Você está na página 1de 12

Technical Information W5e

Anaerobic treatment of
Technical Field:
Energy / Environment (E)
Water / Sanitation (W)

slaughterhouse waste and Agriculture (A)


Foodprocessing (F)
Manufacturing (M)

wastewater This Technical Information is


available in:
English (e)
French (f)
Naturgerechte Technologien, Bau- und Wirtschaftsberatung German (g)
(TBW) GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany Spanish (s)
February 2001 Other:

Within a series of processes, slaughter-


houses produce large amounts of different The size of slaughterhouses can vary
wastes and wastewaters. The problems widely, small (rural) facilities with approx. 5
are complex: many slaughterhouses are LSU (live stock units, 1 LSU = 500 kg)
located in the centres of the cities, slaughtered per day, large industrial
traditional ways to make use of the wastes facilities may reach capacities from 100 to
such as application to agricultural land are well over 1,000 LSU slaughtered per day.
not applicable because transport distances
have become too long. Direct disposal of The process of slaughtering is very similar
highly polluted wastewater and organic all over the world. The major activities
residues into the sewerage system without involved in the operation of an abattoir are:
prior treatment on the other hand is mostly 1. Receiving and keeping of livestock
not acceptable due to resulting 2. Slaughter and carcass dressing of
environmental and ecological problems animals
and the risk of clogging in the wastewater 3. Chilling of carcass product
piping systems. An estimated 20% to 30% 4. Carcass boning and packaging
of the slaughtering costs are generated by 5. Freezing of finished carcass and
the costs for water, waste treatment and cartoned product
energy. Here, anaerobic processes can 6. Rendering processes
contribute in an interesting way to improve 7. Drying of skins
the situation. 8. Treatment of wastewater
9. Transport of processed material.

1 General aspects 1.1 Generated waste fractions


Slaughterhouses are livestock processing 1.1.1 Solid process wastes
industries that comprise a number of The following production areas are the
commercial operations: main sources of solid waste at abattoirs,
generating different waste fractions:
Slaughtering of animals Animal keeping areas:
Manufacturing of products derived from manure, faeces and urine, sometimes
slaughter of animals including: mixed with straw and fodder
- Tanneries, fellmongeries;
(dependent on kind and duration of
- Rendering or fat extraction plants for
animal keeping before slaughtering)
the production of tallow, fat or their Slaughterhouse and processing areas:
derivatives or proteinaceous matter; unwanted carcasses, unwanted hide,
- Plants for the production of hides,
skins or pieces and other material not
adhesives, pet food, gelatine, suitable for rendering; paper, cardboard
fertiliser or meat products. and plastics.
1
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e

Waste treatment plant: suspended solids and bacterial


sludge. contamination.

