CHAPTER 11 Fundamentals of explosives 11,1 DESIGN OF EXPLOSIVES. Explosives canbe considered as vey fist redox (reduction-oxidton) rections involving fuels (sue a carbon and bydrogen an exidizing agent auch ss ammonium nits) I the explosion proces the fuels are oxidized and the onidiaers reduced. One suck reseton involving a mixture of emnonium ciate (AN) and fel cil (FO) is shown below. SNH,NO) + CH; 7H0+ CO, + 3N3 + hestofexpesion au) ‘This isan “ideal eacton inthe sense tha here i just enough oxygen present to oxidize ‘the Fuels (hydrogen and carbon in heirs to HO and CO» respectively, The nossa all oes ino forming Nz. This would be a “zero oxygen balance” of “oxygen balanced” explosive, The molecular weights ofthe reacting agent it this ese are NH,NO}: molecular wt = 80.05 CCH, molesala we = 14.03 Since there are tree moles of NHNO; involved and ore mole of CH, the idea! mixure in weigh perceat shouldbe no, = 1001228905), Nato, = 160 LOO. cHiy= 100 USED.» 5 54, ISs8 ‘The amount of heat Iiberted by tis excthemeric reaction is elle the “het of explosion’. (One ean think of he reaction deserted by (111) a 2 oso sage proces othe first tage, the fuel ol (CH) and AN ingeiers ar broken down nt thei cormpone: pars and hen it the tecond sage these ae recombined te frm te produc ef H,0, CO; and N; For the Fel ol the reaction is (Ci, + energy (Atiy) > C+ H a2, ‘As can be sen, for this breakdown tobe accomplished, enecry must be applied For the purposes ofthis discussion ths ene:gy willbe called she “eney of breakdown’ and given the symbol AH. IFon the cther hind ove would begin withthe comiponet parts Cand H, ‘ote could form CH 385384 Blasting principles for open pt mining: Theoretical fourdetons Cr HCH; + eneray (BH) 13) are in doing so, nergy is now rlessed, The amount of energy rlensed in the formation (of CH is called the ‘heat ergy of formation’ or simply the eat ef fermation' and is fiven the syrnbol Als Note that in magnitude the “heat of breakdown’ i jst equa othe ‘heat of formation. Vals fer the heat of formation’ fr a numberof substances suck those presented in Tales 11,1 and 112 are avilable in various Hancbooc. As wil be iseusse later the het of feration value chosea for CHs inthis textbook is Atly = 4926 keto “The energy of breakdown’ appliable in reaction (11,2) is aso ‘Hy, = 4925 healrole For AN the breskdown reacion i NHNO, + energy (AH) 9+ H4 0 ro) “ale 1.1. Ment Ferman eects an Eales 193,187) Vm ME Forma Carper ga omg Te af ran uae Ty 0 bane Ran Vege BIG GION, va uo WA Wa we om aslee fio dnirue A297 Cll QO NSIS TMS ST Name Mes pros a irae Bross oo asonn Boo? a a iain w fa has os asin Ho OMa 67 so wae bons ta Fs) Teele Ga aris citcninoy, 0M MHA A DH Dower M213 EMpOily 3 — NOL NOS TSS Uaatieide 2013 Foy, FOr 2400 He 2519 06 ora watt Merny inte 21445 g(CNO yo 0% Ts ass 20 6 nip uo - om rose xn Ges | aes ak algae rove tin nota eels Ey Cale i mek same naar” WO} NHN) = 9 MOH TTA 9% Sesisn fume BO} NNO) 8 MATT. 18H 311243 BD akion ‘arinme 10049 C300), nom canenay wom am feo on ass n Fundamemels ofexplosives 385 ‘bie 112s oration fo pone of xin 24% and of Chey sa Fr 56% Tree Tpveavoa) Moist Wi Tr oo 7 x ae x c 40s “ co Bat ® no ars it iy tow iy cH re i itou wo n er uw te n 6 0 cus » chor f ry te is “ Si » a a Sis EY nx » seat ra a n vos o oy a cA si an and the corresponding formation