International Journal of Information Technology (IJIT) Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar - Apr 2017

RESEARCH ARTICLE D OPEN ACCESS

Swarm Intelligence Approach For Medical Image Segmentation

M. Sornam [1], M.Prabhakaran [2]
Department of Computer science
University of madras, Chepauk, Chennai
Tamil Nadu - India

ABSTRACT
Now a days image segmentation plays a vital role in defining and concluding the probability of risk in multi-
disciplinary areas, and by considering following distinguished segmentation procedures and protocols as the
benchmark for diagnosing process. After all, here the segmentation is going to be handled curiously in-depth for
making the satisfactory conclusion. Being segmentation is the most primary factor; still the medical fields are
facing the major problem in compromising the optimum result to continue the further diagnosis. Considering
the above fact, and by following the hybrid meta-heuristic with evolutionary approach [combination of
multilayer perceptron model and generalized swarm intelligence based Optimization techniques] for creating
the global best result and also focusing mainly on reduction of the complexity level for the highly risked
diseases.
Keywords: Optimization, Segmentation, Hybrid process, swarm intelligence approach.

II. FACTUAL CONSIDERATION

I. INTRODUCTION
As everyone knows the importance of human life,
As author reveals the contemporary status
basically it is going to be organised by various
on meta-heuristic [usual lateral thinking] approach
sensitive organs and it makes the human body to
of finding the short end solution using the external
act accordingly as per the order .Among the
base of metaphor pages from [1-16].By
different organs in the human body, the brain is
differentiating the lateral thinking approach by
going to be the master piece. By the way that
means of best case and worst case, best case
particular disease is termed as2nd Grade
directly connected with the real life (or) the
Astrocytoma. As per the fact Researching Cancer:
activities of the species; on the other hand the worst
Setbacks and Stepping Stones, PhRMA, 2014 .
case is based on non- heuristic approach, because
United States is the one which is in leading with
still it finds the tough corner to get the comfortable
different type of deadly diseases of about 7, 00,000
optimization result. By discussed strongly about
people among the whole. The characteristics of 2nd
both, novel based metaphor and non-novel based
and 3rd Grade astrocytoma are as follows,
metaphor then by finalizing the best results on both
Grow slowly if it belongs to grade 2.
type of metaphor, yields the best optimal solution
Grow fast if it is under grade 3.
based on different hypothetical cases, by using the
Chances of spreading in the other parts of the
novel based approach called Swarm intelligence.
region.
This approach is designed for the extremely
May occur in the parts of cerebrum and cerebellum.
difficult short end problem, and we are in the lap of
overflow stack, by finally concluding that there is According to this, here the major complexity arises
enough metaphor, can be used as hybrid to find, during the MRI process by means of
and to fill the empty space in the name of usual 1. Ununiformed cells
lateral thinking , [Meta heuristic], by the end 2. Overlapped with edge cells (may be
stating that there is no use of new metaphor termed as border cells).
approaches to be developed, though we have 3. Different shape changes in the affected
enough heuristic approaches to be dealt with cells.
different, challenging and complex segmentation
problems based on images for the best optimization
result.