1.1.2 Liquid process wastes Effluent salinity


The liquid wastes produced in slaughter- Skin preservation by dry salting is a
houses comprise a number of different common procedure at small abattoirs that
wastewater streams as well as other non- are remote from tanning operations and
solid wastes such as paunch manure and often export their hides and skins for
blood. tanning. After salting, often in converted
cement truck mixers, the hides are hung to
Wastewater dry for a minimum of five days. During this
For hygienic reasons, abattoirs use large period, the salt draws the moisture out of
amounts of water in animal processing, the hide, together with the protein-filled
thus producing large amounts of fluids contained in the attached flesh. The
wastewater that have to be treated. Fig. 1 effluent from drying sheds is therefore
illustrates the wastewater streams highly saline, has a very high BOD
originating from the different production (biological oxygen demand) and contains
areas. high levels of fluoride as the applied salt
The wastewater produced in animal contains up to 1 % of sodium fluoride as a
slaughter areas typically has a high bactericide. This may lead to salinity
organic loading. Table 1 presents average problems if the effluent is utilised for
values for wastewater amounts and irrigation purposes without treatment, as
composition. well as to fluorosis problems for the
Table 1: Slaughterhouse wastewater: vegetation, including tree death and
average amounts and composition destroy the aquatic fauna in receiving
(Source: Tritt, W.P.) waterbodies.
Specific amount of Unit Average Storm water
wastewater * value
Storm water may become contaminated in
Wastewater/cattle l 1,000 1,500
Wastewater/pig l 200 600
case of getting into contact with pens and
Wastewater parameter animal keeping areas, sludge stockpiles
COD mg/l 1,000 6,000 and wastewater irrigation areas. This
(max. 20,000) contaminated storm water can have
BOD5 mg/l 1,000 4,000 detrimental environmental effects on
(max. 10,000) surrounding ecosystems and should
Total N mg/l 250 700 therefore be integrated into the waste-
(max. 950) water treatment system.
NH4-N mg/l 200 300
Total P mg/l 80 120 Paunch manure
Settleable solids ml/l 10 The amount of stomach content depends
Temperature C 20 35 on the kind of animal slaughtered and
* Amount of wastewater in small rural slaughterhouses substantially on the time of last feeding
may be significantly smaller (approx. 300-400 l/LSU).
and kind of last fodder. For example, in
The average pollution level of the total Europe an average of 50 kg is normally
wastewater stream of an exemplary calculated per cattle while in West Africa,
slaughterhouse in Jakarta, Indonesia (see 75 kg were measured. The hygienic status
chapter 5.3), is around 7,200 mg COD per of untreated paunch manure is critical.
litre, other sources report similar values Rarely, species of salmonella were found
(see [3]). The wastewater is also very in critical amounts in healthy animals
saline and has high levels of nutrients, besides bacteria, viruses and parasites
(worms). Especially concerning
salmonella, techniques for treating paunch
2
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e

manure have to be considered for hygienic fuel consumption for processing needs
reasons. (e.g. drying, evaporation) and
methane (CH4) emissions from manure
Blood and untreated organic waste and
The amount of blood also depends on the wastewater.
species of slaughtered animals and their Fuel consumption should be minimised by
live weight. Blood contains a large amount means of heat conservation or combined
of protein and is too valuable to be heat-and-power appliances if applicable.
discharged into the sewerage system. It is A commonly applied treatment technology
utilised as a raw material for blood meal, e.g. consists of anaerobic lagoons that
fibrin or blood serum, blood meal being reduce the nutrient content of the waste,
used as fertiliser or animal feed. However, but at the same time produce methane as
anaerobic digestion may a good reuse by-product. In existing abattoirs, a strategy
alternative for the blood, not least in times needs to be adopted to reduce the
of BSE (mad cow disease), utilising the emission of ozone-depleting gases. To
contained energy for electricity or heat minimise the emission of CH4 due to
production. (uncontrolled) disposal of untreated waste,
recycling and re-use strategies for the
1.1.3 Non-process wastes organic waste as well as sufficient storage
Non-process wastes originate from capacity should be established in addition
kitchens and offices, dispersed or uneaten to further treatment options.
feed and from general maintenance of
gardens and plant surroundings. The need
2 Waste minimisation options
for prevention, reduction and separation
for recycling or composting applies to Prior to any planning step being taken with
these wastes as much as to process respect to treatment systems, there should
wastes. Provided that they are suitable be a comprehensive examination of
substrates, they can be integrated into the process by-products and wastes to identify
respective slaughterhouse waste options for waste minimisation. Re-use or
treatment facilities. recycling of by-products will often reduce
the total waste production, sometimes a
1.2 Further environmental problems substitution or change of raw material may
encountered in slaughterhouses lead to changes in the process,
contributing to waste minimisation. The
1.2.1 Epidemic precautions recovery of valuable materials from waste
A mass animal disposal area must be streams will in most cases be both
identified in case there is an outbreak of economically and environmentally
epidemic. This area should be located at a sensible.
sufficient distance from surface water Some general waste minimisation options
bodies and be designed in a way that to be considered during the planning
reduces the risk of infection via ground stages are:
water courses to a minimum, eventually change of processes or equipment;
realised by a sealed surface. The soil change of packaging of products;
should be suitably loose to allow digging improvement of process control;
but also be as impermeable as possible improvement of material handling and
(e.g. clay layer). cleaning operations;
improvement of maintenance and repair
1.2.2 Greenhouse gases of equipment;
Greenhouse gas emissions from process-internal recycling of waste ;
slaughterhouses can result from two main on-site re-utilisation of waste;
sources: recovery of materials from waste
streams.
3
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e

