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These permit a change in direction of piping, a change in size of pipe, or a

branch to be made from the main run of pipe. These are Elbows, Tees,
Reducers, Caps. They are formed from plate or pipe, machined from forged
blanks, cast, or molded from plastics. Piping
Screwed or socket-welding forged steel fittings are rated to the nominal cold Drawings
non-shock working pressure of 2000, 3000 and 6000# (PSI). Piping
Branching Isometrics
There are different methods of branching. These are done by Stub-In, P&I Diagrams
Weldolet, Elbolet, Latrolet, Sweepolet, Cross, Lateral, Shaped Nipple, 2D Piping
Nipples. 3D Piping
Tees Models
Butt Weld Tee : Straight and reducing :These are used for making 90 Deg
branching from the main run of pipe. Straight tees with branch same size as LISP Training
pipe are readily available. Reducing tees have branch smaller than the size of Piping Training
the pipe. These do not require reinforcing.
Stub In : It is the term for a branch of pipe welded directly into the side of a Design Info
main pipe run. It is not a fitting. This is the commonest and least expensive Tubular
method of welding a full size or reducing branch for pipe 50 mm NB and Exchanger
larger. A stub in can be reinforced. Agitator /
Weldolet : It makes a 90 degree branch, full size or reducing on straight pipe. Mixer
Closer manifolding is possible than with tees. Flat based weldolets are
available for connecting to pipe caps and vessel heads. Design &
Elbolet : It makes a reducing tangent branch on long radius and short radius Drawings
elbows. Tubular
Latrolet : It makes a 45 degree reducing branch on a straight pipe. Exchanger
Sweepolet : It makes a 90 deg reducing branch from the main run of pipe. Agitator /
Primarily developed for high yield pipe used in Oil & Gas transmission lines. Mixer
Provides good flow pattern, and optimum stress distribution. Zero Hold up
Cross Straight or Reducing : Straight crosses are usually stock items. Filter
Reducing crosses may not be readily available. For economy, availability and Process Vessel
to minimize the number of items in inventory, it is preferred to use tees etc., Jib Crane
and not crosses, except where space is restricted, as in marine piping or
revamp work. Reinforcement is not needed for these. About Me
Lateral Straight or Reducing : It permits odd-angled entry into the run of My Resume
the pipe, where low resistance to flow is important. Straight laterals with Contact Me
branch bore equal to run bore are available in standard and XS weights.
Reducing laterals and laterals at angles other than 45 degrees are usually Cross Country
available only to special order. Reinforcement is required where it is Piping
necessary to restore the strength of the joint, to the full strength of the pipe.
Nipples : These join unions, valves, strainers, fittings etc. Basically a short
length of pipe either fully threaded (close nipple) or threaded both ends
(TBE), or plain one end and threaded one end (PEO-TOE). Available in
various lengths. Nipples can have grooved ends also.
Shaped Nipple : These are rarely used, but can be used for 90 deg and 45 deg
or any other angle. The run is field cut using nipple as template. It needs
reinforcement if it is necessary to bring the strength of the joint up to the full
strength of the pipe.
Pipe to pipe connector : These are used to join threaded pipe to tube. Tube is
flared inside the nut.
Tank Nipple : It is used for making a screwed connection to a non pressure
vessel or tank in low pressure service. Overall length is usually 150 mm with
a standard taper pipe thread at each end. On one end only, the taper pipe
thread runs into a ANSI lock nut thread.
Elbows
These are of following types. Long Radius and Short Radius Elbows,
Reducing Elbows, Long Radius Tangent Elbow, Returns, Bends, Mitered
Elbows.
Long Radius and Short Radius Elbows : These make 90 degree and 45
degree changes in direction of the run of pipe. The elbows normally used are
