2016 10 17 ICSG Factbook 2016 PDF

The World Copper Factbook 2016
ThecurrentmembersofICSGare:
AboutICSG
Australia Japan
Belgium Luxembourg
TheInternationalCopperStudyGroup(ICSG)wasformallyestablished Brazil Mexico
as an autonomous intergovernmental organization on 23 January
Chile Peru
1992,followingaseriesofAdHocmeetingssponsoredbytheUnited
China Poland
Nations (UNCTAD) in 1986 and 1987 to review the world situation of
European
copperanddiscusstheneedforsuchabody.ICSGservestoincrease Portugal
Union
copper market transparency and promote international discussions
Finland RussianFederation
andcooperationonissuesrelatedtocopper.
France Serbia
In order to fulfill its mandate, the Study Group has three main Germany Spain
objectives: Greece Sweden
India UnitedStates
Increase market transparency by promoting an exchange of
Iran Zambia
informationonproduction,consumption,stocks,trade,andprices
Italy
of copper, by forecasting production and consumption, and by

assessing the present and future capacities of copper mines,
plants,smeltersandrefineries. As part of its mandate to provide a global forum where industry and
Promoteinternationalcooperationonmattersrelatedtocopper, governmentscanmeetanddiscusscommonproblemsandobjectives,
such as health and the environment, research, technology ICSGmeetingsareheldtwiceperyear,typicallyintheSpringandFall
transfer,regulationsandtrade. at ICSG Headquarters in Lisbon, Portugal. The meetings of the Study
Provideaglobalforumwhereindustryandgovernmentscanmeet Groupareopentogovernmentmembers,theirindustryadvisorsand
and discuss common problems/objectives. The ICSG is the only invitedobservers.
intergovernmentforumsolelydedicatedtocopper.

International Copper Study Group ii

ICSGOfficersandSecretariat
INTERNATIONAL COPPER STUDY GROUP OFFICERS FOR 2016 STATISTICAL COMMITTEE
Chairman Mr Sergio Hernandez (Chile)

Chairman Mr Mark Brininstool (U.S.A.)
Vice-Chairman Mr Li Yusheng (China)
Vice-Chairman Ms Manuela Ramirez (Spain)
Vice-Chairman Ms Cao Mingyue (China)
STANDING COMMITTEE
INDUSTRY ADVISORY PANEL
Chairman Mr Salim Bhabhrawala (U.S.A.)
Vice-Chairman Ms Yoriko Akashi (Japan) Chairman Mr Mark Loveitt (IWCC)
Finance Committee Chairman Mr Henrique Santos (Portugal)
SECRETARIAT
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC COMMITTEE
Secretary-General Mr Don Smale
Chairman Mr Piotr Krawczyk (Poland) Director of Market Research and Statistics Ms Ana Rebelo
Vice-Chairman Mr K D Diwan (India) Director of Economics and Environment Mr Carlos Risopatron
Manager of Statistical Analysis Mr Shairaz Ahmed
Secretary Ms Fatima Cascalho

Contacts: AcknowledgementsandCopyright:
InternationalCopperStudyGroup ICSG would like to thank the International Wrought Copper Council, the
RuaAlmiranteBarroso,386 International Copper Association, the Copper Development Association,
1000013Lisbon,Portugal the European Copper Institute, the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S.
Tel:+351213513870 National Park Service, the British Museum and Mr Luis Hernn Herreros
Fax:+351213524035 InfantefortheircontributionstotheFactbook.
email:mail@icsg.org
website:www.icsg.org TheInternationalCopperStudyGroup'sWorldCopperFactbook2016is
publishedbytheICSG.
International Copper Study Group ii

ICSGPublications DIRECTORY OF COPPER & COPPER ALLOY FABRICATORS (FIRST USE).

This directory provides a global overview of companies and plants
COPPERBULLETIN(monthly).TheICSGCopperBulletinincludesannual involvedinthefirstuseofcopper.
andmonthlystatisticsoncopperandcopperproducts,theirproduction, MARKET STUDY: FABRICATION AND COPPER USE IN INDIAN
usage and trade by country, as well as stocks and exchange prices, SUBCONTINENT, ASEAN AND OCEANIA (2015). A study focusing on
providing a global view of supply and demand. Subscribers to the providing a complete picture of fabrication and copper use in Indian
Copper Bulletin receive the Yearbook as part of their annual Subcontinent,ASEANandOceania.
subscription. MARKETSTUDY:FABRICATIONANDCOPPERUSEINTHEMIDDLEEAST
ICSG STATISTICAL YEARBOOK. The ICSG Copper Bulletin yearbook AND NORTH AFRICA (2014). A study focusing on providing a complete
includes annual statistics on copper and copper products, their pictureoffabricationandcopperuseintheMiddleEast,EgyptandIndia.
production,usageandtradebycountry,aswellasstocksandexchange SURVEY OF BRASS MILLS, COPPER PRODUCTS AND FOUNDRIES IN
prices, providing a global view of supply and demand for the past 10 CHINA (2014). The survey provides a detailed overview of Chinas
years. The Yearbook serves as a useful tool for consultations and industrial use of refined copper and scrap in the brass mills and
analysis on the longer term evolution of world copper production, foundriessectors.
usage,stocksandprices.SubscriberstotheCopperBulletinreceivethe COPPER AND COPPER ALLOY SCRAP SUPPLY SURVEY IN EU27 (2013).
Yearbookaspartoftheirannualsubscription. The study compares scrap trade statistics and gives an analysis on
DIRECTORY OF COPPER MINES AND PLANTS. The Directory of Copper materialavailability,coppercontentintradeandtheeconomiclogicof
Mines and Plants highlights current capacity and provides a five year copperscrapdismantling.
outlook of forecasted capacity for over 1,000 existing and planned TAXATION,ROYALTIESANDOTHERFISCALMEASURESAPPLIEDTOTHE
copper mines, plants and refineries on a country by country basis, NONFERROUS METALS INDUSTRY (2013). A joint report by the ICSG,
including separate tables for SXEW plants. Salient details for each ILZSG and INSG, providing information on fiscal measures applied to
operationareincludedandtheDirectoryseparatesoperationsbetween miningandmetalsacrossvariousjurisdictionswithaparticularfocuson
Operating & Developing and Exploration & Feasibility stages. The copper,lead,zincandnickel.
Directoryispublishedtwiceperyear. STUDY OF BYPRODUCTS OF LEAD, ZINC, COPPER AND NICKEL AND
ICSG STATISTICAL DATABASE. The ICSG maintains one of the world's DIRECTORYUPDATED(2015).Thisjointreportanddirectorybuildson
mostcompletehistoricalandcurrentdatabaseswithstatisticsoncopper the2012reportonthesametopicandprovidesinformationontheby
productioncapacities,dataoncopperproduction,consumption,stocks, productmetalsofcopper,zinc,leadandnickel.
prices, recycling and trade for copper products. In 2012 ICSG launched
itsonlinestatisticaldatabasethatgivessubscribersdirectaccesstoICSG FormoreinformationandupdatesonICSGpublications,pleasevisitour
historicaldata.Italsoprovidessubscriberswithspecificextractiontools websiteatwww.icsg.org
fordownloadingthedata.
International Copper Study Group iii