3 Treatment of slaughterhouse
However, waste minimisation options in wastewater and waste
slaughterhouses are rather limited, at least
speaking of solid wastes such as feed Once waste streams, process operations,
leftovers, paunch and other manure. As raw materials, fuel supplies and product
the cattle owners are usually responsible ranges have been identified, storage and
for fodder provision and animal care, the handling methods for materials as well as
only organisational measure that can be ways of separation, treatment and
taken is to shorten the time between disposal of wastes have to be focussed.
animal reception and the actual The chosen measures and processes
slaughtering date. should aim at minimising the potential for
air, water and ground pollution and
contamination. Fig. 1 illustrates an
example with separate treatment of liquid
and solid waste fractions.
Anaerobic (or combined anaerobic-
aerobic) treatment technology may provide
highly appropriate solutions for
slaughterhouse waste management.

Straw, dung

Vehicle
Excrement
cleaning/
and urine
sheds

Mixing and Anaerobic Aerobic


Washing-down Total Screening Grease trap Receiving
equalisation wastewater wastewater
and cleaning water wastewater plant Flotation waterbody
tank purification purification

Screenings

Fat/
Slaughtering
Flotation Composting Fertiliser
wastewater
tailings

Slaughtering Blood

Slaughter waste,
Animal Usable
slaughter byproducts
carcass plant products
and confiscates
Pressed solids

Bristles, claws
and bones

Anaerobic
Separation
treatment

Process step
Tripery wastewater Press water
Matter
Tripery Press water

Rumen and stomach


Separation
contents

Pressed solids

Fig. 1: Slaughterhouse waste and wastewater streams with recycling and reuse possibilities:
example with separate anaerobic treatment of liquid and solid waste fractions.
(Source: TBW, modified after Schuchardt, Tritt: Institute for Technology (FAL), Germany)

4
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e

In general, the specific wastewater and


waste streams are well suitable for
anaerobic biological treatment due to their
high organic pollution of mostly well
degradable substances. However, the size
of the slaughterhouses will have decisive
influence on the respective process
design.
Speaking of small facilities, simple
biogas plants with digester volumes up to
50-60 m may be suitable, for big industrial
abattoirs, process requirements will be
considerably higher (pre-/post-treatment;
level of mechanisation, compliance of
Fig. 2: Pig slaughterhouse Phitsanulok,
treated substrates with local discharge Thailand: Influent distribution
standards etc.). system to UASB reactor
(Source: U. Gottschalk, GTZ)
A strict separation of liquid and solid
fractions as traditionally recommended for
a better waste handling due to different Provided that anaerobic digestion steps
process requirements of the different are realised under appropriate process
waste fractions is not considered conditions, the high organic content of the
necessary any longer. Solid wastes e.g. wastes will lead to a high production
from the animal keeping areas can capacity in terms of biogas that can be
generally be mixed and mashed with liquid utilised for the provision of slaughterhouse
waste fractions such as blood or process energy either for production
wastewater from slaughtering areas, thus (e.g. hot water production for removal of
reducing the total dry matter content bristles, wash water) or treatment
(making the substrate pumpable and processes (substrate heating for anaerobic
stirrable) and achieving a certain degree of digestion of slaughterhouse waste is
homogenisation of the substrate to be necessary even in tropical regions). As the
treated. energy demand of slaughterhouses is
If plant size is a decisive factor e.g. due to comparably high, on-site electricity or hot
limited area availability in central urban water production will in general be a
locations, it is however still an option to sensible and economic solution provided
separate liquid and solid waste fractions in that the utilisation of the produced energy
order to reduce the required digester is guaranteed. Aerobic treatment
volume as is practice e.g. in Phitsanulok, (composting) of solid slaughterhouse
Thailand (Fig. 2; actual capacity: 120 pigs, waste should only be taken into
planned: 400 pigs slaughtered per day; consideration if energy utilisation
see also chapter 5.2). possibilities are deficient or entirely lacking
Speaking of the liquid fraction, an average or if investment costs for anaerobic
retention time of approximately 2-3 days treatment are considered to be too high.
will be sufficient, while the solid fraction Composting is cheaper as plant
will be subject to treatment in a separate requirements are by far lower than for the
digester with significantly longer retention technical equipment of an anaerobic
time. treatment plant, where stirrers, pumps and
other mechanical equipment is needed.
If required for agricultural application of
products or for hygiene reasons, aerobic
treatment steps (e.g. composting of sludge
and solid fractions; aerobic maturation
5
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e