reaction i NH +09 NH4NO + energy (Ata) as ‘As can be sen fom Table 1 Ha" 87.27 kealémole» Oly, Retwming nov to rezction (INL) since there ere ] moles of AN and mole of CH, in- volved, te ota amount of breakdown energy (Eya) which must be applied in stage is Ego" 3 Bie, | AHyy= 3 (8727)+ | (4926) "266.74 keal In age 2, the breakdown products ofeabon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen recombine to form HO, CO, and Ny with thei respetive heats of formation Heat of Formation 0) = $7.8 kealnole Heat of Foraation (CO;) = 94.05 kealmole eat of Formation (0;) D keal/mote Since tere are T moles of H,0, | mele of COs ard 1 mole of O» formed the total arount lof energy released bythe formation of these products (Eye) is Exe 7 (52.80) + 1 (9405) + 1 (0) 498.55 healoo 4396 Blass pres for oper ptrmiing: Theoretical foundtont cul heat of explosion (Q") the difeeace between the heat of Formation ofthe Tre TWhtsive product andthe bes of brealcown of the explosive inyeens. This ex O°= Lu Eso (1.8) Sauntatng be appropsite values into Equation (11.6) one finds that (0° = 498.65 ~255.78 231.91 kal ‘Tue mmounte clase iavoled ins actions ‘= 3 (8008) 1(1403)= 286.18 gms and tus be ant of ery leased (Q) pr wit asf expoiveis Q=Qw’=23191keal0256i8 kg =912 kealhg ~912clora nas auch as Table HL. and (1.2 the sgn associated withthe heat of formaion indi> cates wheter (1) energy fast be added of (b) energy is related when forming the sub- Sane fom is contents. Th sign conversion wed here is (4) energy is released inthe frnaion ofthe listed substance from is constituents, (Coe cncey must be aed fe form the lited substance from is sonstiuens, ‘One xn tel from the types and weight percentages of the ingredients in an explosive swear or not itis oxygen balanced, Assume that there is 1 Llogram of the ANFO min ‘ar (45/53). Tae moleelar weight of NH,NO, and CH, wil Be taken 38 80 and 4 re- spectively. Thus there wil be 1.81 gzvneles of NHNO3 and 3.93 gr-noles of CH, “The relative urbe of gam-atoms in NH,NO, expressed a3 gm-tomskkg would be: Ne2x 1131 #23.8 masks Hon dts 24724 pmatoreks Ol=3 1181 935.3 pr-atomsts Siraaly in Gn 13.93 9395 F239) ~7.6 “These are surenarizd in Tale 1.3. The hydrogen mus: be combined in the form of wa ter GO), hence 1/2 orygen atom is required for each hydrogen aor. The carbon is ‘combined inthe CO, fom ths thee rust be 2 oxygen atoms foreach carbon aor, The ‘oxygen balance (05) eqston becomes 08=0,~ 17H, =2C, Forth above example (08 =35.43 - $5107 -20.93)= 002 ~0 Fundamenl of explores 387 Tobe 14 Smarr (rane | ANTO 2 inden Worx Feme WOm— Gemwon Ke mM o WF 7a aad ae os 1 nas > in fay ae sea ‘As expected itis oxygen balanced ifthe aramonium sitrae/fel oil weight caio were 928 insead of 4.5/5.5 chen the following reaction would wake place (Dick eal, 1993) INHANO, + CH; SHO +CO+2N; + hes of explosion “The oxygen balance fr I kg at caleulsted using the values in Table 113 is (08 = 34.0 ~ V2 (57.42) -2 (5.71) =-5.63gm— stony “This indices that there i a deficiency of onygen which manifess ive inthe form of the deadly carbon monoxide gs. The het of explosions Qw0.82 koa'g If che ammonium airetefue oll weight rao were (9647.1, the following reaction would eesur (Dick eta, 1993) SNHNO, + CH 11 Hy For this eae the oxygen balace is (08 = 36.22 ~ 172(50.73)~2 (6.86) = 1.16 pm-aomig {As inoieated by te balance equation there is now an excess ofexysca. The nivous oxide (NO) gas upon exposure wo te oxygen in the acmosphers changes 19 NOp, an exemely toxi gas, The heat of explosion is 0061 ket “This relaively simple exarle usta the imponanse of oxygen balanced explsives for ~ Absence of norous fame, = Maximum energy lease Solid detonation products, usally mctilic oxides, ar produced when the explosive con: thins reactive ingredients suPh a8 aluminum, sodium alzace, possum nivate, o clei carbonate, Clark (1968) has discussed tie case of a more complex explorive having the following composicon = C0;-4N;+2NO +ex oferplosion (1.8) Niewveee “a3. Synge gtr fer He ANF. x ie imoen—Weh Poco Woes eae) NN) the i % i eae eo) te a a a A cups wy : . ee The rests are given in Table 1S, The NaNO is reduced to NO an the CaCO 10 fel ea Go Intisene,388. Blasting principles or open pt mining: Theoretical foundations ‘oe 11.5, Summary npn fr mar cangle eave la 198 Conpriien Wh Pevon pring eat cian Wo. wince We MULE 36 oan 109 3% ox ie sor 433517 00 rary aan Sie ‘00 30 na co aan sora 0) aan ser) 205 "09 ss an aa 09 aan, ort iba 2 sats sm kas 200 $60, oma io err su ase ton saa bos ma 69 at 400 feu 338 ne mm ne 309 jon BH pe im Bn seo x Bn an 2a to Be os > ‘oon 1319 ne asm) ey Ga B91 son (igo (8 an be sso tay) iy ne fom ita, es) hoe “al Fa Neco fed ales (Juve cup exaraining Equations (11.17) (11.18) and (11.19) iti seen that there are thee un- knowns Ts, ¥: and c, Therefore all ree equations must be used in the solution, Once they ae solved, the detonation velocity and de-oration pressur canbe found. ‘The procecur for calculation of detonation partets of an oxypen-alanced explo- sive (other cases ace beyond the scope ofthis book) i ‘Step 1, Weite the reaction equation and determine the heat of explosion Q, Step 2, Assume values foe Ty and vy and trate Equations (11.18) and (11.19) waive sca pew value for vsTDe eee een 396. Blasting prices for open pitmining: Thearetcel foundations Sp 2, Werte Equations (11.17) and (11.1910 get vale for Tr ‘icp 4 Repent steps 2 and 3 unl tere i no funher change iT OF ‘Step $.Caleulate VOD from Equation (11.20) ‘Step 6, Calla P, from Equation (11,22) 11.33 Condeion inde explosion rate state itis assured tha the gases occupy th eiginl volume ofthe expesive. Thus pnp For oxygen balanced explosives n-Ben ay t Sine the valve of Z depends pon the temperate 7, Equation (11.23) must be sled eave, Once 7s ore Equation (1124 ean be wed io ind te prea 2h (2) ae “These ep rete seas eserbed in Seon 112 1134 Musrative example “The detonation and explosion sate equation will le aplieé wo | Kilogram of oxygen bal anced ANFO (94.15). Step 1 There Wosae fourd eave dha rn (10) = 2785 elev of explosive rn (CO3) = 3.93 moleskg of expoxive = 11.81 moles of explosive ped e433 meleskg, Q= 912 kealhg = 298°K (,= 080 gméem? = 080 ky yr Ls Mig ‘Svep 2 Eine Ty and V2 ‘Clark (1880) has suggested tha: vy maybe estimated using var W072 4041 (9)-09)) (Cook (1958) suggest that asa rough approximation 075 ¥) Subatttng the appropriate vals ino Equation (11.25) one finds that ay" 1.25 072+ 0.1 (0.8-0.9)]* 08875 (nas) (1126) Fundamemcls of explosives. 