TableofContents
CopperandCopperAlloySemisProductionbyRegion,1980&2015 28
AboutICSG i CopperandCopperAlloySemisCapacitybyRegion&Product2016 29
ICSGOfficersandSecretariat ii CopperandCopperAlloySemisProductionbyCountry:Top20
ICSGPublications iii Countries,2016 30
TableofContents 1 Chapter4:CopperTrade 31
MajorInternationalTradeFlowsofCopperOresandConcentrates 32
Chapter1:CuBasics 2
MajorInternationalTradeFlowsofCopperBlisterandAnode 33
WhatisCopper? 2
MajorInternationalTradeFlowsofRefinedCopper 34
CopperPropertiesandBenefits 3
LeadingExportersandImportersofSemiFabricatedCopper
SelectedCopperDefinitions 4
Products,2015 35
CopperinHistory 5
TheGlobalCopperMarketandtheCommodity"Copper" 36
CopperToday 6
CopperStocks,PricesandUsage(Jan2001Jun2016) 37
Chapter2:CopperResourcesandLongTermAvailabilityofCopper 7
Chapter5:CopperUsage 38
CopperReservesandResources 7
HowisCopperUsed? 38
AreWeGoingtoRunOutofCopper 9
WorldRefinedCopperUsage,19002015 39
Chapter3:CopperProduction 10 RefinedCopperUsagebyRegion,1960,1980&2015 40
HowisCopperProduced? 10 WorldRefinedCopperUsageperCapita:19502015 41
CopperMineProduction:WorldCopperMineProduction,19002015 11 IntensityofRefinedCopperUsage 42
CopperMineProductionbyRegion:1960versus2015 12 TotalCopperUsage,IncludingCopperScrap,20042014 43
CopperMineProductionbyCountry:Top20Countriesin2015 13 MajorUsesofCopper:Electrical 44
TrendsincopperMiningCapacity,19992019 14 MajorUsesofCopper:ElectronicsandCommunications 45
Top20CopperMinesbyCapacity,basis2016 15 MajorUsesofCopper:Construction 46
ConstraintsonCopperSupply 16 MajorUsesofCopper:Transportation 47
CopperSmelterProduction:WorldCopperSmelterProduction1980 17 MajorUsesofCopper:IndustrialMachineryandEquiptment 48
2015 MajorUsesofCopper:ConsumerandGeneralProducts 49
TrendsinCopperSmeltingCapacity,19992019 18 MajorUsesofCopper:UsagebyEndUseSectorandRegion,2015 50
CopperSmelterProductionbyRegion,19902015 19
Chapter6:CopperRecycling 51
CopperSmelterProductionbyCountry:Top20Countriesin2015 20
CopperRecyclingRateDefinitions 52
Top20CopperSmeltersbyCapacity,basis2016 21
GlobalCopperRecyclablesUse,20062014 53
WorldRefinedCopperProduction,19602015 22
ICSGGlobalCopperScrapResearchProjectandrecentscrapreports 54
TrendsinRefinedCapacity,19992019 23
TheFlowofCopper 55
RefinedCopperProductionbyRegion,19902015 24
IndustryGlobalFlowsofCopper(2014)andDerivedRecyclingRates 57
RefinedCopperProductionbyCountry:Top20Countriesin2015 25
Top20CopperRefineriesbyCapacity,basis2016 26 ANNEX
WorldCopper&CopperAlloySemisProduction,19802015 27 WorldCopperProductionandUsage,19602015 58
International Copper Study Group 1

1
Copper is one of the most recycled of all metals. It is our ability to

Chapter1:CuBasics recycle metals over and over again that makes them a material of
choice.Recycledcopper(alsoknownassecondarycopper)cannotbe
WhatisCopper? distinguished from primary copper (copper originating from ores),
once reprocessed. Recycling copper extends the efficiency of use of
Copperisamalleableandductilemetallicelementthatisanexcellent
themetal,resultsinenergysavingsandcontributestoensuringthat
conductor of heat and electricity as well as being corrosion resistant
wehaveasustainablesourceofmetalforfuturegenerations.
and antimicrobial. Copper occurs naturally in the Earths crust in a
variety of forms. It can be found in sulfide deposits (as chalcopyrite, The demand for copper will continue to be met by the discovery of
bornite, chalcocite, covellite), in carbonate deposits (as azurite and new deposits, technological improvements, efficient design, and by
malachite), in silicate deposits (as chrysycolla and dioptase) and as taking advantage of the renewable nature of copper through reuse
pure"native"copper. and recycling. As well, competition between materials, and supply
and demand principles, contribute to ensuring that materials are
Copper also occurs naturally in humans, animals and plants. Organic
usedefficientlyandeffectively.
life forms have evolved in an environment containing copper. As a
nutrient and essential element, copper is vital to maintaining health. Copper is an important contributor to the national economies of
Lifesustainingfunctionsdependoncopper. mature, newly developed and developing countries. Mining,
processing, recycling and the transformation of metal into a
Copper and copperbased alloys are used in a variety of applications
multitude of products creates jobs and generates wealth. These
that are necessary for a reasonable standard of living. Its continued
activities contribute to building and maintaining a country's
productionanduseisessentialforsociety'sdevelopment.Howsociety
infrastructure, and create trade and investment opportunities.
exploitsandusesitsresources,whileensuringthattomorrow'sneeds
Copperwillcontinuetocontributetosocietysdevelopmentwellinto
are not compromised, is an important factor in ensuring society's
thefuture.
sustainabledevelopment.
ImagescourtesyoftheCopperDevelopmentAssociation.

Key Physical Properties of Copper

CopperPropertiesandBenefits
Chemical Symbol Cu
Atomic Number 29
Atomic Weight 63.54
Density 8960 kg m-3
Melting point 1356 K
Specific Heat cp (at 293 K) 0.383 kJ kg-1 K-1
Thermal conductivity 394 W m-1 K-1
Coefficient of linear expansion 16.5 x 10-6 K-1
Young's Modulus of Elasticity 110 x 109 N m-2
Electrical Conductivity (% IACS) 1.673 x 10-8 ohm-m Butcoppersbenefitsextendbeyondmechanicalcharacteristics:

Crystal Structure Face-Centered Cubic Copper is essential to the health of plants, animal and humans.
Coppermakesvitalcontributionstosustainingandimprovingsociety. Deficiencies,aswellasexcesses,canbedetrimentaltohealth.
Copper'schemical,physicalandaestheticpropertiesmakeitamaterial Antimicrobial Properties. Due to coppers antimicrobial
ofchoiceinawiderangeofdomestic,industrialandhightechnology properties, copper and copper alloy products can be used to
applications. eliminatepathogensandreducethespreadofdiseases.
Recycling. Copper is one of the most recycled of all metals.
Alloyed with other metals, such as zinc (to form brass), aluminum or Virtually all products made from copper can be recycled and
tin (to form bronzes), or nickel, for example, it can acquire new recycledcopperlosesnoneofitschemicalorphysicalproperties.
characteristics for use in highly specialized applications. In fact, Energy Efficiency. Copper can improve the efficiency of energy
society'sinfrastructureisbased,inpart,oncopper. productionanddistributionsystems.