ponds for anaerobically treated


wastewater) can be applied in combination
with anaerobic treatment. Psychrophilic
and mesophilic fermentation alone will
generally not guarantee sufficient
hygienisation; with thermophilic treatment,
a reduction of salmonella in 5-6
logarithmic folds was found e.g. for
anaerobic digestion of a mixture of rumen
content, cow manure and rinsed blood [4].

3.1 Wastewater
For the treatment of slaughterhouse
effluent/wastewater, the following systems
are most commonly used:
anaerobic reactors;
facultative ponds;
mechanically forced aerated ponds;
package treatment plants.

In addition to the good removal efficiency Fig. 3a: influent channel


of organic pollutants, anaerobic treatment
options enable a reduction of the total
organic solids volume of up to 50 80 %,
whereas aerobic treatment with sludge
digestion reduces the sludge volume only
up to about 20 %. The sludge produced in
anaerobic processes is biologically stable
and can serve as a rich humus for
agriculture after aerobic post-treatment.
Recommendable anaerobic systems are
high efficiency digesters with upflow
regime, either sludge bed (UASB: upflow
anaerobic sludge bed-system) or fixed bed
reactors (anaerobic filters with fixed inert
filter medium for growth of biomass). But Fig. 3b: effluent point; rear left: digesters,
also simpler treatment plants with lower rear right: manhole of digester
efficiencies can significantly improve the Fig. 3: Biogas plant for slaughterhouse
hygienic, environmental and energy waste at UST, Kumasi, Ghana.
situation. In the region of Kumasi, Ghana, (Source: TBW, [2])
an anaerobic pilot plant for the treatment
High efficiency digesters allow a high rate
of slaughterhouse waste (rumen content,
of degradation with little energy input and
faeces, blood) was built at the University
simultaneous biogas production (with an
for Science and Technology (UST)
average CH4-content of 60-75%). The
following the fixed-dome design which
digester loading rate should be below
principally consists of a concrete and/or
3 kg COD/mdigester/d. This leads to a
brickwork digester operated batchwise, the
necessary digester volume of 0,67 m/m
gas collecting in the gas dome (see Fig.
wastewater daily, taking an average
3). The biogas is utilised as substitute for
pollution load of 2,000 mg COD/l. Suitable
wood in the preparation of hot water.
systems are able to reduce the COD by 60

6
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e

to 75% with a biogas yield of pond for conversion to solid waste for
approximately 0.3 m/kg CODdegraded. potential recycling.
Facilities for effective mechanical primary Depending on strategies and local
treatment prior to secondary treatment possibilities concerning reuse of the
steps will increase the overall recycled products (treated wastewater for
effectiveness and efficiency of wastewater irrigation purposes, digested sludge/
treatment systems: physical removal of fat compost for fertilising/soil conditioning
(grease trap, flotation) and solids (screen, purposes), aerobic ponds or composting
grid, sedimentation) is more economic plants may be necessary or advisable as
than the application of elaborate post-treatment.
secondary and tertiary treatment steps.
Fig. 4 shows an example for waste and 3.2 Manure
wastewater treatment of the above
mentioned slaughterhouse in Jakarta, 3.2.1 Paunch manure
Indonesia (see also chapter 5.3). Paunch manure is the most difficult
If wastewaters from different points of material for anaerobic treatment in
origin are treated jointly, a treatment step slaughterhouses because of its strong
for equalisation and/or homogenisation tendency to form heavy scum layers. If it is
may be advisable due to the very different mixed with wastewater for anaerobic
composition of wastewater streams in a treatment, process design therefore has to
slaughterhouse. When mixing different take care that the process requirements
wastewater streams, a suitable nutrient either for liquid or solid substrates are met.
composition for anaerobic degradation Basically, there are three different
processes has to be ensured; the C/N- possibilities for paunch manure treatment:
ratio of the substrate to be digested should - Anaerobic treatment in batch systems
lie in the range of 20-40. - Anaerobic treatment in continuous
The highly saline effluent from drying systems
sheds (see chapter 1.1.2) should be
separated and diverted to an evaporation
Wastewater Rumen content Faeces Feed leftovers