397 ‘The Intl guess for Tis 2° 3000°K, From Table 11.9, the weighed average Heat cepaity forthe gas at T; = 3000°K ean be caleulted a8 Com (2755(10926) +293(13.086)+ 1 81(6874)/ 1000 0.4795 kealgK From Table 1.8 one finds that for vy = 0.8875, 4 acto and oy" 02473 “ihe values of calcul using Equtons (11.18) an6 (1.18) are respective, dc, 000198433) 04035 R14 Gy _ dey, 200198433) 104938 _p4410=0; p-Bre in pasin=07s68 and 0.2953 9608 Sinee these do not agree, «second gusts of V; is made for this sume veperature (Ts = 3000°K). The guess is 9091 1.0271 conesponding tops 1.10, From Table 11.8 £82 6 94330 Substitution of ese valves into Equations (11.18) and (11.19) yields respectively S ‘A third gues of vi made 0910 9s= 1089 and the caleulation peste, 0.2608 es gay SE -ona “The euhing vals forB are B-0.768 B-0707 (eqn 1118) (Ege 11.19),398 Blasing principles for open pl mining: Theoretce foundations Sie tse a vey sini, he vale of 76 wl be chose ite tern proses, sore Sp J. terion ov Temper Seer Paro we peor mitaing % = 0910 an vying the ee penne Ty Eqns (7) and (IB) ae ed (+TCr 8 Ber 108) WM Te fiat gues fre tempers wl be ha we in ip 2. y= 300% ‘hcwducol Gy i nel gt aes in Tab 1. {27.55 (9045) = 3.93 (11.600) + 11,81 (6:219)/1000 = 0358 & The value Bis 02608 Ss Tas-ane 0787 Tas Tone DUE 298 (036010267 sora TF (03S) -0.5 (0.09198) (3) Since this is diferent from the temperature guessed, a new gues is made. In this sve te eat gues is T= 3228. ‘The resulng values are Ty = [27.55 (9.194) ~3.93 (L714) + 11.81 (6.271)/1000% 03734 0.767 and yo _l012 2291105751100" __, yrogeg 0767 (05738) =0.5 (001933) Thee ar similar enought sop ‘Thus the first approximation fr the values are ay: a = 02608 B= 0757 vy 0910 Ta 3ask Step 4 Repeat Step 2 and 3 unl stienary values are found The current approximations are 193225 010 Fundanenals of explosives 399 Subsinsing Gym (2785 (1h. D812)7393 (13.1388) + 11.81 (6.9091)/1000 = 04374, into Equation (11.18) gives pe GQUBDD AONE 99g «97564 oaiTs From Equation (11.19) b0.767 “The average value for tobe used in further ealclations 80.767 is selected, The results are very inscesiive to small temperature changes and tus the it cation on ternperature will nt be repeated Step 5.Caleulation of detonation velocity ‘Ths decoration velocity i eakeulated wig Eoution (1120). wi RT i. 3207) (3225 (rooyt= MRED), 135% (48) (G0n207 9229 (0767), rs, (0260) “To conver tis result ino more fla units one uses the following conversion festos: {hare = 101.328 Joules Loule= | Newron-m UNewton-m = | kg 1 mis Ths t and j= 101.328 kg-nFses? (HOD: = 20.451 x 108 msec? Henes one finds tat oD = 4329 msec. ‘Step 6, Determination ofthe detonation pressure Equation (1.22) is used eek “The following values which were obtained in ke previous steps ae subsite. T= 3225 n= 3 molesks 2, =0.08207 liter steele ys =e: 70.2608 Vig400. Blasting principles for open pt mining: Theorcicl foundations The 4 3001209 025) 5943 um Poo QE OBS. g43 tating he known ves fr Pan fo Egon (1.21, een aa on for Hedman ell song fB=2ileniaghf !2°1 oie 00) x [2221] a cas ag] x 13" Uta This ays expe wi ihe pei extn, Cock 1958) ha howe tt onan piss venby fe ion raapy(V00)"" ian er y= ctotenpresure (MF), YOD = dann vel out) = aie ‘eosty (ui) peep ey Wa), Wor ncsed ene ge = 40700) cua thee igri ea ny nPtooy diay For the detonation pressure expressed in atmospheres, detonation velocity in meteritecand, tnd deny in prem? Equation (11,299 besos syntotny 8.007 ais9 ‘Seep 7, Calalation