ISSN: 2454-5414 www.ijitjournal.org Page 21

 International Journal of Information Technology (IJIT) Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar - Apr 2017
II. RELATED RESEARCH WORKS
They discussed [1] elaborately about the
importance of segmentation by applying different
sort of techniques based on Threshold, Region and
Classification of every points or (pixels) and finally
based on models. The first two techniques are
based on 2D image classification and remaining
two are with 3D based process, with this they
conveyed in detail of all the technique
characteristics and types in depth. Along with that
they fixed the fuzzy c mean algorithm can be
achieved only for the pixel categorization amongst
Figure-1 object-based classification vs. pixel-based classification
By discussing the different research works [3] and
the authors mentioned some disadvantages in using
the other related techniques, and he finally dealt
with the ACO as the proposed work for image
Compression, Removal of noise, and typical edge
Detection techniques, for complex problems and
gets the positive feedback of signs and symptoms
clearly, even though still there is a question mark in
compromising the exact probability percentage in
imbalanced state because of extraction of closest
neighbour by forming the unusual order.
The author [4] reveals the concept of edge
detection by using the systematic procedure and
deals with two important concepts for noise
removal of the edges based on the basic Gaussians
filtering in the consideration of object called
Shark, here he uses the edge detection techniques
called Roberts gradient and SP edge detection and
canny method to get the exact optimal resulting by
comparing with the distribution result, and by
following the protocols of both methods he
ISSN: 2454-5414
Page 22
all image segmentations.so by concluding this they
eventually fails to focus on (p-level), i.e. (accuracy
is not maintained as like other (object based
categorization) which is discussed mathematically
in the paper named,
Object-based classification vs. pixel-based
classification [2] and comparative importance of
multi-resolution imagery, Pages from [3, 4, 5]. The
Figure 1 shows the different (value) for both object
and pixel based classification.
finalized the case with approximate results due to
the disadvantages of distributed occurring of noise
and he indirectly related the gradient and laps
techniques with Canny and Roberts still it stuck
with discontinuous mapping of edge lines.
By considering the human brain image [5] for the
diagnosis of tumour through segmentation process
the combination of evolutionary algorithm through
the combination of PSO and differential evolution
for the segmentation process the performance is
delivered by using the fuzzy thresholding of getting
the accurate segment of images and robust free
result. Though it produces the robust free result it
fails to complete the theme of segmentation with
the abnormal tissues as well as the neighbour cells.
Here the author [6] explains the control flow of
entire algorithms under meta heuristic approach
with the detailed image segmentation procedure
and made the collectively differentiated threshold
values of all the approaches and finalised that the
www.ijitjournal.org
 International Journal of Information Technology (IJIT) Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar - Apr 2017

techniques he used has reached the better ends with combination of particular noise called
optimization result while comparing with all other salt and pepper.
techniques as follows. From the above table we can Even though the concept [8] used here mismatch
infer that all the algorithms were working well for with our title, but the techniques used is directly
the expected results but the result percentage varies related with our topic. The short note about the
with one other, but this comparative study varies topic is nothing, but based on routing works and
with different segmentation techniques for images how the signals are transmitted to the destination in
and with the different sensitive tumour cells. terms of using limited space, very minimum level
of storage capacity and computational power by
Table-1 Swarm Intelligence Comparison following the characteristics of ants designed the
new concept called ACO based routing protocol for
Hybrid Detection Fitness Quality considering the different paths and from that
Approach percentage result level choosing the best path as ant do. And the result is
compared and analysed with GA to prove that their
work is more efficient an essential for the routing
ACO Good Good Good
process.
In this paper [9] the author submits the satisfactory
Better Better
Better than comments of the proposed work (3-layer CNN) for
APSO than ACO than ACO
ACO & GA the general image processing techniques, by adding
&GA & GA
smoothening process and edge detection process as
the additional protocol with their work and related
GA Good Good Good
with the existing CNN (i.e. single layer and double
layer CNN) process to show that they have
Better Better Better
BFO enhanced their work with novelty to gain the higher
than GA than GA than GA
performance level in image processing. Though the
concept is strictly proved for the acceptance, but
ABCO Best Best Best
the author mentioned the missed out facts are here
as follows, like design template is not good enough
and performance result is still approximate.

In this paper [10] the author worked for the

Figure 2: a. Exact image of shark b. canny edge
detection with noise
The theme of the paper [7] is to reveal the image
alignment process of using the advanced swarm
intelligence called (a step ahead approach of
ACO).thought the ACO follows the basic criteria
for searching the food, and the food carrying to the
nest by using the troops instead of the single
species effort. It takes the enough troops to carry
the collected food back to the nest by following the
new system, as per the historical theory statement
each and every ant takes different paths from the
food area to the nest this old approach is connected
to the image alignment process and it leads to the
alignment problem of two or more combined
images, so to avoid this type of knot they follows
the proposed approach for better image alignment.
Even though the image alignment is done but it
solution of multiple thresholding process he used
four swarm intelligence algorithms (particle swarm,
bacterial foraging, multi swarm and firefly) to
achieve the minimized error solution.by explaining
all the swarm approaches, he finally concluded
with the best result for optimal threshold value with
good computation time.
In this paper [11] authors used the ever know
concept called (GA), a systematic approach as a
template for determining the image segment in
CNN, and finalized the solution with the optimal
fitness result for the segmentation in the distributed
manner. With this the authors achieved with respect
to image size and computation time.
The authors [12] elaborates the concept of image
segmentation using hybrid approach as ACO with
fuzzy segmentation techniques focused on brain
image segmentation, by focusing on dislocation of
tumour cells and complex tissue edges and
achieved the segment even if the affected cells are