Electrowinning.Anelectrolyticrefiningprocesswheretheanode
SelectedCopperDefinitions is inert, and rich (copperloaded) electrolyte continually replaces
lean (copperdepleted) electrolyte as copper is plated at the
Anode. The positive terminal in an electrolytic cell where cathode.
electrons leave a device to enter the external circuit. A copper Firerefinedcopper.Theproductofafirerefiningfurnace.Itisan
anodeat99percentpuritywilldissolve. intermediate, more concentrated (with respect to the desired
Blister.Theproductofaconvertingfurnace.Itisanintermediate, metal) material than blister, from which it is made. Firerefined
more concentrated (with respect to the desired metal) material copper contains about 99 percent copper, the exact percentage
than matte, from which it is made, and is usually transferred to dependingontheprocessparameters.
anotherfurnaceforfurtherconcentration. Primary copper. Copper extracted from ores and recovered as
Cathode. The negative terminal in an electrolytic cell where coppermetalorcopperbearingchemicals.
copper is plated during electrowinning or electrolytic refining. Secondary refined material. Secondary refined material
Copper so plated is referred to as cathode and is generally represents scrap that has been firerefined, or that has been
about99.99percentpure. converted toanodeatthesmelterlevelandthenelectrolytically
ContainedCopper.Containedcopperisdefinedastheanalytical refined.
amountofcopperoutputtedinconcentratesandprecipitates. Solvent extraction. A method of separating one or more metals
Copper concentrate. A product of flotation milling. It composes from a leach solution by treating with a solvent that will extract
sulfide minerals and entrained material and contains onethird the required metal, leaving the others. The metal is recovered
each copper, iron, and sulfur. It can be processed fromthesolventbyfurthertreatment.
pyrometallurgically in a smelter to produce matte or Stocks. ICSG reports refined copper stocks as those held by the
hydrometallurgically (pressure leaching) to produce pregnant exchanges, consumers, producers and governments. Merchant
leach solution, both products requiring further processing to stocks are included where it is certain that these are
obtaincoppermetal. nonduplicativetothosealreadyreported.Onlyrefinedproducts
Direct melt scrap. Directmelt, or remelt scrap is secondary atplantsitesareincluded.Itemssuchaswirerod,tubeandother
material that can be used directly in a furnace without cleanup semifabricatedformsarenotincluded.
throughtheuseoffluxesandpolingandrerefining. Usage. Copper usage represents refined copper used by
Electrorefining. An electrolytic refining process where less pure semifabricators. Usage data is either directly reported, or ICSG
copperanodeisdissolvedandhighpuritycopperisplatedatthe estimatesanapparentusageusingthefollowingformula:Refined
cathode. copper production + refined imports refined exports + refined
beginningstocksendingstocks.
Sources:ICSGandUSGS.

CopperinHistory
Archaeological evidence demonstrates that copper was one of the first metals used by humans and was used at least 10,000
years ago for items such as coins and ornaments in western Asia. During the prehistoric Chalcolithic Period (derived from
chalkos, the Greek word for copper), man discovered how to extract and use copper to produce ornaments and implements. As
early as the 4th to 3rd millennium BC, workers extracted copper from Spain's Huelva region.
The discovery that copper, when alloyed with tin, produces bronze, led to the Bronze Age, c. 2,500 BC. Israel's Timna Valley
provided copper to the Pharaohs (an Egyptian papyrus records the use of copper to treat infections and to sterilize water).
Cyprus supplied much of the Phoenician, Greek and Roman needs for copper. "Copper" is derived from the latin Cyprium,
literally Cyprian metal. The Greeks of Aristotle's era were familiar with brass as a valued copper alloy. In South America, the
pre-Columbian Maya, Aztec and Inca civilizations exploited copper, in addition to gold and silver. During the Middle Ages,
copper and bronze works flourished in China, India and Japan.
The discoveries and inventions relating to electricity and magnetism of the late 18th and early 19th centuries by scientists
such as Ampere, Faraday and Ohm, and the products manufactured from copper, helped launch the Industrial Revolution
and propel copper into a new era. Today, copper continues to serve society's needs. Although copper has been in use for at
least 10,000 years, innovative applications for copper are still being developed as evidenced by the development of the copper
chip by the semi-conductors industry.
ImagescourtesyoftheBritishMuseum,theCopperDevelopmentAssociation andICSG.


CopperToday

Theglobaldemandforcoppercontinuestogrow:worldrefinedusagehasmorethantripledinthelast50yearsthankstoexpandingsectorssuchas
electrical and electronic products, building construction, industrial machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, and consumer and

general products. Some of the highlights of 2015 copper production and usage are listed below. In the chapters that follow, more indepth
information is presented on copper production, trade, usage, and recycling. For the most uptodate information on the global copper market,
pleasevisitourwebsiteatwww.icsg.org.

CopperProductionHighlights CopperUsageHighlights
Preliminary figures indicate that global Refinedcopperusage(usagebysemisplantsorthe
copper mine production in 2015 reached first users of copper) in 2015 reached 23.0 million
19.1 million tonnes. The largest producer tonnes. China was also the largest consumer of
of mined copper was Chile (5.8 million refined copper in 2015 with apparent usage of
tonnes). around11.3milliontonnes.

Smelter production in 2015 reached According to the International Copper Association
around18.6milliontonnes.Chinawasthe (ICA), equipment was the largest copper enduse
largestproducerofblister&anodein2015 sector in 2015, followed by building construction
(6.9milliontonnes) andinfrastructure.

Refinery Production in 2015 increased to New copper applications being developed include
antimicrobialcoppertouchsurfaces,leadfreebrass
22.9 million tonnes, including 3.9 million
tonnesofsecondaryrefinedproduction. plumbing, high tech copper wire, heat exchangers,
andnewconsumerproductsaswell.

ImagescourtesyofCDAandLuisHernnHerrerosfromwww.visnu.cl,CopyrightAngloAmerican(FaenaLosBroncesyMantosBlancos Chile)

Chapter2:CopperResourcesandLongTermAvailabilityofCopper

CopperReservesandResources 2015 WorldCopperReserves&MineProduction1/
(undiscoveredresourcesnotincludingdeepseanodulesandlandbasedand
Typically, the future availability of minerals is based on the concept of submarinemassivesulfidescontainedcopper)
reserves and resources. Reserves are deposits that have been discovered,
evaluatedandassessedtobeeconomicallyprofitabletomine.Resourcesare
far bigger and include reserves, discovered deposits that are potentially

TotalResources
profitable, and undiscovered deposits that are predicted based on (identifiedandundiscovered)
preliminarygeologicalsurveys.(seedefinitionsbelow) 5,600milliontonnes(Mt)
According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), copper reserves

currently amount to around 720 million tonnes (Mt) and identified and
undiscovered copper resources are estimated to be around 2,100 Mt and IdentifiedResources
3,500 Mt, respectively. The latter does not take into account the vast 2,100Mt
amountsofcopperfoundindeepseanodulesandlandbasedandsubmarine
massivesulphides.Currentandfuture explorationopportunitieswillleadto
increasesinbothreservesandknownresources.
Reserves
Definitions(http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2014/mcsapp2014.pdf)
720Mt
Resource:Aconcentrationofnaturallyoccurringsolid,liquid,orgaseousmaterialinoronthe

Earths crust in such form and amount that economic extraction of a commodity from the
concentrationiscurrentlyorpotentiallyfeasible.
MineCapacity
Identified Resources: Resources whose location, grade, quality, and quantity are known or
estimatedfromspecificgeologicevidence.Identifiedresourcesincludeeconomic,marginally 22Mt
economic,andsubeconomiccomponents.
UndiscoveredResources:Resources,theexistenceofwhichareonlypostulated,comprising Mine
deposits that are separate from identified resources. Undiscovered resources may be Production (nottoscale)
postulated in deposits of such grade and physical location as to render them economic, 19Mt
marginallyeconomic,orsubeconomic.
Reserves:Thatpartofthereservebase(partofanidentifiedresourcethatmeetsspecified
minimumphysicalandchemicalcriteriarelatedtocurrentminingandproductionpractices,
including those for grade, quality, thickness, and depth) which could be economically
extractedorproducedatthetimeofdetermination.Thetermreservesneednotsignifythat 1/Source:USGS(resources/reservesdata)andICSG(capacity/productiondata)
extractionfacilitiesareinplaceandoperative.