othe Explesion Sate Parameters Inthe explosion sate o neler cr “where 7) =298°K, Q» 912 keabhg m| (HO) = 27,58 moleskg, 1, (CO,)~ 3.93 moles, m) (W)= N81 mole ‘One mus fst guess a value of 7, cleuate Cy sing Table 11.7, ae then calculate Ty “The valves T; guest and Ty (Cae) re then ecenpared, Asa fis guess let 7; guess)» 3000°K TrevalucofGris + Tym o368, Herce 1, (cate) 2776°K eee the process conines, The ree! guess of T= 2810% Fundomentls of explosives 401 ‘The value of Cy becomes Cy = 03634 a 1 (ese) = 208% Tre ve 7y=2010% wl be heen Using gation (1.16) noth where fn 43.3 mol, y= 08237 lecatmeleK, 1e3si0'K, pap nom BT) Toy= sc, one fd yx 2208200280) 9971 a 0500 “the values for Py and Tar the sume as thse obsined forte case ofthe pressure vl del The explosive site pressure is approximately 12 tht ofthe detnasion pressur. 113.5 Cotelton ofthe expen work rom he gse I tne expeson rcs, the lgeden rly pled inthe Drea ae commend i tre i mpertar and pss. Th gu pushes ouvard git be Drea all gs ae a eaten poses bt he empresa oy ee a fs nocryasunedthet the exenson kes pace ender Fe en ote proces. The ert anon of wok ce ies at gen he veloc Q. The acta aroun 27 Sa ee aa sd the et tte he as aces eneophe aa noite tenes of hep wil be ahve ane pe eee Stuns energy CM) wil ens Waged inh as. Te eaonship ea be a wll sahere Q = energy leased inthe explosion, d= work done in expanding (rm the explo lon pressure i aenesperic, Ay = hest energy trapped in the gases at atmosphere "y "Fe rato ofthe avaiable work (a) to the energy released (0) i led the mechani efiiency(e) by Cook (1958). wd re | i—_— 402 Blasting prinipes for open pe mining: Theoretical foundations ‘As hs been mendoned, ther sno uniformity ia bow explosives manuficures present the ‘Srey das fe thelr explarives, Some provide Q and others seem to previ “The availabe work is simply the area under the pressure (P) vers speci volume (vy) an be shown by examining atypical se of units: Pressure (F): wns of Newonsin® Specific volume (Yunis of =? “The rea under the pressure ~ specific volume cure then has unis corresponding 0 x'Y Pressure x specif volun: units of Nesnorsn x m= Newion-m ‘As expected these are the units of work or energy. By comparing the temperature ofthe gas at aimospheric pressure with mbient tr perature, one ci determine the amount of energy tapped. The expresion for is aq = Gv (T-298"8) (133) nhece Gy the average specific heat ofthe gases over the temperaure range P10 298°K (hcalkg-"K), T= the temperate of the gas at P= aim, ¢= the amount of tapped en- ergy (Kea) inthe prodcs of detonation ar the work process. "As indiste, to eslelate the enpersion werk avilable from the gases, a pressure ver- sus apeifievolime curve (B -v) mut be constrcied. The fest stp in this process is onstuct a P vers a! curve, Such curve which assumes that c= O describes the be- havior ofthe geenus product if they behave as a intue of idea! gases, This curve is then modified using co-volume Factors to achieve the cesied fia result “Te wotk done (09) by an Weal gas in going from temperate To temperate Tris pvenby y= |Guntra,-1) 139 r tothe case of eplive us, the inal temper (7) colette pene TD atte Won [oantnn-1) (as) “The work done is ideicl the ren ere the presturewolume cune y= | Pew (138) Remembering hat Prank Pa qian) then Pov) =A cue po att. (39) =e