Dewatering
tank
Rumen liquid Rumen contents

Screen
Screenings
Grid
Sludge water

Equalisation tank

Sedimentation Primary Sludge Temporary


Thickener Sludge storage
tank 1 sludge storage
Recirculation water

Anaerobic Biogas Composting


Gas storage
fixed-bed reactor plant

Compost
Trickling filter
processing
Cogeneration unit

Sedimentation Excess sludge Compost


tank 2 storage

Treated wastewater Heat Electricity Compost

Fig. 4: Example for slaughterhouse wastewater and waste treatment (Source:[6])


7
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W4e

- Dewatering of the paunch manure with organisational measures have to be taken


following composting of solid and for its application to agricultural fields.
anaerobic digestion of liquid fraction
Batch systems are very labour-intensive, 3.3 Blood
as the substrate has to be removed from
the digester after treatment. For anaerobic treatment, the blood should
In continuous systems, heavy agitation is be mixed with other substrates of a higher
required to obtain a fully mixed and carbon content such as paunch or
pumpable substrate. A biogas productivity manure. Blood is one of the most powerful
from 370 to 600 l per kg of organic dry nutrient media for anaerobic bacteria
matter can be expected, a reduction rate known in nature, it reaches a BOD-value
of the organic matter of up to 90% is of about 150,000 mg/l.
reported. Requirements for pumps and
agitators are high because knives, ropes,
wire, stones and other disturbing material 4 Biogas utilisation
may be found in the stomachs of
ruminants, causing a lot of damage to In case of anaerobic treatment, the
sensitive plant components. different slaughterhouse waste fractions
The separation of dry matter (DM) and show a comparably high gas productivity
liquid remains the most recommendable due to their composition and high organic
solution for biogas production. By means content. Table 2 shows mean values of
of a screw press, the water content is methane capacity for different substrates.
reduced to 65-70 %. The solids may now Table 2: Estimated methane capacity of
be composted or dried above 50C for different slaughterhouse waste
hygienic reasons and sold. The liquid fractions (Source: Schuchardt, Tritt)
paunch juice has a DM-content of up to Substrate Methane capacity
6% and a chemical oxygen demand l CH4/kg DOM*
(COD) of up to 80,000 mg/l. It is a Rumen contents 300
homogeneous, green coloured liquid that Rumen press water 280
is highly suitable for digestion in an Screenings 650
anaerobic plant, with a gas productivity of Grease trap residues 710
0.3 m/kg CODadded. The DM content is Flotation tailings 700
reduced by over 60%. for comparison:
Safe pathogen elimination in the paunch municipal sewage 330
manure requires sufficient sterilisation at sludge
*DOM: dry organic matter
temperatures of 50 - 60 C for a certain
time. These requirements can be met by
The produced biogas can mainly be
anaerobic thermophilic digestion or
utilised in three different ways:
composting. Mesophilic (30-35C) and
for heating or boiling water,
psychrophilic (15-20C) fermentation do
usually not guarantee a sufficient level of for electricity production and
sterilisation ([9]). for mineralisation (incineration) of solid
slaughterhouse wastes.
3.2.2 Stable Manure
Faeces and urine are sometimes mixed Heating or boiling water:
with straw and fodder. Suitable stable Both in the actual slaughtering process
manure may be mixed with paunch juice steps as well as in waste treatment
for anaerobic treatment and biogas processes, heated water can be used for
production in biogas digesters. It has to be three main purposes:
taken into consideration that storage Removal of pig bristles
capacities for the effluent of biogas plants, This requires a large amount of water
the liquid sludge, have to be provided and with a temperature of at least 60 C.
8
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3093, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e