GlobalDistributionofIdentifiedandUndiscoveredCopperResources

inPorphyryandSedimenthostedStrataboundCopperDeposits1/

In2013theU.S.GeologicalSurvey(USGS)completedageologybased,cooperativeinternationalassessmentofcopperresourcesoftheworld 2/.
TheUSGS
assessedundiscoveredcopperintwodeposittypesthataccountforabout80%oftheworldscoppersupply.Porphyrycopperdepositsaccountforabout

60%oftheworldscopper.Inporphyrycopperdeposits,copperoremineralsaredisseminatedinigneousintrusions.Sedimenthostedstrataboundcopper
deposits,inwhichcopperisconcentratedinlayersinsedimentaryrocks,accountforabout20%oftheworldsidentifiedcopper.Themeanundiscovered

totalsforporphyryandsedimenthosteddepositsare3,100and400Mtrespectively,resultinginaglobaltotalof3,500Mtofcopper.Withidentifiedcopper

resourcescurrentlyestimatedat2,100Mt,totalcopperresources(undiscovered+identified)areestimatedat5,600Mt.
A.IdentifiedCopperResources B.UndiscoveredCopperResources
Africaandthe
Africaandthe WesternEurope,
WesternEurope, MiddleEast,8% EasternEurope MiddleEast,5%
3%
4% and SouthAmerica,
EasternEurope Southwestern 21%
and Asia,7%
Southwestern Australia,1%
Asia,6% SouthAmerica,
39%
Australia,1%
SoutheastAsia
SoutheastAsia Archipelagos,9% CentralAmerica
Archipelagos,6% andthe
Caribbean,5%
SouthCentral
Asiaand
Indochina,3%
NorthCentral SouthCentral
Asia,8% Asiaand NorthAmerica,
Indochina,15% 13%
NortheastAsia,
>1%0% CentralAmerica
NorthAmerica, NortheastAsia,
andthe NorthCentral
23% 7%
Caribbean,2% Asia,14%

1/UndiscoveredCopperResourcesAGlobalAssessment,April2014,PresentationatICSGmeeting,Lisbon,byMrsJaneM.Hammarstrom(USGSGlobalMineralResourceAssessmentTeam)

2/Supportingstudies,includingdocumentationoftheassessmentmethodologyanddescriptionsofindividualtracts,areavailableontheUSGSMineralResourcesProgramWebsite,at
http://minerals.usgs.gov/global/.

AreWeGoingtoRunOutofCopper1? Technologyhasakeyroletoplayinaddressingmanyofthechallenges
faced by new copper production. Known and as yet unknown
innovationswillensurenewmineproductioncontinuestoprovidevital
It is highly improbable. Since 1950, based on the then current rate of coppersupplies.
demand,therehasalwaysbeen,onaverage,40yearsofreserves,and
In addition copper recycling plays an important role in copper
significantly greater amounts of known resources (USGS data). In
availability since todays primary copper is tomorrows recycled
addition, recycling, innovation and mining exploration continue to
material. Unlike other commodities such as energy or food, copper is
contributetothelongtermavailabilityofcopper.
notconsumed.Copperisoneofthefewrawmaterialswhichcanbe
Despite increased demand for copper produced from ore in recent recycled repeatedly without any loss of performance, and key
years, increases in reserves have grown, and there is more identified stakeholderssuchaspolicymakers,scrapcollectors,copperproducers
copperavailabletotheworldthanatanyothertimeinhistory. and recyclers must all focus on ensuring that yesterdays metal is
recycledandreused.
USGS Reported World Copper
Reserves Whilethiswillensureaprogressivemovetowardsamoresustainable
800
economy, the loop cannot be completely closed for two reasons.
700
Firstly, demand will continue to increase due to population growth,
Million Tons Cu
600
product innovation and economic development. Secondly in most
500
applications,copperstaysinusefordecades.
400
300 Consequently,meetingfuturemetalsdemandwillcontinuetorequirea
200 combination of primary raw materials, coming from mines, as well as
100 recycled materials, while innovative policies and technology should
0 continuetocontributetoimprovementsinrecyclingperformanceand
1930 1960 1980 2000 2015 resourceefficiency.
In the period 20052015, 182 million tonnes of copper have been Basedonthelatestknowledgeongeologicalavailabilityandcontinuous
mined. In that same period however, reserves have grown by 250 industryinnovationtherearegoodreasonstobelievethatcopperwill
million tonnes. This reflects additional exploration, technological continuetobeavitalandpositivecontributortosocietywellintothe
future.
advancesandtheevolvingeconomicsofmining.
1/BasedontheInternationalCopperAssociationbriefingnoteoncopperslongtermavailability.Seemoreathttp://copperalliance.org/coreinitiatives/sd/availability/

The output of electrorefining is refined copper cathodes, assaying over

Chapter3:CopperProduction 99.99%ofcopper.
HowisCopperProduced? Alternatively, in the hydrometallurgical route, copper is extracted from

mainly low grade oxide ores and also some sulphide ores, through
Geologists look for signs and/or anomalies that would indicate the
leaching (solvent extraction) and electrowinning (SXEW process). The
presence of a mineral deposit. Under the right geological, economic,
outputisthesameasthroughtheelectrorefiningrouterefinedcopper
environmentalandlegalconditions,miningcanproceed.
cathodes. ICSG estimates that in 2015, refined copper production from
Primary copper production starts with the extraction of copperbearing SXEWrepresented17%oftotalcopperrefinedproduction.
ores.Therearethreebasicwaysofcoppermining:surface,underground
Refined copper production derived from mine production (either from
miningandleaching.Openpitminingisthepredominantminingmethod
metallurgical treatment of concentrates or SXEW) is referred to as
intheworld.
primarycopperproduction,asobtainablefromaprimaryrawmaterial
After the ore has been mined, it is crushed and ground followed by a source. However, there is another important source of raw material
concentration by flotation. The obtained copper concentrates typically whichisscrap.Copperscrapderivesfromeithermetalsdiscardedinsemis
contain around 30% of copper, but grades can range from 20 to 40 per fabricationorfinishedproductmanufacturingprocesses(newscrap)or
cent.Inthefollowingsmeltingprocess,sometimesprecededbyaroasting obsolete endoflife products (old scrap). Refined copper production
step,copperistransformedintoamattecontaining5070%copper.The attributable to recycled scrap feed is classified as secondary copper
molten matte is processed in a converter resulting in a socalled blister production. Secondary producers use processes similar to those
copperof98.599.5%coppercontent.Inthenextstep,theblistercopper employed for primary production. ICSG estimates that in 2015, at the
isfirerefinedinthetraditionalprocessroute,or,increasingly,remelted refinerylevel, secondarycopperrefinedproductionreached17%oftotal
andcastintoanodesforelectrorefining. copperrefinedproduction.

CopperMineProduction
World Copper Mine Production, 1900-2015
(thousand metric tonnes copper)
Source: ICSG
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Concentrates SX-EW
Since1900,whenworldproductionwaslessthan500thousandtonnescopper,worldcoppermineproductionhasgrownby3.2%perannum
to19.1milliontonnesin2015. SXEWproduction,virtuallynonexistentbeforethe1960s,exceeded 3.9milliontonnesin2015.

CopperMineProductionbyRegion,1960versus2015
Thousandmetrictonnescopper
Source:ICSG
1960 2015
Oceania
3% 5% 10%
19%
25% Africa
6% 41%
13%
Europe
NorthAmerica
Asia
11% 14%
36% 17% LatinAmerica
Fromlessthan750,000tonnescopperin1960,coppermineproductioninLatinAmericahasincreasedto7.9milliontonnesin
2015,representing41%oftheglobaltotal.Asiahasalsoexhibitedsignificantgrowth.Theregionsshareofglobalproduction
hasincreasedfromjust6%to17%overtherespectiveperiod.

