Trng i hc Bch khoa tp H Ch Minh

B mn Ton ng dng
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C hng1:M atran

G iangvien:Ts. angVanVinh(9/2010)
w w w .tanbachkhoa.edu.vn
 N O ID U N G

I. nh ngha ma tran va v du

II. Cac phep bien oi s cap

III. Cac phep toan oi vi ma tran

IV. Hang cua ma tran

V. Ma tran nghch ao

Sch tham kho:

1/ David C. Lay. Linear algebra and its applications.

2/ Howard A. Elementary linear algebra, ninth edition

Gi s mt cng ty kinh doanh 3 mt hng: o, qun, knh.

Cng ty ny c hai ca hng A v B.

Gi s s lng hng bn c trong 1 thng l:

C s A: 100 o, 120 qun, 300 knh.

C s B: 125 o, 100 qun, 250 knh.

o qun knh
Sp xp d liu
dng
A 100 120 300
bng: B 125 100 250

Vit gn hn:
 I. Cc khi nim c bn v v d.

nh ngha ma trn
Ma trn c mxn l bng s (thc hoc phc) hnh ch nht c m
hng v n ct .

Ct j
Ma trn A c mxn
a11 ... a1 j ... a1n


A = ai1 ... aij ... ain Hng i


am1 ... amj ... amn
 I. Cc khi nim c bn v v d.

V d 1.

3 4 1
A=
2 0 5 23
y l ma trn thc c 2x3.
Ma trn A c 2 hng v 3 ct.
Phn t ca a11 = 3; a12 = 4; a13 = 1; a21 = 2; a22 = 0; a23 = 5
A:
V d 2
1 + i 2
A=
3 i i 22
 I. Cc khi nim c bn v v d.
---------------------------------------------------------
Ma trn A c m hng v n ct thng c k hiu bi
A = ( aij )
mn

Tp hp tt c cc ma trn c mxn trn trng K c k

hiu l Mmxn[K]

nh ngha ma trn khng

Ma trn c tt c cc phn t l khng c gi l ma trn
khng, k hiu 0, (aij = 0 vi mi i v j).

0 0 0
A=
0 0 0
 I.C ackhainiem cbanvavdu

Phn t khc khng u tin ca mt hng k t bn tri

c gi l phn t c s ca hng .

nh ngha ma trn dng bc thang

1. Hng khng c phn t c s (nu tn ti) th nm di
cng
2. Phn t c s ca hng di nm bn phi (khng
cng ct) so vi phn t c s ca hng trn.
 I.Cc khi nim c bn v v d.

V d
2 1 0 3 2

0 0 7 2 6
A= Khng l ma trn
0 4 1 2 5 bc thang

0 0 0 0 0 45

2 1 1 2
Khng l ma trn
B = 0 0 0 3 bc thang
0 0 0 5

 I.Cc khi nim v v d c bn.

V d
1 3 0 2 2
L ma trn dng bc
0 0 7 1 4 thang
A=
0 0 0 2 5

0 0 0 0 0 45

1 2 0 2
L ma trn dng
B = 0 0 1 3 bc thang
0 0 0 7

 I. Cc khi nim c bn v v d
----------------------------------------------------------

nh ngha ma trn chuyn v

Chuyn v ca A = ( aij ) mn l ma trn AT = ( aij ) nm c nXm
thu c t A bng cch chuyn hng thnh ct.

V d

2 4
2 1 3 T
A= A = 1 0
4 0 9 23 3 9
32
 I. Cc khi nim c bn v v d.
----------------------------------------------------------

nh ngha ma trn vung

Nu s hng v ct ca ma trn A bng nhau v bng n, th A
c gi l ma trn vung cp n.
2 1
A=
3 2 22

Tp hp cc ma trn vung cp n trn trng s K c k

hiu M
bni[K]
 I. Cc khi nim c bn v v d.
----------------------------------------------------------

Cc phn t a11, a22,,ann to nn ng cho chnh ca ma

trn vung A.

2 3 1 1
3 4 0 5

2 1 3 7
2 1 6 8

 I. Cc khi nim c bn v v d.
----------------------------------------------------------
nh ngha ma trn tam gic trn
Ma trn vung A = ( aij ) nn c gi l ma trn tam gic trn
naiju= 0, i > j
2 1 3

A = 0 3 6
0 0 2

nh ngha ma trn tam gic di

Ma trn vung A = ( aij ) c gi l ma trn tam gic di
nn
nu aij = 0, i < j
2 0 0
A = 4 1 0

5 7 2

 I. Cc khi nim c bn v v d.
---------------------------------------------------------------
nh ngha ma trn cho
Ma trn vung A c gi l ma trn cho nu cc phn t nm
ngoi ng cho u bng khng, c ngha l (aij = 0, i j).

2 0 0

D = 0 3 0
0 0 2

nh ngha ma trn n v
Ma trn cho vi cc phn t ng cho u bng 1 c gi
l ma trn n v, tc l (aij = 0, i j; v aii = 1 vi mi i).
1 0 0

I = 0 1 0
0 0 1

 II. Cc php bin i s cp.

Cc php bin i s cp i vi hng

1. Nhn mt hng ty vi mt s khc khng hi hi ; 0

2. Cng vo mt hng mt hng khc c nhn vi mt s

ty hi hi + h j ;

3. i ch hai hng ty hi h j

Tng t c ba php bin i s cp i vi ct.

Ch : cc php bin i s cp l cc php bin i c bn,

thng dng nht!!!
 II. Cc php bin i s cp.

nh l 1
Mi ma trn u c th a v ma trn dng bc thang bng
cc php bin i s cp i vi hng.

Ch
Khi dng cc php bin i s cp i vi hng ta thu c
nhiu ma trn bc thang khc nhau
 II. Cc php bin i s cp.

V d
Dng cc php bin i s cp i vi hng a ma trn sau
y v ma trn dng bc thang.
1 1 1 2 1
2 3 1 4 5

3 2 3 7 4
1 1 2 3 1

Bc 1. Bt u t ct khc khng u tin t bn tri. Chn

phn t khc khng ty lm phn t c s.
1 1 1 2 1
2 3 1 4 5

3 2 3 7 4
1 1 2 3 1

 II. Cc php bin i s cp.

Bc 2. Dng bsc i vi hng, kh tt c cc phn t cn li ca

ct.
1 1 1 2 1
2 3 1 4 5 h2 h2 2 h1
1 1 1 2 1
0 1 1 0 3
A= h3 h3 3 h1
3 2 3 7 4 h 4 h 4 + h1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 2 3 1 0 2 1 1 2

Bc . Che tt c cc hng t hng cha phn t c s v
nhng hng trn n. p dng bc 1 v 2 cho ma trn cn
li

1 1 1 2 1
1 1 1 2 1
0 1 1 0 3 h4 h4 + h3 0 1 1 0 3
h3 h3 + h2

h4 h4 2 h2 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 1 1 4
0 0 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0

Vd
:Xcnhdngin
I,I,vItrongmngli

indiy
:
 p dng nh lut Kirchhoff cho nt A, ta c:

I1 = I2 + I3

nut B: I2 + I3 = I1

p dng nh lut Kirchhoff cho vng 1 va vong

2:

7I1 +3I3 -30 = 0

11I2 -3I3 -50 = 0

1 1 1 0
7 0 3 30
Ta co h:
0 11 3 50