Fundamental of explosives 403 Sebstntion of Equation (11.39) leo Equation (11.38) yes 4 nkTav mf (1140) ‘Combining Equations (11.40) ad (11.35) yields Tear, tnkdv-a) fake Sl ieraie ayo al ae can “The limis onthe integra spy let the nia (0 value ad fal} vas reer ing Equation 11s Grint | =ncinv-a | + f SS say cas) bu and thas Equation (1.45) becomes (nas) (nas) “wich isthe basic equation used to determine the reguied values of" As can be seen Equation (11.43 cores an inegal involving ‘a’ and @ which must be evaluated, This ‘ask s complicated by the ack ofa simple relationship berween ‘a! and a. Published values Foca, vc, "a" and te required ivegal have been presented in Tabi 11S, as. 2 function of tbe densi, Unomunately the dens ang is uch too arow for the ask at Fand. To ee complish the present purpose of demonseting the process ina simple and ye: corec¢ a may fs possible te eves in Figures {1,1 and U1.2 have been eorsmuted by the presen author tosed upon (a) de vals given in Table 118, (b) a raber limited versus @ curve pre sented by Cook 1958) an usag (ete lining valu of y= 12 Ug wen otn0404 Blasting principles fr open pitmning: Theoreical foundations T nal 0 cn 19 i 1 ing) lianas me o —~ oot L L po Or Oe ae a To a ee Boa ae! pan, en. AMar Coo (105 Sxer esos a7 os 09 10 ta Fg 11.2. The eda ences an Fundamentals of explosives 405 Tole 1.10. Yen of oe neu need nse ra a 7 on ont 13 oon oa es ‘os! sin a ou Slat is 801! oi Py ene fiat 00. on ons a a BIOS aT Oras to tT AT Fig 13. The sae off « betwee is wd 8 suggested by Cock (958). Table 11.10 gives the resulting integrals over the range needed. Abiough considered coreect enough forthe stated purpoe of demonsiating the procedures the reader should not assume them o be seentifely' eae o presse ‘The value ofthe inegral totes ay sequied for evaluating Equation (11.0) i the area bounded by (3) the curve, (b) the hhoizonal lire a"! » Cael () the vertical lines coresponding 1 ¢, an 0. Thi shown clagrarnaticaly in Figure | 13 forthe eage when 06 —_— ! icee \ 408 Blsteg principle for open it mining: Theoretical foundations a 08 hig gation ele of nega 2 et4a+095 Inpatss ene ot nzalbeireon bie sla fame ely xd (ying be ees Petua fore fovan any “This is shown iagrarimaally in Figure 14. tn this case the valcs ofthe individual eee fovea sees ee [''sa=08st-02590595 Sabstinting Equstion (11.47) int Equation (11.45) the revised equation used for soving forthe values of" becomes Genoa bp 1 TN 2 Piper LAG Te tee : ‘ehtcn ie ina of 6 and. Fundamentals ofexpiotver $07 Fire 14k, The va af [oe browne ns hy eae) op a7 os a9 10 41 a2 i ae Figue Ihde Te egos iy be cxacuion ot [0% been e bis of « Oem 38 1148) ‘Tosiraplity the eaeulion process, values ofthe integrals“408 Blasting principles for open pit mining: Theoretcal foundetens (ues) aes ce [280], tt oa, (ULS0) Co [2810], tf a . -Seslie) ual seoo99) fren “The vale of Cr over th temperature range of 2800°K jo 2810°K found using an aver age temperature of 2605 in Table 11.9 is (Gy 0.46293 kcal! kg="K “To begin the iteration proces, atsume that Infortda=90 “The fet estimate or ois found by subsiting n= 833 molesg y= 0100198 heal(*K-mol) vo Equation (1.50) and solving for a9 _,4 (281 tos(au)—l08 (05) = 55900190) "* Fe) me 0509 Thevalveetbiinegateanrowbefund use TE 16 Ae SEN eG) a | eae {vee ausy Fardomertos of