Copper Mine Production by Country: Top 20 Countries in 2015

(Thousand metric tonnes)
Source: ICSG
Chile
China
Peru
United States
Australia
Congo
russian fed.
Zambia
Canada
Indonesia
Mexico
Kazakhstan
Poland
Brazil
Mongolia
Iran
Laos
Spain
Bulgaria
Turkey
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Chileaccountedforalmostonethirdofworldcoppermineproductionin2015withmineoutputof5.76milliontonnescopper.

TrendsinCopperMiningCapacity,19992019
Thousandmetrictonnes(Bars)andAnnualpercentagechange(Line)
Source:ICSGDirectoryofCopperMinesandPlants July2016
8.0% 24,000 12.0% 6,000

Concentrates SXEW
7.0% 21,000
10.0% 5,000
Thousandmetric tonnescopper
6.0% 18,000
19992004:
8.0% +3.7% 4,000
5.0% 20162019: 15,000
%growth
%growth
+4.2%
20112015: 20052010:
4.0% +4.5% 12,000 6.0% +7.3% 3,000
20052010: 20112015:
19992004: +1.9% +1.7%
3.0% +2.6% 9,000
4.0% 20162019: 2,000
+3.3%
2.0% 6,000
2.0% 1,000
1.0% 3,000
0.0% 0.0%
1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019
Copperminingcapacityisestimatedtoreach26.5milliontonnescopperin2019,with21%beingSXEWproduction.Thiswillbe17%
higherthanglobalcapacityof22.6milliontonnescopperrecordedin2015.Growthincopperminecapacityisexpectedtoaverage4%
peryeargoingforward,asnewcapacityisaddedatexistingandsomenewoperations.
Note:Capacitydatareflectsproductioncapabilitiesnotnecessarilyproductionforecasts

ConstraintsonCopperSupply
Top20CopperMinesbyCapacity(basis2016)
Source:ICSG DirectoryofCopperMinesandPlants July2016
Rank Mine Country Owner(s) Source Capacity
1 Escondida Chile BHP Billiton (57.5%), Rio Tinto Corp. (30%), Japan Escondida (12.5%) Concs & SX-EW 1,200
2 Grasberg Indonesia P.T. Freeport Indonesia Co. (PT-FI), Rio Tinto Concentrates 780
3 Morenci United States Freeport-McMoRan Inc 72%, 28% affiliates of Sumitomo Corporation Concs & SX-EW 520
Buenavista del Cobre (former
4 Mexico Grupo Mexico Concs & SX-EW 510
Cananea)
5 Collahuasi Chile Anglo American (44%), Glencore plc (44%), Mitsui (8.4%), JX Holdings (3.6%) Concs & SX-EW 500
6 El Teniente Chile Codelco Concs & SX-EW 452
BHP Billiton (33.75%), Teck (22.5%), Glencore plc (33.75%), Mitsubishi Corp.
7 Antamina Peru Concentrates 450
(10%)
8 Los Bronces Chile Anglo Amercian 50.1%, Mitsubishi Corp. 20.4%, Codelco 20%, Mitsui 9.5% Concs & SX-EW 435
Polar Division (Norilsk/ Talnakh
9 Russia Norilsk Nickel Concentrates 430
Mills)
10 Los Pelambres Chile Antofagasta Plc (60%), Nippon Mining (25%), Mitsubishi Materials (15%) Concentrates 420
11 Radomiro Tomic Chile Codelco Concs & SX-EW 370
Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. 54%, Compaia de Minas Buenaventura
12 Cerro Verde II (Sulphide) Peru Concentrates 340
19.58%, Sumitomo 21%
13 Chuquicamata Chile Codelco Concs & SX-EW 325
14 Kansanshi Zambia First Quantum Minerals Ltd (80%), ZCCM (20%) Concs & SX-EW 285
15 Bingham Canyon United States Kennecott Concentrates 280
16 Andina Chile Codelco Concentrates 260

Pt Newmont Nusa Tenggara (PT Pukuafu 20%, Newmont 41.5%, Sumitomo
17 Batu Hijau Indonesia Corp., Sumitomo Metal Mining & Mitsubishi Materials 31.5%, PT Multi Daerah Concentrates 250
Bersaing 7%)
17 Toromocho Peru Chinalco Concentrates 250
19 Olympic Dam Australia BHP Billiton Concs & SX-EW 225
Grupo Mexico (54.1%), Marmon Corp. (15%), Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold
20 Cuajone Peru Concentrates 212
Inc. (13.9%)

Other environmental issues: governments are becoming more

ConstraintsonCopperSupply awareoftheimpactofminingtothesurroundingenvironmentin
recent years. In countries like Peru and the Philippines, the
Withcopperconcentrateinstrongdemand,therehasbeengrowinginterest
relationshipwithindigenouscommunityisalsoakeyfactor.
in understanding the obstacles that can prevent copper mine supply from
Resource nationalism: It has become a priority for certain
coming onstream. Below are some of the operational and financial
governments to develop their mineral resources that have not
constraints identified from the study. For more information about ICSG
been exploited until now. While willing to develop their natural
research related to constraints on copper supply, please contact the ICSG resources, countries might be seeking to extract strong revenue
Secretariatatmail@icsg.org flowsfromthem.Itwillbeimportanttobalanceroyalty/taxation
levels with the need to encourage capital investment to develop
Declining ore grades: a serious issue in developed copper areas
theirrisingindustries.
suchastheUSAandChile
Sulphuricacidsupplyandprice:16%costfactorforSXEWprojects
Projectfinance:prolongedeconomicandpricevolatilitymayhave Skilled labor: open labor markets would help address this
significantimpactoncostofcapital constraint
Tax&investmentregimes:recentresearchindicatestheseareless Labor strikes: tend to increase when refined prices are high and
importantthangeologicalendowments GDP is growing faster, but tend to be longer and less frequent
otherwise
Other cost issues: lower capital expenditure may have adverse HighdomesticcostsifthereisDutchdisease(resultinginhigher
longtermeffectoncoppersupply;operatingcostescalation exchangeratesdueinparttostrongexports)
Watersupply:acriticalissueindryminingdistricts Ratebetweenimportedinputsanddomesticinputcostsaffected
bythecurrencystrengthoftheproducer
Energy: coal is the fuel chosen to power main copper mines and
Politicalrisks:Securityandtransportaccessibilityiscrucialtomine
processesclimatechangemayincreasecosts
operation


CopperSmelterProduction
World Copper Smelter Production, 1980-2015
Thousand metric tonnes copper
Source: ICSG
20,000
17,500
15,000
12,500
10,000
7,500
5,000
2,500
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Primary Feed Secondary Feed
Smeltingisthepyrometallurgicalprocessusedtoproducecoppermetal.In2015,worldcoppersmelterproductionreached18.6milliontonnes
copper.Recently,thetrendtorecovercopperdirectlyfromoresthroughleachingprocesseshasbeenontheincrease.Primarysmeltersusemine
concentratesastheirmainsourceoffeed(althoughsomeusecopperscrapaswell).Secondarycoppersmeltersusecopperscrapastheirfeed.

TrendsinCopperSmeltingCapacity,1999and2019
Percentageshareoftotalcapacity,bytechnologytype
Source:ICSGDirectoryofCopperMinesandPlants July2016
1999 2019
6.2% 1.0% 5% 0% 1%
14.0% 9%
13%
20.2%
58.6%
72%
Flash/Continuous Reverb/Blast/Rotary
ModifiedReverb/Convert Electric
LowGradeEW Unkown
TheuseofFlash/Continuoustechnologyaccountedfor59%intotalcoppersmeltingcapacityin1999.Thisshareroseto72%in2015.Itis
expectedtoremainaroundthisleveluntil2019.

Copper Smelter Production by Region, 1990-2015

Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Africa America Asia Europe Oceania
Asiasshareofworldcoppersmelteroutputjumpedfrom27%in1990toalmost60%in2015assmelterproductioninChinaexpandedrapidly.