Long Radius (LR) with centerline radius of curvature equal to 1.5 times the
nominal pipe size for 20 NB and larger sizes. Short Radius (SR) elbows with
centerline radius of curvature equal to the nominal pipe size are also
available. 90 deg long radius elbows with a straight extension at one end
(Long Tangent) are also available.
Reducing Elbows : These are designed both to change direction and reduce
pipe size. These have centerline radius of 1.5 times the nominal size of larger
end. Their use eliminates one fitting (reducer) and reduces welding by one
third. The gradual reduction in diameter through the arc of reducing elbow
provides maximum flow efficiently, reduces turbulence and erosion and helps
in maintaining pressure.
Long Radius Tangent Elbow : These are special elbows that provide a
straight length at the end to accommodate a slip on flange.
Return : It changes the flow of direction in 180 deg and is used to make
heating coils, vents on tanks etc.
Bends : These are made from straight pipe. Common bending radii are 3 and
5 times the pipe size. Larger radius bends can be made by hot bending. Only
seamless or ERW pipe is used for bends.
Mitered Elbows : These are fabricated as required from the pipe and these
are not fittings. The miters are used for pipes 200 NB and larger where
pressure drop is not important and where the regular elbows are costlier. A 2-
piece 90 deg miter has 4 to 6 times hydraulic resistance of the corresponding
long radius elbow. A 3-piece 90 deg miter has about double the resistance. 3,
4 and 5-piece miters are normally used.
Reducers
Reducers are used to change the size of the pipeline. These are of two types.
Concentric Reducers : The centerline of inlet and outlet is at same level. It is
generally used in vertical pipes.
Eccentric Reducers : The eccentric reducer is used when it is necessary to
keep either the top or bottom of the line level. These are used with flat side up
or down. Flat side down is used in horizontal pipes. Flat side up is used for
pump suction line.
 Swage
These are of three types. Concentric, eccentric and ventury type. Swage is
used to connect butt welded piping to smaller screwed or socket welded pipe.
In butt weld pipes it is used when greater reduction is required. Swages are of
three types.
Concentric Swage : The centerline of inlet and outlet is at same level. It is
generally used in vertical pipes.
Eccentric Swage : The eccentric swage is used when it is necessary to keep
either the top or bottom of the line level. These are used with flat side up or
down. Flat side down is used in horizontal pipes. Flat side up is used for
pump suction line.
Ventury : Ventury type swage gives a smooth flow.
Cap
Caps are used to seal the end of pipe. These are ellipsoidal in nature.
Flat Closure : These are flat plates normally cut from pipe at site.
Dished Heads : These are used for large diameter pipes.
Socket Weld Fittings
Full Coupling : It is also termed as coupling and it joins pipe to pipe, or to
nipple, swage etc.
Half Coupling : It is used to make side branching on large diameter pipes or
vessels. It is of the same length of full coupling but has socket weld end on
only one side. Shaping is necessary for the end.
Reducer : It joins two pipes with different diameters.
Cross : These are used in exceptional cases where two tees cannot be fitted.
Mostly used in marine piping or during modifications.
Sockolet : It makes a 90 degree branch, full size or reducing on a straight
pipe.
Elbolet : It makes a reducing tangent branch on elbows.
Swaged Nipple : It is similar to swage. These can allow two types of joining.
Socket ended items of different sizes which has plain ends on either sides for
insertion into socket ends. A socket ended item to a larger butt welding pipe
or fitting. This type has larger butt-weld end and smaller socket weld end.
Elbows : These change pipe direction in 90 deg and 45 deg from the run of
the pipe. The ends are socket weld type.