explosives $09 tesla -1o6 (030) = 5th (25) -coass ‘The newest of ui I ex 05088 : Paieaticnienaeleutn vaca faces I 1=-0001815, “The pew eit of 8 wasn t ‘his procedre camiues ntl he ale oy becomes sible Inset = 0.5065 l “the pressures alelated using Equation (1182) 43:3 (0.08207) 2800) 19,645 em I ‘The process now continues to the next temperture step, for example, Ty = 2700°K. if Il erating one finds that the stable val is 0.5809 i Hence Pym 1617 aun, “The final tens forall ofthe steps are given in Table 11.11, The poats are plated on | Tope seale in Figure 11.5, AB can be seen the P vs‘ cure plots a a aaight ine, The ‘equation Is Pol3 = 9173 I prusieste eae sy Ce ee a racemes en mal Sree enue410 Blasting principles for open put mining: Theoretical foundations Tee Fam a 6313 wats “0 mi ais ss ans ais mon ta 0 Ms ma 2008 257 ona oe. tas 1st ihe hen | “ble 1.11 Vater conte P rer! a Pv vere aap emp on on on as on oer fs ‘oc nme eee eS SS eS eS ee i 5 i 21 withthe constant equal constant» 9173, Spite Voune tg) Figue 118. Yrssue fer seune let Er anro for bos ‘ea stow? v8.6) int ical 9 consis. Furdamenals of explosives $1 Iu of ea be errr x pel pt ean footers CO Hand Sf O, tence rm th Madhe s heny ad apes (850 wits pp for We Gu aw ares, Ta ‘As can be seen they are ofthe same order of magninue as determined from the F venus However the cowclume term a is max zo, Knowing the values of Ya! from Tas ble 11.1, the corresponding c values can be determined using ether Figure {1 o Fig. tive [1 2. The values of @ have been added to Table I1.11. The desiree values ov have also een added to Table 11.11 and are ploced ia Figure 11.5. The presurespeifc ‘volume (P —¥) eure is noa-inear 0 the log-log pl. ‘Aliough a more detailed sralysis could be made, this eurve as been divided int four pressure regions each of which can be deseibed rather wel by a staig lin onthe ls Tog pot. Region 1: 4500 aim s P's 19,970 aun Region 2: $00 aims P< 4500 azn Region 3: 100 azn ¢ P< $00 am Region ¢: | aum< P< 109 a0 ‘The coordinates (P, ) eome:ponding othe end point for each ofthese Regions can now bbe wid to develop equation: ofthe form Pr = cos eserbing exch. Th coortates which hive been used are summarized below: Prana Scene 0 0 With the exception ofthe at point al ofthe ers were taken from Figure US. The fr nal point at P= | ata wa salzulated wing the [eal Gus Law expression developed from the Poa plot. The required values fr garima and the constai ae ebtined Lrowing that the ealeulated values from the equstons describing adjacent regions must be the sare the end point. The retuls of this analysis are Region |: 4500 atm $ PS 19,970a1n, ‘ye 2038, constant = 31,488412 Blasting principles for open pit mining; Theoret foundations Region 2: $00 atm P< 4500 a1, ‘y= 1.63, constant 21,381 Region 3: 100 sum s P< 500 at, ‘yo 1285, constant = 9631 Region Latm s P< 100 tn, ‘ye 1271, constant = 9173 “The area under the curve corresponds to the exparsl Fined curves wil now be used forthe energy caleeaion Sycr be pressure range P= 19971 ain to P= 4S00 atm, the work obtained by ner tng he presare vertheexarion hres ea ganytMaye DME rte no free Parasol [22 = r2siraeees ‘sean convened bali trough ese fhe itr 0.0242, That yw di0 kell “ne conesponding values forthe ote ren Tee 10616 am 257 elit ye 66 bam LT Kea ite= 0077 bar 196 ahs snd etal