Water tanks can be equipped with 5 Plant examples


special burners that utilise the produced
biogas for heating or boiling. 5.1 Treatment of Slaughterhouse
Cleaning purposes Wastewater using Anaerobic
The heated water may be used for Sequence Batch Reactors
cleaning floors in the slaughterhouse, Psychrophilic anaerobic digestion in a
thus requiring less water to solve Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR) process
solidified blood. If the produced can effectively reduce the concentrations
wastewater is integrated into the of BOD5, COD and suspended solids as
anaerobic digester, the substrate well as odour of slaughterhouse
temperature will increase, allowing a wastewater. The process can also
faster and better digestion. eliminate the need for expensive air
Digester heating flotation and sedimentation processes
Even in tropical climate, substrate currently used at some slaughterhouses.
temperature of slaughterhouse The cost-effective process justifies the use
wastewater and waste will usually not of anaerobic digestion on small and large
be sufficient for mesophilic (30-35C) or slaughterhouse facilities.
thermophilic (50-55C) anaerobic The organic loading rate varies from 6.3 to
digestion. The demand for substrate 7.13 g COD/l mixed liquor/day, the
heating can be met by utilisation of hot bioreactor is operated at 20 C. Results
water. indicate that the proposed process
effectively reduces the pollution potential
Electricity production: of slaughterhouse wastewater, a high
The produced gas can be used in a co- COD removal rate could be achieved. At
generation unit for electricity production, 20 C, the process can achieve average
additionally utilising the waste heat from removal rates of 95% of the total soluble
the combustion process to cover the own COD and 31% of suspended solids (SS).
heat demand of the slaughterhouse or The process produces large quantities of
treatment facilities. high quality biogas: gas production varies
Alternatively, a gas turbine may be from 0.51-0.53 m CH4/kg VS (volatile
implemented for electricity generation via solids) fed at 20C, the CH4 content
water vapour, produced by boiling water ranges between 70% and 75% at all
with the biogas. temperatures. The odour of the
slaughterhouse wastewater is also
Incineration of solid wastes: substantially reduced.
Solid wastes from slaughterhouses mainly Depending on the planned utilisation of the
consist of bones, hooves and horns. If the treated substrate, problems may however
calorific value of these wastes is not occur concerning the hygienic standards,
sufficient for a combustion process, they as psychrophilic treatment will generally
can be mineralised by incineration in a not be sufficient for pathogen elimination.
brick oven fired with biogas, thus being
transformed into ash. The slaughterhouse
5.2 Municipal Slaughterhouse
of Gitega (Burundi) for example adds
Phitsanulok, Thailand
avocado kernels to the bones before
burning. The resulting ash is well Phitsanulok slaughterhouse presently
appreciated by chickens. slaughters up to 120 pigs per day. An
anaerobic wastewater treatment plant has
been built with a planned capacity of 400
pigs and a total wastewater quantity
expected to be 60 m3/day. Currently some
80 kg of LPG liquified petroleum gas
(60 kWh/d) are used for the operation of
9
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e

the slaughterhouse, after the planned


extension the energy demand will rise up
to 260kg LPG/day (200 kWh/d).

From a total expected suspended solids


content of 80 kg/d and a concentration of
1,300 mg/l (CODtotal being 4,300 and BOD5
3,000 mg/l), a total biogas production of
120 m3/d, a LPG replacement of 55 kg/d top left: gas storage
and a biofertilizer production of 100 kg/day top right: effluent stabilisation
and 80 m3/d purified water are expected to pond
result after treatment. The treatment plant bottom left: sludge drying beds
consists of a collection tank, a 200 m3
channel digester with gas storage of 100
m3, a UASB-reactor of 60 m3 reactor
volume, a sand bed filter, a stabilisation Fig. 6: Aspects of municipal slaughter-
pond, 3 wetland cells and a water house Phitsanulok, Thailand
reservoir. For a flow diagram of the fully (Source: U. Gottschalk, GTZ)
operational system, see Fig. 5.

