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Anaerobic treatment of
Technical Field:
Energy / Environment (E)
Water / Sanitation (W)
manure have to be considered for hygienic fuel consumption for processing needs
reasons. (e.g. drying, evaporation) and
methane (CH4) emissions from manure
Blood and untreated organic waste and
The amount of blood also depends on the wastewater.
species of slaughtered animals and their Fuel consumption should be minimised by
live weight. Blood contains a large amount means of heat conservation or combined
of protein and is too valuable to be heat-and-power appliances if applicable.
discharged into the sewerage system. It is A commonly applied treatment technology
utilised as a raw material for blood meal, e.g. consists of anaerobic lagoons that
fibrin or blood serum, blood meal being reduce the nutrient content of the waste,
used as fertiliser or animal feed. However, but at the same time produce methane as
anaerobic digestion may a good reuse by-product. In existing abattoirs, a strategy
alternative for the blood, not least in times needs to be adopted to reduce the
of BSE (mad cow disease), utilising the emission of ozone-depleting gases. To
contained energy for electricity or heat minimise the emission of CH4 due to
production. (uncontrolled) disposal of untreated waste,
recycling and re-use strategies for the
1.1.3 Non-process wastes organic waste as well as sufficient storage
Non-process wastes originate from capacity should be established in addition
kitchens and offices, dispersed or uneaten to further treatment options.
feed and from general maintenance of
gardens and plant surroundings. The need
2 Waste minimisation options
for prevention, reduction and separation
for recycling or composting applies to Prior to any planning step being taken with
these wastes as much as to process respect to treatment systems, there should
wastes. Provided that they are suitable be a comprehensive examination of
substrates, they can be integrated into the process by-products and wastes to identify
respective slaughterhouse waste options for waste minimisation. Re-use or
treatment facilities. recycling of by-products will often reduce
the total waste production, sometimes a
1.2 Further environmental problems substitution or change of raw material may
encountered in slaughterhouses lead to changes in the process,
contributing to waste minimisation. The
1.2.1 Epidemic precautions recovery of valuable materials from waste
A mass animal disposal area must be streams will in most cases be both
identified in case there is an outbreak of economically and environmentally
epidemic. This area should be located at a sensible.
sufficient distance from surface water Some general waste minimisation options
bodies and be designed in a way that to be considered during the planning
reduces the risk of infection via ground stages are:
water courses to a minimum, eventually change of processes or equipment;
realised by a sealed surface. The soil change of packaging of products;
should be suitably loose to allow digging improvement of process control;
but also be as impermeable as possible improvement of material handling and
(e.g. clay layer). cleaning operations;
improvement of maintenance and repair
1.2.2 Greenhouse gases of equipment;
Greenhouse gas emissions from process-internal recycling of waste ;
slaughterhouses can result from two main on-site re-utilisation of waste;
sources: recovery of materials from waste
streams.
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gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
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Technical Information W5e
3 Treatment of slaughterhouse
However, waste minimisation options in wastewater and waste
slaughterhouses are rather limited, at least
speaking of solid wastes such as feed Once waste streams, process operations,
leftovers, paunch and other manure. As raw materials, fuel supplies and product
the cattle owners are usually responsible ranges have been identified, storage and
for fodder provision and animal care, the handling methods for materials as well as
only organisational measure that can be ways of separation, treatment and
taken is to shorten the time between disposal of wastes have to be focussed.
animal reception and the actual The chosen measures and processes
slaughtering date. should aim at minimising the potential for
air, water and ground pollution and
contamination. Fig. 1 illustrates an
example with separate treatment of liquid
and solid waste fractions.
Anaerobic (or combined anaerobic-
aerobic) treatment technology may provide
highly appropriate solutions for
slaughterhouse waste management.
Straw, dung
Vehicle
Excrement
cleaning/
and urine
sheds
Screenings
Fat/
Slaughtering
Flotation Composting Fertiliser
wastewater
tailings
Slaughtering Blood
Slaughter waste,
Animal Usable
slaughter byproducts
carcass plant products
and confiscates
Pressed solids
Bristles, claws
and bones
Anaerobic
Separation
treatment
Process step
Tripery wastewater Press water
Matter
Tripery Press water
Pressed solids
Fig. 1: Slaughterhouse waste and wastewater streams with recycling and reuse possibilities:
example with separate anaerobic treatment of liquid and solid waste fractions.
(Source: TBW, modified after Schuchardt, Tritt: Institute for Technology (FAL), Germany)
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gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e
3.1 Wastewater
For the treatment of slaughterhouse
effluent/wastewater, the following systems
are most commonly used:
anaerobic reactors;
facultative ponds;
mechanically forced aerated ponds;
package treatment plants.
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gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e
to 75% with a biogas yield of pond for conversion to solid waste for
approximately 0.3 m/kg CODdegraded. potential recycling.
Facilities for effective mechanical primary Depending on strategies and local
treatment prior to secondary treatment possibilities concerning reuse of the
steps will increase the overall recycled products (treated wastewater for
effectiveness and efficiency of wastewater irrigation purposes, digested sludge/
treatment systems: physical removal of fat compost for fertilising/soil conditioning
(grease trap, flotation) and solids (screen, purposes), aerobic ponds or composting
grid, sedimentation) is more economic plants may be necessary or advisable as
than the application of elaborate post-treatment.
secondary and tertiary treatment steps.
Fig. 4 shows an example for waste and 3.2 Manure
wastewater treatment of the above
mentioned slaughterhouse in Jakarta, 3.2.1 Paunch manure
Indonesia (see also chapter 5.3). Paunch manure is the most difficult
If wastewaters from different points of material for anaerobic treatment in
origin are treated jointly, a treatment step slaughterhouses because of its strong
for equalisation and/or homogenisation tendency to form heavy scum layers. If it is
may be advisable due to the very different mixed with wastewater for anaerobic
composition of wastewater streams in a treatment, process design therefore has to
slaughterhouse. When mixing different take care that the process requirements
wastewater streams, a suitable nutrient either for liquid or solid substrates are met.
composition for anaerobic degradation Basically, there are three different
processes has to be ensured; the C/N- possibilities for paunch manure treatment:
ratio of the substrate to be digested should - Anaerobic treatment in batch systems
lie in the range of 20-40. - Anaerobic treatment in continuous
The highly saline effluent from drying systems
sheds (see chapter 1.1.2) should be
separated and diverted to an evaporation
Wastewater Rumen content Faeces Feed leftovers
Dewatering
tank
Rumen liquid Rumen contents
Screen
Screenings
Grid
Sludge water
Equalisation tank
Compost
Trickling filter
processing
Cogeneration unit
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gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e
11
gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp
Technical Information W5e
http://www.biogas.ch/f+e/hygiene.htm
Swiss Biogas Forum. Comprehensive
overview of Swiss biogas plants (in
operation/under construction).
http://ce.www.ecn.purdue.edu/~alleman/w3-
piwc/webpapers.html/#B8
Civil Engineering, Purdue University (USA);
Technical Papers of 1997 Purdue Industrial
Waste Conference. (Field of Animal and Dairy
Wastes: Anaerobic Sequencing Batch
Reactor Treatment of Beef Slaughterhouse
Wastewater).
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gate Information Service / gtz, PO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)6196 / 79-3094, Fax: +49 (0)6196 / 79-7352, Email: gate-id@gtz.de, Internet: http://www.gtz.de/gate/gateid.afp