avalble cary (fis en of se (dev 3i0 257 127+ 195 Oa since he aren energy was Q= 912 kag, the mechani keney 4,90 Aap Choral sre atereneeberwen and Qi eat energy tat sapped in the expotion products ‘apis tl me gs teers proaitely PF, ID 50 iar ace the ga whic atest in theory could be ease in senrg (84) ane aNd Si ass Jon work available in the gs. These “Thus there I energy remain i cooling down to ambient temperature Thi age Crit) Using Table 1.9, one firs that G 20253 Hevee ‘ag 0.253 (075-298) = 20healig Insumming dy and done Finds that Qn aq dn20 + £90910 kesh Fundemental of explosives 413, sco) ak amet) vin) Figure 116 Pree ves olune and wok ves wen cure fr ANTO. Given the Pv curve approximations whick were made, this energy balance must be ‘considered very satisfactory, Figure 116 isa plot on recilinear paper ofthe P= v relax iorahip, A curve ofthe exparsion werk is also superimposed. As wil discussed in lier ‘Chapter, is curve becomes imponart wher examiing the time at which verting to the ‘mosphere ozeurs. These relationthipt willbe used in the following Chapters and bave ‘also been applied in Chapter 3 for describing the pressure-volume curve REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY agi ene 80 re a hp Cyto stn na ete ar pe Se te ontnnghaeet68 Gate Ragntron Yok aR Teae a gates bate hares ae ‘Sbtvet St es vn ene Sent Coren bea tee etek pen pli Peed fe “Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technigae SCE. pp. 319-336. %“ats Blasting principles for epen pt mining: Theoretical foundations MA Coo 161 Chuneddeoenian pss Dasing agen. CIM le, $4319.68, taser nk mecha ating. reer oe WA CSS ov Rok ech RW, Pog cis) Golan Cerca. ADLITH) 1, AIMED. p.200253. Pee Does Ben 8 A Mociton 19% The we el eraton car co a i jatnge FPA top en isk rpms Bag FRAGILAS 9) Mortal. Ont ioe Derma fk prerare propries of Basing eens Srmporam on Rock "Tosce Query ofthe rads on of Were SIDI IN. conch nd gion Sam 71 ifr ing (EP, lider fie, AME, New Yo 9p Bie cook Ge, tahori igh Explosives Camposien int Caio fr Ergieen. Quartet of he so Sol ef ine vl Seo ary 9 canta ome Popa of Arm Nise Fe Cl Exposes (ANFO), Chur ofthe Cals “Self Nag vol 7 | mary. 3290. can (ot Ppl Bt Fropoonatae. ok Wy & Sor on Yar 1p CH Op Cone VD. Coc AR Ree 193 ear of rg a. Pref he TA UE Nien Rok Macon Pre Sat Un: hn cant it, Unterwomr Epon Pixon Unive Pra Psceon New ay 7p Ce Oa Th Some of Mh Exon, Amenexa Cen Sciey Monge Series, NO. 1°, Tin New Yor 0p co Ne ary bing oe Cala Sot of Vines are, 36019199 ee A Nance Smee of ara Epes Inco Chmcnls Gapbe SVR! 38d Su ‘Hsp. can GYD. & RS. Sarscnn 19K. The sanearenioe of exes aes by Wa vemon ry adge Thed tc Symp Rsk Fraction by sing (FRAGDLAST 99) turain It Vio Aue pp 3831, aR Banden DV tnd UR Fete 199. Bick buss: Chea and Py of Elie. Exess Ergersig 1031: 304 Fetec 2 WC Davi 79. Dameron UCLA Pre Gee. Fete W. 1983 bantam Cronin The, UCLA rest, Baro ce et Popa 1986.1 Elian Chenier Punkin Caoury. Cleve. (20h. er Compuer roman jo ceodaton of eoton ene. Rep DS 97% 16 Sweih Deane Reach eon 1 poe laf 1 Peace Conmaneon TOSS, Gia pA: pos 17, Det 1g Exes, cnn ren New Ye 3059 Pete a Lata 196, Teele of lead eolnie egy ovou on Has ee saad domal Cvferc on Capron ating Technine SEE pp. 28024 att 2G ic 19) Cournere decrease oe et ef deonaianef

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