CopperSmelterProduction byCountry:Top20Countriesin2015
Thousandmetrictonnes
Source:ICSG
China
Chile
Japan
Russian Fed.
India
Zambia
Korean Rep.
Poland
United States
Germany
Australia
Bulgaria
Peru
Kazakhstan
Canada
Spain
Mexico
Iran
Brazil
Indonesia
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
In2015,Chinaaccountedforoverathirdofworldcoppersmelterproduction,followedbyChileandJapanwith8%shareeachand
RussianFederation(5%).

Top20CopperSmeltersbyCapacity(basis2016)


Rank Smelter Country Operator/Owner(s) Process Capacity
1 Guixi (smelter) China Jiangxi Copper Corp. Outokumpu Flash 900
2 Birla Copper (Dahej) India Birla Group Outokumpu Flash, Ausmelt, Mitsubishi 500

C ti
3 Hamburg Germany Aurubis Outokumpu, Contimelt, Electric 450
3 Besshi/ Ehime (Toyo) Japan Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. Ltd. Outokumpu Flash 450
3 Saganoseki/ Ooita (smelter) Japan Pan Pacific Copper Co. Ltd Outokumpu Flash 450
6 El Teniente (Caletones) Chile Codelco Chile Reverberatory/ Teniente Conv. 400
6 Jinchuan (smelter) China Jinchuan Non- Ferrous Metal Co. Reverberatory/ Kaldo Conv. 400
6 Jinchuan (Fangchenggang China Jinchuan Non-Ferrous Metal Co. Flash smelter 400
lt )
6 Jinguan (smelter) China Tongling Non-Ferrous Metals Group Flash Smelter 400

6 Xiangguang copper (smelter) China Yanggu Xiangguang Copper Co Outokumpu Flash 400

6 Sterlite Smelter (Tuticorin) India Vedanta Isasmelt Process 400
6 Norilsk (Nikelevy, Medny) Russia Norilsk Nickel Reverb, Electric, Vanyukov 400
13 Codelco Norte (smelter) Chile Codelco Outokumpu/ Teniente Converter 380
14 Pirdop (smelter) Bulgaria Aurubis (99.77%) Outokumpu Flash 360
14 Ilo Smelter Peru Southern Copper Corp. (Grupo Mexico 75.1%) Isasmelt Process 360
Mitsubishi Materials Corp. (49.29%), Dowa
16 Onahama/ Fukushima Japan Metals & Mining Co. Ltd.(31.15%), Furukawa Mitsubishi/ Reverb. 354
Metals & Resources Co. Ltd. (12.67%)
Tongling Nonferrous Metals Corp. (57.4%),
17 Jinlong (Tongdu) China Flash Smelter 350
Sumitomo (35%), Pingguo Aluminium Co.
Yunnan Copper Industry Group (Local
17 Yunnan China Isasmelt Process 350
Government)
19 Naoshima/ Kagawa (smelter) Japan Mitsubishi Materials Corp. Mitsubishi Continuous 342
20 Isabel/ Leyte (PASAR) Philippines Glencore plc 78.2%, Local investors 21.8% Outokumpu Flash 330

RefinedCopperProduction
WorldRefinedCopperProduction,19602015
Source:ICSG
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012
Refinery Primary Refinery Secondary Refinery SX-EW
Withtheemergenceofsolventextractionelectrowinning,(SXEW)technology,refinedcopperproducedfromleachingoreshasbeenontherise,
increasingfromlessthan1%ofworldrefinedcopperproductioninthelate1960sto17%ofworldoutputin2015.

Trends in Refined Capacity, 1999-2019

Thousand metric tonnes copper
Source: ICSG Directory of Copper Mines and Plants - July 2016
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
-
1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
Electrolytic Electrowinning Fire Refining
Thischartshowsworldcopperrefinerycapacitybyrefiningprocess.Theratiobetweenproductionandcapacityiscalledthecapacityutilizationrate.
Theworldrefinerycapacityutilizationratewasaround84%in2015.

Refined Copper Production by Region, 1990-2015

Source: ICSG
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Africa America Asia Europe Oceania
Regionswiththehighestoutputofrefinedcopperin1990:theAmericas(4,250kt),followedbyEurope(3,000kt)
Leadingregionintheworldin2015:Asia(12,013kt)ascomparedto2,505ktin1990.

RefinedCopperProductionbyCountry:Top20Countriesin2015
Thousand metrictonnes
Source:ICSG
China
Chile
Japan
United States
Russian Fed.
Congo
India
Germany
Korean Rep.
Poland
Zambia
Australia
Mexico
Spain
Belgium
Peru
Canada
Kazakhstan
Brazil
Bulgaria
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000
In2015,Chinaaccountedforoverathirdofworldcopperrefinedproduction,followedbyChile(12%),Japan(6%)andtheUnitedStates(5%).

Top20CopperRefineriesbyCapacity(basis2016)
Rank Refinery Country Owner(s) Process Capacity
1 Guixi China Jiangxi Copper Corporation Electrolytic 900
2 Jinchuan China Jinchuan Non Ferrous Co. Electrolytic 650
3 Chuquicamata Refinery Chile Codelco Electrolytic 600
3 Daye/ Hubei (refinery) China Daye Non-Ferrous Metals Co. Electrolytic 600
5 Yunnan Copper China Yunnan Copper Industry Group (64.8%) Electrolytic 500
5 Birla India Birla Group Hidalco Electrolytic 500
7 Pyshma Refinery Russia UMMC (Urals Mining & Metallurgical Co.) Electrolytic 460
8 Toyo/Niihama (Besshi) Japan Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. Ltd. Electrolytic 450
8 Amarillo United States Grupo Mexico Electrolytic 450
10 Onsan Refinery I Korean Republic LS-Nikko Co. (LS, Nippon Mining) Electrolytic 440
11 Hamburg (refinery) Germany Aurubis Electrolytic 416
12 El Paso (refinery) United States Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc. Electrolytic 415
13 Las Ventanas Chile Codelco Electrolytic 410
Jinchuan (Fangchenggang
14 China Jinchuan Non-Ferrous Metal Co. Electrolytic 400
refinery)
Tongling NonFerrous Metal Corp. 52 %, Sharpline
14 Jinlong (Tongdu) (refinery) China Electrolytic 400
International 13%, Sumitomo Corp. 7.5%, Itochu Corp. 7.5%
14 Jinguan (refinery) China Tongling Non-Ferrous Metals Group Electrolytic 400
Shandong Fangyuan
14 China Dongying, Shandong Electrolytic 400
(refinery)
14 Xiangguang copper (refinery) China Yanggu Xiangguang Copper Co Electrolytic 400
14 Sterlite Refinery India Vedanta Electrolytic 400
20 CCR Refinery (Montreal) Canada Glencore plc Electrolytic 370

WorldCopperandCopperAlloySemisProduction
WorldCopperandCopperAlloySemis Production,19802015P
Source:ICSG
30,000
27,000
24,000
21,000
18,000
15,000
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Semisfabricatorsprocessrefineryshapessuchascathodes,wirebar,ingot,billetslabandcakeintosemifinishedcopperandcopperalloyproductsusing
bothunwroughtcoppermaterialsanddirectmeltscrapasrawmaterialfeed.Semisfabricatorsareconsideredtobethefirstusersofrefinedcopper
andincludewirerodplantsandbrassmills.
P/Preliminary.Forsomecountriesstillincomplete

CopperandCopperAlloySemisProductionbyRegion,1980&2015P
Source:ICSG
24,000
21,000
1980 2015
18,000
15,000
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0
Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America
Asiaaccountedfor80%(oralmost22.6millionmetrictonnes)ofsemisoutputin2015,comparedto23%in1980.
P/Preliminary.Forsomecountriesstillincomplete

Copper&CopperAlloySemisProductionCapacitybyRegion&Product
Source:ICSGDirectoryofCopperandCopperAlloyFabricators2016
SemisProductionCapacitybyRegion,2016(%) Semis Production Capacity by Product,
Source:ICSG 2015 vs 2016 (million tonnes gross weight)
Source: ICSG
OtherAfrica
60
1%
Asia(ex.China)&
Oceania 50
19%
40
China
41% 30
MiddleEast&North
Africa
5% 20
10
Americas
-
14%
2015 2016
WesternEurope Wire Rod PSS RBS
EasternEurope& 14% Tubes Alloy Wire Ingots
CentralAsia Foil Powder Not Classified
6%
In2016,Chinawillaccountforthelargestshareof Wirerodplantsareestimatedtoaccountfor58%of
worldsemisproductioncapacity(41%)andthelargest worldfirstusecapacityin2016,or31.4milliontonnes.
numberofsemisplants(582).

