178 120
360 00 00
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COURSE BEARING & AZIMUTH
(C)
3
- 67 04' 05"
= "
C
" (B
)
"
(D) = "
" "
= "
D " " B
3 "
"
A
(A)
STATION BEARING
B "
C "
D "
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STADIA METHOD (DISTANCE & LENGTH)
D = K x S x cos2 () + C x cos ()
Where,
D = horizontal distance between survey point and instrument
S = difference between top stadia and bottom stadia
= vertical angle of telescope from the horizontal line when capturing the stadia reading
K = multiplying constant given by the manufacturer of the theodolite, (normally=100)
C = addictive factor given by the manufacturer of the theodolite, (normally= 0)
DISTANCE BETWEEN A AND B
B - A = 100 x ( 2.187 1.815 ) cos2 ( 90o 88o 51 10 )
= 100 x ( 0.378 ) x cos2 ( 1o 8 10 )
= 37.185.
A B = 100 x ( 2.188 1.811 ) cos2 ( 90o 88o 32 40 )
= 100 x ( 0.377 ) cos2 ( 1o 27 20 )
= 37.676.
Average Distance = ( 37.185 + 37.676 ) / 2
= 37.431.
DISTANCE BETWEEN B AND C
C B = 100 x ( 2.110 1.890 ) cos2 ( 90o 87o 35 40 )
= 100 x ( 0.220 ) cos2 ( 2o 24 20 )
= 21.961.
B C = 100 x ( 2.112 1.890 ) cos2 ( 90o 88o 28 10 )
= 100 x (0.222 ) cos2 ( 1o 31 50 )
= 22.184.
Average Distance = ( 21.961 + 22.184 ) / 2
= 22.073.
DISTANCE BETWEEN C AND D
D C = 100 x ( 2.176 1.822 ) cos2 ( 90o 88o 57 20 )
= 100 x ( 0.354 ) cos2 ( 1o 2 40 )
= 35.388.
C D = 100 x ( 2.176 1.822 ) cos2 ( 90o 88o 39 40 )
= 100 x ( 0.354 ) cos2 ( 1o 20 20 )
= 35.381.
Average Distance = ( 35.388 + 35.381 ) / 2
= 35.385
DISTANCE BETWEEN D AND A
D C = 100 x ( 2.108 1.895 ) cos2 ( 90o 87o 39 40 )
= 100 x ( 0.213 ) cos2 ( 2o 20 20 )
= 21.265.
C D = 100 x ( 2.105 1.894 ) cos2 ( 90o 87o 47 30 )
= 100 x ( 0.211 ) cos2 ( 2o 12 30 )
= 21.069.
Average Distance = ( 21.265 + 21.069 ) / 2
= 21.167.
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LATITUDE & DEPARTURE
, ,
N 10 E 37.431 0.9848 0.1736 +36.862 +6.500
ERROR IN LATITUDE
L cos = -0.023
A
ERROR IN DEPARTURE
L sin = +0.007
Ec
TOTAL ERROR
0.0232 + 0.0072 = -0.024
A
ACCURACY CHECK
FORMULA = 1 : ( LENGTH / Ec )
= 1 : ( 116.056 / 0.024 )
= 1 : 4835.67
Traversing is ACCEPTABLE
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ADJUSTMENT OF LATITUDE & DEPARTURE
+36.862 +6.500 +0.008 -0.003 +36.370 +6.497
CHECK CHECK
A 100.000 118.437
+36.870 +6.497
B 136.870 124.934
+8.600 -20.332
C 145.470 104.602
-35.078 -4.602
D 110.392 100.000
-10.392 +18.437
A 100.000 118.437
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THE ADJUSTED LOOP TRAVERSE PLOTTED BY COORDINATES
N 145.470
E 104.602
N 136.870
C E 124.934
D
N 110.392
E 100.000
A
N 100.000
E 118.437
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AREA OF TRAVERSE
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CONCLUSION
In this fieldwork, closed loop traverse is being used. In our first attempt, while sharing the
theodolite with other group and used the pacing method to obtain our length of each course
but we forget to get the accuracy of at least 1:3000. For our second attempt while receiving
advice from other group to measure the length of each course. We succeeding in getting the
accurate measurement with the help of other group advice and lecturer.
Our error of departure is 0.007 and our error in latitude is 0.023. The total error is 0.024.
Using the following formula, we calculated the accuracy of our traverse survey:
Accuracy = 1: Perimeter / Error Closure
We obtained an accuracy of 1: 4835.67. For average land surveying, an accuracy of 1:3000 is
typical. Therefore, our traverse survey is acceptable.
For the adjustment of latitude and departure, we used the following rule:
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