Wastew ater from the slaughterhouse 5.3 Slaughterhouse Jakarta Cakung,


Biogas
[ C - H - O]
Energy Indonesia [6]
Anaerobic digestion process Basic data concerning the status quo of
Slurry 1st treated water the slaughterhouse:
Dry
sludge Sand bed filter 545 cattle are slaughtered per day,
Fertilizer
1st treated water
Alternative
Liquid
fertilizer
200,000 per year
Total land demand of the
N 2 gas
slaughterhouse: 70,000 m
Aerobic post treatment
(Wetland) CO2 gas Located in close vicinity to gardens and
agricultural land
Reuse for floor cleaning 2nd treated water
Alternative Small
The cattle are kept on-site for 1-5 days
Overflow to stream
amount
of sludge
before slaughtering (average 2.2 days)
The entire wastewater flows into a
Fig. 5: Flow diagram for wastewater nearby surface waterbody without
treatment of Pithsanulok treatment
municipal slaughterhouse
The solid waste fractions (stable and
(Source: [4])
paunch manure, feed leftovers, faeces)
are disposed of on uncontrolled
Since the plant has presently only been disposal sites or are subject to
taken into operation at 30% capacity, and uncontrolled incineration
biofertilizer and treated water are not yet Water demand (total: 1,000 m/d)
used, final efficiency statements can - in the slaughtering area: 0.71.0 m
barely be made as yet. of water per slaughtered cattle (due
However, the effluent water quality already to lavish handling with water and
achieves values exceeding the requested very bad water saving measures)
standards, and malodour and houseflies - in the stable area: 0.1 m per cattle
are substantially reduced. (urine, cleaning water, rinsing water
for channels), in rain season
additionally large amounts of
precipitation water

10
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e

The wastewater quantities to be treated 6 References and further


may be significantly reduced by taking the information
following measures:
[1] Celoge H.; Volcoin, D.; van Bokkelen, R.:
Separation of precipitation water from
Valorisation des Residus dAbattoirs pour
polluted water; la Production dEnergie, de Biofertilisants
Application of high pressure equipment et dAliments pour Betail. Centre de
and hot water for optimisation of Recherche et de Documentation Agricole
cleaning efficiency with a decrease in (CRDA), Paris, France, 1991.
water consumption; [2] GTZ/TBW-Project Anaerobtechno-logie
Installation of equipment for lower im Abwasser- und Abfallbereich in
pressure in drinking water supply Ghana. GTZ/TBW, Eschborn/ Frankfurt,
system, optimisation of water Germany, 1995.
withdrawal. [3] GTZ/TBW Supraregional Sector Project
Promotion of anaerobic technology for
Should the named measures be taken, a
the treatment of municipal and industrial
reduction in water consumption of sewage and wastes: Final Report;
approximately 50% to 500 m per day may Documentation of Anaerobic Treatment
be realised. Plants. GTZ/TBW, Eschborn/Frankfurt,
Germany, 1998.
5.3.1 Treatment concept [4] Kiatpakdee, W.: Pig slaughterhouse
Wastewater treatment wastewater management. Case Study
The wastewater is treated in a fixed-bed Phitsanulok municipal slaughterhouse.
reactor with rings of bamboo (diameter of (Oral presentation) Biogas Advisory Unit
60-80 mm, height 50 mm) as filter (BAU), Chiang Mai University, Thailand,
2001.
material. Operation with solids-free
[5] Marchaim, U.: Thermophilic anaerobic
wastewater from main slaughterhouse and digestion system for slaughterhouse
paunch manure. wastes: an economical and ecological
Results: treatment efficiency degradation th
solution. 5 Internatonal Symposium on
of 67-70% COD with HRT of 0.5-2 days, Anaerobic Digestion, Bologna, Italy, May
specific gas productivity of 320 l biogas/kg 1988.
COD influent (CH4-content of biogas: [6] Schuchardt, F.; Wulfert-Prahl, K.: Konzept
75%). fr die Abwasserbehandlung und
Composting Abfallverwertung am Schlachthof
The entire undewatered sludge from Jakarta/Indonesien. in: Korrespondenz
Abwasser, Nr. 3 (44), p.511-518, 1997.
wastewater treatment (primary and excess
[7] Tritt W.P.: The Anaerobic Treatment of
sludge) is utilised in the composting plant. Slaughterhouse Wastewater in Fixed-Bed
Fresh paunch manure can be composted Reactors. in: Bioresource Technology No.
if it is sufficiently dewatered (dry matter 41, pp. 201-207. Elsevier Science
content >20%). Process temperatures of Publishers. London, UK, 1992.
>70C during composting allow [8] Verink, J.: Short Term Mission to
hygenisation of the waste, after 6-7 weeks, Jamaica. SRC-TBW-GTZ. Frankfurt,
the produced compost is ready to use. If Germany, 1993.
the rumen contents is pretreated [9] Zimmermann, C.: Treatment of Wastes
anaerobically, composting time will be and Feasibility of Biogas Production in
Slaughterhouses. Biogas Forum No. 42.
reduced by 1 to 2 weeks, maximum
Bremen Overseas Research and
process temperatures will decrease, but Development Association (BORDA),
should still be sufficient for hygienisation. Bremen, Germany, 1990.
The solid waste fractions generated in a
slaughterhouse (rumen contents, feed
6.1 Useful Links
leftovers (Grass), faeces and rumen liquid)
can also be composted jointly. http://www.iwap.co.uk
International Water Association (IWA)