ISSN: 2454-5414 www.ijitjournal.org

Page 23
 International Journal of Information Technology (IJIT) Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar - Apr 2017
overlapped and derives the best optimization result
with comparison of other hybrid approach.
The segmentation is done [13] with an object
based classification with multiple bonding
structures for the achievement of region based
segmentation by following the structure of shuffled
frog leaping algorithm concentrating on colour
image. Still then failed to focus on noise removal
and the iteration are not minimized to get the best
result.
By taking the severity of particular brain tumours
classification, [14] going to be segmented using the
concept called (ANFIS) for the image enhancement
and hybrid genetic approach for image accuracy,
the image is extracted based on fuzzy approach, by
following all sort of techniques for the entire
segmentation process and results are tabled with
accuracy result. But still the segmented result ends
with some set of noise.
Image segmentation [15] is classified with two
basic approaches called genetic algorithm and
SVM for the extraction of affected cells from the
normal cell, and affected cells is differentiated with
the results of deviations. Though the affected areas
are extracted from the whole segment, the
overlapped cells are still in the same stage, if we
followed the same for diagnosis it lead to the
critical position in surgery with the normal cells.
The main objective of the paper [16] is to protect
and improve the quality of the image during
segmenting the cells. The authors used the
proposed concept in combination of genetic
algorithm and supervised fuzzy classification
techniques in watershed based segmentation
process. The high resolute pixels are combined and
extracted from the whole to notify as the affected;
it may end up with noise. So to avoid that type of
noise they used this supervised concept by
matching the extracted images the proposed
method works well only for the particular sort of
images, by the way cannot predict the same result
will be exposed for the images with , MRI ,X-Ray
etc.
As per the detail [17] of the proposed paper the
authors focused on removal of noise in the SAR
based images which was captured through satellite,
as per the satellite image is concern the captured
image is segmented using the proposed model
called (ABC) as artificial bee colony optimization
ISSN: 2454-5414
Page 24
for the purpose of getting the optimized threshold
value.
Based on the segmentation time and image quality
is delivered as effective with the comparison of fish
swarm and genetic algorithm, based on the 2D
entropy model it still got the result in segmentation
time also as best as other.as per the comparison of
speed, time, and fitness values, it proved that the
proposed technique works smarter than other
swarm intelligence model. But finally the edge
detection is covered based on approximation only.
By introducing [18] the chaotic based swarm
intelligence focused on characteristics of birds for
the purpose of segmentation on multi-scale images,
by following the mathematical concepts using
mean median and SD as the base the author
revealed the optimization value which produces the
optimal value for the consideration on CPSO and
gets the better noise removal phase with less edge
clarity.
Image enhancement [19] problem is still in the
consideration as non-sequential tragedy. Through
the proposed work as real coded PSO is concern
which takes the deep work to enhance the quality
by improving the contrast of the image by using
basic enhancement technique and it pushed to
compare with the GA for the improvisation of the
work processed here, and deals with the edge
detection and removal of noise, to got the better
result in the uniform distributed path the author
considered the histogram value as approximately.
Improvising the enhanced image [20] is also a
challenging task in segmentation process, the
authors chosen the logic based on fussy in PSO.
Providing all the image enhancement process in
detail to maintain the colour in balanced way along
with improvements on the edges. By the end as the
author mentioned like used PSO, .But still is in
the consideration only, for future work.
www.ijitjournal.org
 International Journal of Information Technology (IJIT) Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar - Apr 2017

Table 2-A Decision Making Table For Hybrid Based Meta-Heuristic Approach In Detail

PAPER WORKS AND YEAR NOVELTY OF MISSED OUT FACTS

Meta-heuristics the metaphor
exposed.SEP [2012].
A survey on MRI Brain Tumour
Image Segmentation.
[April-June, 2015].
PROPOSED WORK
By using the novel based approach The fact here is metaphor concept is
called ACO and Harmony search the more than enough for optimization
optimization result is achieved the problem. And the concept donkey
better solution. mating is still not gained a better
optimization.
By applying different sort of Works only with the object based
techniques based on Threshold, classification not with the pixel based
Region and Classification of every segmentations and p-value throws higher
points or (pixels). than the expected value.

