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CHEMISTRY SSC-I CHAPTER-04 interaction is called hydrogen bonding.

Oxygen,
STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES nitrogen or fluorine makes hydrogen very electron-
deficient. Thus interaction of such a highly electron
LECTURE# 4
deficient hydrogen and lone pair on a nearby
Q: WHAT ARE INTERMOLECULAR electronegative atom compensates for the
FORCES AND THEIR TYPES? deficiency.

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES: As discussed


earlier, the forces that hold atoms in a compound are
chemical bonds. In addition to these strong bonding
forces,relatively weak forces also exist in between
the molecules, which are called intermolecular
forces.

Non-Polar Covalent Bond:When two identical Hydrogen bonding in water


atoms share electron pairs, both the atoms exert
Application of Hydrogen Bonding
same force on the shared electron pairs. Such a
covalent bond is called non-polar covalent bond. These intermolecular forces are extremely
For example, bond in H-H, O = O, N N important in determining properties of water,
biological molecules, such as proteins, DNA etc and
Polar Covalent Bonds:when two different atoms
synthetic materials such as glue, paints, resins etc.
share electron pair, both the atoms exert different
The adhesive action of paints and dyes is developed
forces on the shared electron pair. More
due to hydrogen bonding. Synthetic resins bind two
electronegative atom pulls shared electrons pairs
surfaces together by hydrogen bonding or dipole-
with greater force then the other. So more
dipole interactions.
electronegative atom partially draws electron
density toward itself. This makes it partially NATURE OF BONDING AND PROPERTIES
negatively charged and other atom partially
positively charged. Such a covalent bond is called Compounds that consist of ions joined by
polar covalent bond. The forces of attraction thus electrostatic forces are called ionic compounds. At
created between the molecules are called room temperature most of the ionic compounds are
intermolecular forces. For example, crystalline solids.

H + - Cl- , H +- O - etc.
-

H +

Dipole-Dipole interactions : When a slightly


negative end of polar molecule is weakly attracted
to the slightly positive end of another molecule.
Such attracting forces are called dipole-dipole
interactions. Note that both NaCl and CsCl form colorless cubic
crystals. Each Na+ ion is surrounded by six Cl-
ions and each Cl- ion is surrounded by six Na+
ions. Internal structure of CsCl is different from
NaCl. In CsCl each Cs+ ion is surrounded by eight
Cl-ions and each Cl- ion is surrounded by eight Cs+
ions. Thus in crystals each ion is attracted strongly
Hydrogen Bondng: to each of its neighbours. The large attracting forces
The interaction of a highly electron deficient result in a very stable structure. So ionic compounds
hydrogen and lone pair on a nearby highly have high melting points.
electronegative atom such as N, O or F is called For example, melting point of NaCl is 801oC.
hydrogen bond. This phenomenon is called
hydrogen bonding. When melted ionic compounds conduct electricity,
thatNaCl melts and the Na+ and Cl- ions are free to
Molecules in which hydrogen is covalently bonded move throughout the molten salt. When voltage is
to a very electronegative atom such as oxygen, applied, Na+ ions move towards negative electrode.
nitrogen or fluorine is also weakly bonded to a lone At the same time, Cl- ions move towards positive
pair of electron of another electronegative atom. electrode. This movement of ions inside a cell is
This other atom may occur in the same molecule or responsible for flow of electricity between the
in a nearby molecule. This intermolecular electrodes in the external wire.

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