11
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e

Publications: Recent publications on wide 6.2 Institutions and Organisations


variety of water-related issues.
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, German
http://www.ias.unu.edu/proceedings/icibs/
Appropriate Technology Exchange GATE
riggle/
Information Service
Institute of Advanced Studies, United Nations
P.O. Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
University: Prodceedings of Internet
Phone: ++49 (0)6196 / 79-3094
Conference on Integrated Bio-Systems.
Fax: ++49 (0)6196 / 79-7352
Field of interest: Integrated bio-systems for
Email: gate-id@gtz.de
treatment and utilisation of food
Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
industrial/municipal organic solid wastes and
wastewaters.
Naturgerechte Technologien, Bau- und
Wirtschaftsberatung (TBW) GmbH
http://www.fao.org/sd/EGdirect/EGre0015.htm
Baumweg 10, 60316 Frankfurt, Germany
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the
Phone: ++49 (0)69 / 943507-0
United Nations (FAO), Energy for
Fax: ++49 (0)69 / 943507-11
Development section of Sustainable
Email: tbw@tbw-frankfurt.com
Development Department (SD): Report from
Internet: http://www.anaerob.com
Working Group on Environmental Aspects of
Anaerobic Treatments (Workshop on
Anaerobic Conversion for Environmental Food and Agriculture Organisation of the
Protection, Sanitation and Re-use of Residues) United Nations (FAO)
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome,
http://www.fao.or.th/News_and_Highlights/Biog Italy
as/biogas.htm Tel.: ++39 (0)657051
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the Fax: ++39 (0)657053152
United Nations (FAO), Office for Asia and the Internet: http://www.fao.org/
Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand: Biogas for abattoir
wastes. Plant example for anaerobic treatment University of Agricultural Sciences,
of slaughterhouse waste in Phitsanulok, Institute for Agrobiotechnology,
Thailand. Department of Environmental
Biotechnology
http://www.cepis.org.pe Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse, A-3430 Tullin, Austria
http://www.cepis.org.pe/eswww/fulltext/anaero (systematic pilot plant investigations with
bi.html slaughterhouse wastes)
Centro Panamericano de Ingeniera Sanitaria y
Ciencias del Ambiente (CEPIS) Environmental
technology centre of Panamerican health
organisation (Organizacin Panamericana de
la Salud). Papers about different aspects of
anaerobic wastewater treatment.

http://www.biogas.ch/f+e/hygiene.htm
Swiss Biogas Forum. Comprehensive
overview of Swiss biogas plants (in
operation/under construction).

http://ce.www.ecn.purdue.edu/~alleman/w3-
piwc/webpapers.html/#B8
Civil Engineering, Purdue University (USA);
Technical Papers of 1997 Purdue Industrial
Waste Conference. (Field of Animal and Dairy
Wastes: Anaerobic Sequencing Batch
Reactor Treatment of Beef Slaughterhouse
Wastewater).

12
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp

Você também pode gostar