CopperandCopperAlloySemisProduction Capacity byCountry:

Top20Countries, 2016
Source:ICSGDirectoryofCopperandCopperAlloyFabricators2016
China
USA
Germany
Japan
Italy
Korean Rep.
India
Taiwan (China)
Brazil
Russian Fed.
Turkey
Mexico
Iran
Thailand
Spain
France
Indonesia
UAE
Ukraine
Poland
0 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 24,000

Chapter4:CopperTrade World Copper Imports by Product Category, 2015 /2

Thousand metric tonnes copper (unless otherwise noted)
Source: ICSG
Copper products across the value chain are traded internationally. Often,
countrieswhereupstreamcopperproductioncapacityexceedsdownstream
production capacity will import the raw materials needed to meet their Concentrates
productionneeds,andviceversa.Majorproductcategoriesofcoppertraded
Blister & Anode
internationallyinclude:
Copperconcentrates Refined Copper
Copperblisterandanode
Copper Scrap /1
Coppercathodeandingots
Copperscrapand Copper & Copper
Alloy Semis /1
Coppersemis
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Copper powders and compounds are also traded globally, but typically in
much smaller quantities. In additional, copper is contained in enduse World Copper Exports by Product Category, 2015 /2
products that are traded globally including automobiles, appliances, Thousand metric tonnes copper (unless otherwise noted)
electronicequipmentandotherproducts.Changesintraderegulations,such Source: ICSG
as import duties or export quotas, can have significant impacts on the
internationaltradeofcopper.Formoreinformationabouttheinternational Concentrates
trade of copper and changes in regulations that can affect the trade of
copper,pleasecontacttheICSGSecretariatatmail@icsg.org1
Blister & Anode
Refined Copper
Copper Scrap /1
1 Copper & Copper

Gross metal weight. Alloy Semis /1
2
Exports and Imports might not match due to under-reporting or product
misclassification 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000

1
Major International Trade
Major Trade Flows
FlowsofofCopper
CopperOres and Concentrates
Ores and Concentrates1
MajorExporters of MajorImportersof
CopperOresand CopperOresand
Concentrates,2015 Concentrates,2015
1. Chile 1. China
2. Peru 2. Japan
3. Australia 3. India
4. Indonesia 4. Spain
5. Canada 5. KoreanRep.
6. Mongolia 6. Germany
7. UnitedStates 7. Bulgaria
8. Brazil 8. Brazil
9. Mexico 9. Finland
10. Spain 10. Sweden

ImagecourtesyoftheCopperDevelopmentAssociation.
1
Figure is intended to illustrate trade flows but not actual trade routes. Detailed trade matrices are available in ICSG Statistical Yearbook.

Major International Trade of Copper Blister

Major International
1 Trade Flows of Copper Blister and Anode1
and Anode
CopperBlisterand CopperBlisterand
Anode,2015 Anode,2015
1. Chile 1. China
2. Bulgaria 2. Belgium
3. Spain 3. India
4. SouthAfrica 4. Canada
5. Belgium 5. KoreanRep.
6. Armenia 6. Germany
7. UnitedStates 7. Australia
8. Italy 8. Brazil
9. Netherlands 9. Austria
10. China 10. Philippines
1

Major International Trade Flows of Refined

Major International
1 Trade Flows of Refined Copper1
Copper
RefinedCopper, RefinedCopper,
2015 2015
1. Chile 1. China
2. RussianFed. 2. Germany
3. Japan 3. UnitedStates
4. Australia 4. Italy
5. Kazakhstan 5. Taiwan
6. India 6. Turkey
7. Poland 7. KoreanRep.
8. KoreanRep. 8. Malaysia
9. Peru 9. Thailand
10. Canada 10. France

1

LeadingExportersandImportersofSemiFabricatedCopperProducts,2015
Thousandmetrictonnes,Source:ICSG
700
600
Importers
500
400
300
200
100
1,200
Exporters
1,000
800
600
400
200

Exchanges also provide for the trading of futures and options contracts.
TheGlobalCopperMarketandthe These allow producers and consumers to fix a price in the future, thus
CommodityCopper providingahedgeagainstpricevariations.Inthisprocesstheparticipation
of speculators, who are ready to buy the risk of price variation in
Copper,asanyothergoodormerchandise,istradedbetweenproducers exchangeformonetaryreward,givesliquiditytothemarket.Afuturesor
and consumers. Producers sell their present or future production to options contract defines the quality of the product, the size of the lot,
clients, who transform the metal into shapes or alloys, so that delivery dates, delivery warehouses and other aspects related to the
downstream fabricators can transform these into different enduse tradingprocess.Contractsareuniqueforeachexchange.Theexistenceof
products.Oneofthemostimportantfactorsintradingacommoditysuch futures contracts also allows producers and their clients to agree on
as copper is the settlement price for the present day (spot price) or for differentpricesettlingschemestoaccommodatedifferentinterests.
futuredays.
Exchanges also provide for warehousing facilities that enable market
Exchanges participants to make or take physical delivery of copper in accordance
witheachexchange'scriteria.
The role of a commodity exchange is to facilitate and make transparent
AverageAnnualCopperPrices(LME,GradeA,Cash),19602015
the process of settling prices. Three commodity exchanges provide the
facilities to trade copper: The London Metal Exchange (LME), the

US$pertonne
Source:ICSG
10,000
Commodity Exchange Division of the New York Mercantile Exchange 9,000
(COMEX/NYMEX) and the Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE). In these 8,000
exchanges, prices are settled by bid and offer, reflecting the market's 7,000
6,000
perceptionofsupplyanddemandofacommodityonaparticularday.On
5,000
the LME, copper is traded in 25 tonne lots and quoted in US dollars per 4,000
tonne;onCOMEX,copperistradedinlotsof25,000poundsandquoted 3,000
in US cents per pound; and on the SHFE, copper is traded in lots of 5 2,000
1,000
tonnesandquotedinRenminbipertonne.Morerecently,minicontracts
0
ofsmallerlotssizeshavebeenintroducedattheexchanges. 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Current $ Constant 2009 $

CopperStocks,PricesandUsage(Jan2001Jun2016)
ThousandmetrictonnesandUScents/pound

Source:ICSG

3,375 450
3,000 400
2,625 350
2,250 300
Thousand metric tonnes, copper
Price LME (US cents/pound)

1,875 250
1,500 200
1,125 150
750 100
375 50
0 0
Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan Jul Jan
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Exchanges Producers Merchants Consumers 3 mth moving average copper usage seasonally adjusted Price LME (UScents/pound)


