Lecture-7 Prepared under

QIP-CD Cell Project

Jet Propulsion

Ujjwal K Saha, Ph. D.

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
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Thrust Augmentation
Water Injection
Afterburning

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Thrust from an existing engine
Raising FPR: Additional Fan Stage, Addl. Weight.
Addl. turbine stage with further power extraction
Raising CPR : High RPM of compressor or additional
compressor stage.
Raising BPR : Diameter increases, weight increases
Addl. power extraction in turbine.
Ground clearance decreases.
Raising TIT : Redesign of blades especially at the inlet.
Improved cooling method.
TIT BPR
F F
CPR CPR
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Thrust Augmentation: (increase of F )

Two alternatives :
TIT (TO3)
Increase of Redesign
m a
Temporal increase of Thrust:
Take-off
Climb
Acceleration (From M<1 to M>1)
Combat maneuvers
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Schemes:
1) Liquid injection
2) Afterburning

Liquid Injection: Used to raise the take-off thrust.

* water is sprayed into the compressor inlet.
* compressor inlet temperature reduced.

Evaporation of water droplets

Extraction of heat from the airflow.
Cooling of the airflow density
mass flow

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General Practice :
Water + Methanol
Lowers the freezing point of water
Burns as it reaches the Combustor
Turbine inlet temperature is restored
Power is restored
(without fuel flow adjustment)

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Penalty :
1) System makes the engine very heavy
2) Compressor blade erosion (when the system is
activated), Compressor stall.
3) Methanol and jet fuel have different burning
characteristics.
(B )alcohol = 0.5 (B ) jet fuel
Water/ Air Ratio:
1 lb - 100 lb (0.454 kg to 45 kg)
5 lb - 100 lb (2.25 kg to 45 kg)

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 Attractive features :
On a hot day
* Power can be Restored (at high H)
* Power can be Boosted (10 to 30%)

Power Rating :
Wet Thrust (injection ON)
Dry Thrust (injection OFF)
.
Compressor inlet
Water injection
Compressor diffuser case

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 ALLISON J33
TURBOJET ENGINE

SPECIFICATIONS
Compressor: Single-stage centrifugal
Turbine: Single axial
Weight: 1,795 lbs.
Thrust: 4,600 lbs. (5,400 lbs. with water/alcohol injection)
Maximum RPM: 11,750
Maximum Operating Altitude: 47,000 ft.
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Afterburning : Reheat

to augment thrust during

take-off
climb
combat performance
From a Frontal area
Increased High
power larger Weight
engine SFC

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 Method :

Burning Turbine and

of fuel in jet pipe propelling nozzle

Effected by unburnt O2 of exhaust gas

Temperature Velocity of jet F increases

increase increases

2000 K
JP
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F 100 229

F 110 129
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13
Design : Flame concentration along the axis
Turbine discharges gas along the wall.
Typically, the Mach number at the Turbine exit, M = 0.50
Diffuser to reduce the Mach No. from M = 0.25 to M=0.30

Nozzle : Variable Area

Large to suit change in
Two Position
density resulting from large
change in temperature

Due to high T Area increase to suit the increase

density in volume of gas stream

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Comparison :
Engine 1: AB OFF
Engine 2: Without AB
Less efficiency
Pressure loss due to
presence of burner &
stabilizing devices
Added restriction in the
jet pipe
Also high overall weight

AB Increases high SFC

Limited for short period
Additional Fuel added for required temp. ratio
Noisy exhaust (objectionable)
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AB also used in Turbofan engines

Mixed Type Non-Mixed Type

The exact increase in thrust depends upon

Maximum AB Temperature
Bypass Ratio
Type of Stream/Streams
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Applications: PW 100 (Mixed Flow Turbofan)

GE J79 Turbojet Engine (Variable Area Nozzle)

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Applications: Olympus engine (Concorde) M= 0.9 to 1.4

15-20% increase in take-off F

Dry Thrust = 139.4 kN; Afterburning = 169.2 kN

Objectionable :
Noisy Exhaust
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AB incurs an increase of SFC
Operated for short duration

AB
Altitude

w/ o
AB
th
wi

Time saved

Time

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 before N
6
T
Reheat
3 7

before N
2 4

5
1

S
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21
 Summary
o Thrust from an existing engine
o Increase of Thrust for short duration
Water Injection, Afterburning
o Afterburning (Turbojet, Turbofan)

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 References
1. Hill, P.G., and Peterson, C.R., (1992), Mechanics and
Thermodynamics of Propulsion, Addison Wesley.
2. Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H, Rogers, G.F.C, and. Cohen, H, (2001), Gas
Turbine Theory, Pearson Education.
3. Oates, G.C., (1988), Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbine and Rocket
Propulsion, AIAA, New York.
4. Mattingly, J.D., (1996), Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion, McGraw
Hill.
5. Cumpsty, N.A., (2000), Jet Propulsion, Cambridge University Press.
6. Bathie, W.W., (1996), Fundamentals of Gas Turbines, John Wiley.
7. Treager, I.E., (1997), Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Technology, Tata
McGraw Hill.
8. Anderson, J. D. Jr., (2000), Introduction to Flight, 4th Edition, McGraw
Hill.
9. M.J.L.Turner, (2000), Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion, Springer.
10. Sutton, G.P. and Biblarz, O., (2001), Rocket Propulsion Elements,
John Wiley & Sons.
11. Zucrow, M.J., (1958), Aircraft and Missile Propulsion, Vol. II, John
Wiley.
12. Barrere, M., Jaumotte, A., Veubeke, B., and Vandenkerckhove, J.,
(1960), Rocket Propulsion, Elsevier.
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 Web Resources
1. http://www.soton.ac.uk/~genesis
2. http://www.howstuffworks.co
3. http://www.pwc.ca/
4. http://rolls-royce.com
5. http://www.ge.com/aircraftengines/
6. http://www.ae.gatech.edu
7. http://www.ueet.nasa.gov/Engines101.html
8. http://www.aero.hq.nasa.gov/edu/index.html
9. http://home.swipnet.se/~w65189/transport_aircraft
10. http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/
11. http://www2.janes.com/WW/www_results.jsp
12. http://www.allison.com/
13. http://wings.ucdavis.edu/Book/Propulsion
14. http://www.pilotfriend.com/
15. http://www.aerospaceweb.org/design/aerospike
16. http://www.grc.nasa.gov
17. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History
18. http://membres.lycos.fr/bailliez/aerospace/engine
19. http://people.bath.ac.uk/en2jyhs/types.htm
20. http://roger.ecn.purdue.edu/~propulsi/propulsion/rockets
21. http://www.waynesthisandthat.com/ep2.htm
22. http://www.answers.com/main
23. http://www.astronautix.com
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