Latrolet : It makes a 45 degree reducing branch on straight pipe.

Nipolet : A varient of sockolet, having integral plain nipples.
Primarily developed for small valved connections.
Stub In : Not recommended for pipes with diameter less than 50 mm,
due to risk of weld material entering line and restricting flow.
Lateral : It makes full size 45 degree branch from the main run of the
pipe.

Screwed Fittings
Full Coupling : It is also termed as coupling and it joins pipe or items to with
threaded ends.
Half Coupling : It is used to make 90 deg screwed connections for pipes to
instruments, or for vessel nozzles. Welding heat may cause embrittlement of
the threads of this short fitting.
Reducer or reducing coupling : It joins threaded pipes with different
diameters. Can be made in any reduction by boring and tapping standard
forged blanks.
Cross : These are used in exceptional cases where two tees cannot be fitted.
Mostly used in marine piping or during modifications.
Threadolet : It makes a 90 deg branch, full size or reducing on a straight
pipe.
Elbolet : It makes a reducing tangent branch on elbows.
Nipples : These join unions, valves, strainers, fittings etc., Basically a short
length pipe with that have screwed ends.
Swaged Nipple : It is similar to swage. These can allow two types of joining.
Screwed items of different sizes which has screwed ends on either sides. A
screwed item to a larger butt welding pipe or fitting or vice versa.
Elbows : These change pipe direction in 90 deg and 45 deg from the run of
the pipe. The ends are threaded internally.
Flange : This is similar to slip on flange, but has internal threads.
Latrolet : It makes a 45 deg reducing branch on straight pipe. It is welded on
pipe.
Nipolet : A variant of threadolet, having integral plain nipples. Primarily
developed for small valved connections.
Stub In : Not recommended for pipes with diameter less than 50 mm, due to
risk of weld material entering line and restricting flow.
Bar Stock Plug : It seals the screwed end of a fitting. Also termed as round
head plug.
Flanges
These are of following types. Weld Neck, Slip On, Reducing, Lap Joint and
Blind.
Flange Facing : Many facings for flanges are offered by manufacturers,
including various tongue and groove types which must be used in pairs.
However only four types of facing are widely used. The raised face is used for
80% of all flanges. The ring-joint facing, employed with either an oval-
section or octagon section gasket, is used mainly in Petrochemical Industry.
The four types of faces are as follows:
Raised Face : It has a raised face with serration on it to hold the gasket firmly
in position. This is widely used.
Flat Face : Most common uses are for mating with non-steel flanges on
bodies of pumps, valves etc. and for mating with 125# cast-iron valves and
fittings. A full size gasket is used to avoid breaking of the flange while
tightening.
Ring Joint Facing : It is more expensive facing and used in pairs for high
temperature and high pressure service. Both flanges of the pair are alike.
Lap Joint Facing : It has special curvature for accommodating stub end. The
combination of flange and stub-end presents similar geometry to the raised
face flange and can be used where bending stresses will not occur. This is
used for SS pipes, where stub-end is made of SS pipe and flange is made of
Carbon Steel.
Flange faces are usually finished by machining to produce a spiral round-
bottomed groove, or a V shaped spiral or concentric groove, termed as
serrated finish. Smooth finish is generally made to order. Serrated finish is
used with asbestos and other gaskets. The regular smooth finish is used with
gaskets made from harder materials and with spiral wound gaskets.
Flange Finishes : The term finish refers to the type of surface texture
produced by machining the flange face which contracts the gasket. Two
principal finish types are serrated and smooth.
Weld Neck Flange, Regular and Long : Regular welding neck flanges are
used with butt-welding fittings. Long welding neck flanges are primarily used
for vessel and equipment nozzles, rarely for pipe. These are suitable where
extreme temperatures, shear, impact and vibratory stresses apply. Regularity
of bore is maintained in this.
Slip On Flange : It is properly used to flange pipe. Slip-on flanges can be
used with long-tangent elbows, reducers, and swages. The internal weld is
slightly more subject to corrosion than butt-weld. The flange has poor
resistance to shock and vibration. It introduces irregularity in the bore. It is
cheaper to buy than weld neck flange, but costlier to assemble. It is easier to
align than welding neck flange. Calculated strengths under internal pressure
are about one third that of corresponding welding neck flange. Pipe or fitting
is set back from the face of flange a distance equal to wall thickness.
Reducing Flange : It is suitable for changing size, but should not be used if
abrupt transition would create turbulence, as at pump connections. Available
to order in weld neck type and from stock in slip-on types.
Expander Flange : It is similar to weld neck but increases pipe size to first or
second larger size. It is alternative to using reducer and welding neck flange.
Useful for connecting to valves, compressors, and pumps. Pressure ratings
and dimensions are in accord with ANSI B16.5.
Lap Joint Flange : It is economical if costly pipe such as stainless steel is
used, as the flange can be carbon steel and only the lap joint stub end need be
of line material. A stub end must be used in a lap joint, and the cost of two
items must be considered. Useful where alignment of bolt holes is difficult,
such as with spools to be attached to flanged nozzles of vessels.
Blind Flange : It is used to blind off a flange, generally at the end of pipe.
This provides an easy to open end for further running of the pipe.
Bolt Holes in Flanges are equally spaced. Specifying the number of holes,
diameter of bolt circle and hole size sets the bolting configuration. Number of
bolts and size of bolts depends on rating of the flange.
Gaskets : These are used to make a fluid-resistant seal between two surfaces.
The common gasket patterns for pipe flanges are full-face and ring type, for
use with flat-faced and raised face flanges respectively. Widely used materials
for gaskets are compressed asbestos (2 and 5 mm thick) and asbestos filled
metal. The filled metal gasket is especially useful if maintenance requires
repeated uncoupling of flanges, as gasket separates clean and is often reused.
Bolts for flanges : Two types of bolting is available, stud bolt using two nuts
and the machine bolt using one nut. Stud bolts have largely displaced regular
bolts for bolting flanged piping joints, as stud bolt can be removed easily,
confusion with other bolts at site is avoided, the odd sized can be readily
made from round stock.

SOCKET WELD / SCREWED FITTINGS FOR 20 mm NB

PIPE
SOCKET WELD / SCREWED FITTINGS FOR 25 mm NB
PIPE
SOCKET WELD / SCREWED FITTINGS FOR 40 mm NB
PIPE
SOCKET WELD / SCREWED FITTINGS FOR 50 mm NB
PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 40 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 50 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 65 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 80 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 100 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 125 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 150 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 200 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 250 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 300 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 350 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 400 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 450 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 500 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 600 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 750 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 900 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 1000 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 1200 mm NB PIPE
BUTT WELD FITTINGS FOR 1500 mm NB PIPE
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