Brain tumour segmentation using
swarm intelligence approach [2013].
A Comparison of various Edge
Detection Techniques used in Image
Processing [2012].
Segmentation of MRI brain Images
Using Particle Swarm Optimization
and Differential Equation [2014].
Segmentation of brain tumour using
Meta heuristic algorithm.[2014].
Image Compression, Removal of
noise, and typical edge Detection
techniques, for complex problems
and gets the positive feedback of
signs and symptoms clearly.
The concept is based on noise in
edges, using Gaussian and canny
method for the noise removal process.
The combination of alternate hybrid
approach for the segmentation
process using fuzzy thresholding with
multiple levels for getting the
accurate segment of images and
robust free result.
Using the algorithms under meta-
heuristic approach with the detailed
image segmentation process. And
achieved the optimized result
Optimization value is only approximate
(missing the global best among the
sliced cells) on edges of the affected
cells, so decision making is still
confused.
It works based on approximation only.
Because, the affected cells can be
overlapped with one other which leads
to difference in shape. So the noise
removal is bit tricky and cannot be
acceptable as long.
Though it produces the robust free
result it fails to complete the theme of
segmentation with the abnormal tissues
as well as the neighbour cells. As per
the fact, though the brain tumour cells
may affect the neighbour region
gradually.
Dealing with multiple image
segmentation process cannot be proceed
only with the approximation values, it
leads to serious problem for diagnosis.

A new swarm intelligence algorithm
for image alignment.
(Detailed year is missed).
Image processing by 3 layer CNN with
new layer arrangement [2013].
Automatic Multi-threshold Image
Segmentation Using Meta- heuristic
Algorithms [2015].
A Fast Time Scale Genetic Algorithm
Based Image Segmentation Using
Cellular Neural Networks (CNN)
[2007].
Improved Implementation of Brain
MRI image Segmentation using Ant
Colony System [2010].
The image alignment process of using
the advanced swarm intelligence
called a new agent coordination
model.
3 layer CNN is used for image
smoothening and edge detection with
good result
Multiple thresholding process had
used four swarm intelligence
algorithms and got the minimum
error result.
Optimal fitness result is gained by
using GA in CNN.
ACO with fuzzy segmentation
techniques used for brain image
segmentation.
Following the proposed approach for
better image alignment. But it ends with
combination of particular noise called
salt and pepper.
Design template and performance still
has to be improved.
Computation time can be improved.
Expected image size is achieved and
computation time also.
Will no longer works on overlapped
cells on particular images.

ISSN: 2454-5414 www.ijitjournal.org

Page 25
 International Journal of Information Technology (IJIT) Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar - Apr 2017

Colour Image Segmentation using Region based segmentation is used Cannot be considered as total noise has
Clonal Selection-based Shuffled Frog using frog leaping algorithm. been removed.
Leaping Algorithm [2009].

Brain Tumour Segmentation using Image segmentation and Image segmentation ends with addition
hybrid Genetic Algorithm and enhancement based on ANFIS, of noise.
Artificial Neural Network Fuzzy image accuracy is achieved.
Inference System (ANFIS)
[2012]
A Hybrid Approach for Automatic Genetic algorithm is used for image It works only for the normal images.
Classification of Brain MRI Using G.A segmentation and compared with Does not work with overlapped cells in
and S.V.M [2010]. SVM. the images.
Supervised Image Segmentation Using Watershed based segmentation Prediction of optimal result for other
Watershed Transform, Fuzzy process is used for segmentation in image like MRI, X-RAY etc. is quite
Classification and Evolutionary the combination of genetic tricky.
Computation [2010]. algorithm with fuzzy classified with
that.
SAR image segmentation based on The process is undergone for noise Edge detection is still approximate.
Artificial Bee Colony algorithm removal in SAR based images using
[2011]. (ABCO) and achieved, by
considering the comparison with GA
and FISH swarm, reduction in time,
and increased in quality.
Multi scale image segmentation using Multi scale image segmentation is Clarity on edged is not improved.
chaotic PSO [2015]. done using the CPSO in behalf of
SD result.
Image Enhancement Using PSO Image enhancement is done using Taking only the Approximation value
[2007]. PSO and compared with GA, and gains the histogram result, not by the
histogram is achieved. actual value.
Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Improving the quality of colour The entire schema of PSO is not used
Based Image Enhancement Using image using fuzzy based PSO. for the improvisation on quality.
Fuzzy Logic [2015].

IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the concepts, the status is revealed clearly that the
hybrid based meta- heuristic approach is going to be
considered as the best resource of all- and this is going to be
the stepping stone of different sort of segmentation process,
and the exact expected result will be achieved, and it clearly
shows that we can reach the desired goal as we expect. Finally
by considering this, the detection and decision making
possibility will be high and result will be accurate.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Author would like to thank Dr.M.Sornam Associate
Professor Department of Computer science, University of
Madras for the support.
REFERENCES
[1] Kenneth Sorensen,"Meta-heuristics the metaphor
exposed, from the University of ANT/OR, September
2012.
[2] Sugandha Singh, S. P., Tripathia, "A Survey on MRI
Brain Tumour Image Segmentation", Advances in
Computer science and Information Technology (ACSIT),
Department Of Computer Science, ISSN 2393-
9915:Volume 2,Number 4, april-june 2015.
[3] Briand, L. C., Daly, J., and Wust, J., "a new swarm
intelligence algorithm for image alignment", Department
of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Italy.
[4] ASSAS Quadra., "Segmentation of MR Brain Images
Using Particle Swarm Optimization (pso) and Differential
Evolution(DE)", Department of Computer
Science,University of Mesilla, Algeria,IJCSI, issues
11,issue 6,no 2, November 2014.

ISSN: 2454-5414 www.ijitjournal.org

Page 26
 International Journal of Information Technology (IJIT) Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar - Apr 2017
[5] Jobin Christ, M. C., Sivagowri, S., and Ganesh [16] J. Kennedy R Erbeath particle swarm optimization
Babu.P,,"Segmentation of Brain Tumors Using Meta IEEE on neural network, Perth Australia vol4.1995.
Heuristics Algorithm", open journal for communication
and software, volume 1,number 1,May 2014. [17]Mohans, t.magesh particle swarm optimization based on
enhancement of images, 7 Th international conference
[6] Abhay Sharma, rekha, chaturvedi, drumesh, kr.,
(ISCO)-2013.
"recent trends and techniques in image segmentation
using particle swarm optimization-a survey", ijsrp
[18] Da san martino, f.a cardillo, a new swarm intelligence
journal of scientific and research publications, volume 5,
algorithm for image alignment, dept., of computer
issue 6, June 2015.
science, Pisa, Italy.
[7] Anjali, Savitha, Grupal Singh., "comparing ant colony
optimization and genetic algorithm for solving energy [19] M.Egmont.D de Ridder image processing with neural
efficiency coverage in WSNs", IJARET Transactions on networks institute of information and computing science,
Software Engineering and technology, volume 1, issue 2, Netherlands.
march 2013.
[8] Tinali kamble,Pranchi Rane., "Brain Tumor Image
Segmentation Using Swarm Intelligence Approach",
IJSER Transactions on Scientific and Engineering
Research, volume4, issue5, May 2013.
[9] GAO, Y. and J.F. Mas, 2008. A comparison of the
performance of Pixel-based and object-based
classifications over images, GEOBIA 2008Pixels,
Objects Intelligence. Geographic Object Based Image
Analysis.

[10] Ahmed kharrat1,*, karim gasmi1, mohamed ben

messaoud2, nacra benamrane3 and mohamed abid1, a
hybrid approach for automatic classification of brain mri
using genetic algorithm and support vector machine,
Leonardo journal of sciences ISSN 1583-0233 issue 17,
july-december 2010.

[11] Minakshi Sharma1, Dr. Sourabh Mukharjee2 Brain

Tumour Segmentation using hybrid Genetic Algorithm
and Artificial Neural Network Fuzzy Inference System
(ANFIS), International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems
(IJFLS) October 2012.

[12] Madhubanti Maitra, Amitava Chatterjee, A hybrid

cooperativecomprehensive learning based PSO
algorithm for image segmentation using multilevel
thresholding, 2008-1341-1350.

[13] Miao Maa.b, Jianhui Lianga, Min Guoa, Yi Fana, Yilong

Yinb, SAR image segmentation based on Artificial Bee
Colony algorithm ,Soft Computing [2011].

[14] Antariksha Bhaduri Colour Image Segmentation using

Clonal Selection-based Shuffled Frog Leaping
Algorithm, SCIENCEDIRECT, IJFSC, 2011.

[15] M. Duraisamy F. Mary Magdalene Jane Cellular Neural

Network Based Medical Image Segmentation Using
Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm.

ISSN: 2454-5414 www.ijitjournal.org Page 27