Chapter5:CopperUsage
HowIsCopperUsed?
Copper is shipped to fabricators mainly as cathode, wire rod, billet, cake (slab) or ingot. Through extrusion, drawing, rolling, forging,
melting,electrolysisoratomization,fabricatorsformwire,rod,tube,sheet,plate,strip,castings,powderandothershapes.Thefabricators
oftheseshapesarecalledthefirstusersofcopper.Thetotaluseofcopperincludescopperscrapthatisdirectlymeltedbythefirstusersof
coppertoproducecoppersemis.
Copper and copper alloy semis can be further transformed by downstream industries for use in end use products such as automobiles,
appliances,electronics,andawholerangeofothercopperdependentproductsinordertomeetsocietysneeds.Thissectionprovidesa
rangeofinformationaboutrefinedcopperusage,totaluse,majorusesofcopperandenduse.
Forthemostuptodateinformationonrefinedcopperusage,pleasevisittheICSGwebsiteatwww.icsg.org

WorldRefinedCopperUsage,19002015
Source:ICSG
26,000
24,000
22,000
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Since1900,apparentusageforrefinedcopperhasincreasedfromlessthan500thousandtonnesto23millionmetrictonnesin2015as
usageovertheperiodgrewbyacompoundannualgrowthrateof3.4%peryear.

RefinedCopperUsagebyRegion,1960,1980&2015

Source:ICSG
18,000
Thousand Metric Tonnes Copper
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1960 1980 2015
Europe Africa Asia Latin America North America Oceania
ThekeydriverofglobalrefinedcopperusagehasbeenAsia,wheredemandhasexpandedalmosteightfoldoverthelast30years.

WorldRefinedCopperUsage*perCapita:19502015
Sources:ICSGandUSCensusBureau
8 3.5
7 3.0
6
2.5
Population (bln)
kg per person
5
2.0
4
1.5
3
1.0
2
1 0.5
0 0.0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
World Population Refined Copper Usage per Capita
*Refinedcopperistypicallyusedbysemisfabricatorsorthefirstusersofrefinedcopper,includingingotmakers,masteralloyplants,wirerod
plants,brassmills,alloywiremills,foundriesandfoilmills.Asaresult,percapitausageofrefinedcopperreferstotheamountofcopperusedby
industrydividedbythetotalpopulationanddoesnotrepresentusageofcopperinfinishedproductsperperson.Anachangedtext5/12/2016)


IntensityofRefinedCopperUsage*
Sources:ICSGandInternationalMonetaryFund

2015 data GDP per capita (US$) Intensity (tonnes/US$bln)
Australia 51182 8.162
Belgium 40529 557.356
Brazil 8670 181.357 IntensityofCopperUsage2015
Canada 43281 101.144
1400
Chile 13342 330.096
Zambia
China 8141 1,015.055
Egypt 3710 459.569 1200
Copper usage per GDP (tonnes/ US$ bln)

France 37653 78.507
Germany 40952 362.881 UnitedArabEmbirates
India 1604 220.930 1000
China
Indonesia 3362 267.096
Taiwan
Iran 4908 379.354
Italy 29866 319.416 800 Vietnam Malaysia
Japan 32479 241.860 Thailand
Korean Rep. 27222 525.919 Turkey
600
Malaysia 9501 768.489 Poland Belgium
KoreanRep.
Mexico 9452 316.501 Egypt
Poland 12492 591.179 400
9243 241.599 Iran Germany
Russian Fed. Mexico Chile Italy
Indonesia Spain Sweden
Saudi Arabia 20582 292.598 Russia SaudiArabia Japan
200 India
Spain 25843 290.136 Brazil
Sweden 50050 292.582 UnitedStates
France Canada
Taiwan 22263 900.225 Australia
0
Thailand 5742 674.597
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
Turkey 9186 640.799
United Arab Emirates 38649 1,026.476 GDP per capita (US$)
United States 56084 99.633
Vietnam 2088 783.478
Zambia 1474 1,323.443
*Refinedcopperistypicallyusedbysemisfabricatorsorthefirstusersofrefinedcopper,includingingotmakers,masteralloyplants,wirerod
plants,brassmills,alloywiremills,foundriesandfoilmills.Asaresult,intensityofrefinedcopperusageperGDPreferstotheamountofcopperused
byindustrydividedbyGDPanddoesnotrepresentusageofcopperinfinishedproductsperperson.(Anachangedtext5/12/2016tobechecked)

TotalCopperUsage,IncludingDirectMeltedCopperScrap,20042014
Source:ICSGRecyclablesSurveyMarch2016
30,000
Direct melt scrap Refined usage
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

MajorUsesofCopper:Electrical sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, fuel cells and other
technologies areall heavily reliant on copperdue to its excellent
Copper is the best non conductivity.
precious metal conductor of
ICSG, in partnership with the Common Fund for Commodities,
electricity as it encounters
the International Copper Association and the International
much less resistance
Copper Promotion Council (India), undertook the Transfer of
compared with other
TechnologyforHighPressureCopperDieCastinginIndiaproject.
commonlyusedmetals.Itsets
The project facilitated the transfer of technology related to the
the standard to which other
manufacture of rotors, motors and motor systems using more
conductorsarecompared.
energyefficienthighpressurecopperdiecastings.
Copper is also used in power cables, either insulated or
uninsulated,forhigh,mediumandlowvoltageapplications.
Inaddition,copper'sexceptionalstrength,ductilityandresistance
to creeping and corrosion makes it the preferred and safest
conductorforcommercialandresidentialbuildingwiring.
Copper is an essential
component of energy
efficient generators,
motors, transformers
and renewable energy
production systems.
Renewable energy
Images courtesyoftheCopperDevelopmentAssociation.

MajorUsesofCopper:Electronicsand
Communications
Copper plays a key role in Semiconductor manufacturers

worldwide information and have launched a revolutionary
communications technologies. "copper chip." By using copper
HDSL (High Digital Subscriber for circuitry in silicon chips,
Line) and ADSL (Asymmetrical microprocessors are able to
Digital Subscriber Line) operateathigherspeeds,using
technology allows for highspeed less energy. Copper heat sinks
data transmission, including help remove heat from transistors and keep computer
internet service, through the
processors operating at peak efficiency. Copper is also
existingcopperinfrastructureofordinarytelephonewire.
used extensively in other electronic equipment in the
formofwires,transformers,connectorsandswitches.
Copper and copper alloy products are used in domestic
subscriber lines, wide and local area networks, mobile
phonesandpersonalcomputers.
ImagescourtesyoftheCopperDevelopmentAssociationandEuropeanCopperInstitute.

MajorUsesofCopper:Construction
Copper and brass are the The use of copper

materials of choice for doorknobs and plates
plumbing, taps, valves and exploits copper's
fittings.Thanksinparttoits biostatic properties to
aesthetic appeal, copper helppreventthetransferofdiseaseandmicrobes.
and its alloys, such as
architectural bronze, is Copper roofing, in addition
usedinavarietyofsettings to being attractive, is well
to build facades, canopies, known for its resistance to
doorsandwindowframes. extreme weather
conditions. Major public
Unlike plastic tubing,
buildings, commercial
copperdoesnotburn,melt
buildings and homes use
or release noxious or toxic
copper for their rainwater
fumes in the event of a fire. Copper tubes also help
goods and roofing needs.
protect water systems from potentially lethal bacteria
The telltale green patina
such as legionella. Copper fire sprinkler systems are a
finish, that gives copper the classic look of warmth and
valuablesafetyfeatureinbuildings.
richness,istheresultofnaturalweathering.
ImagescourtesyoftheCopperDevelopmentAssociationandtheInternationalCopperAssociation.

MajorUsesofCopper:Transportation
Electric and hybrid vehicles can contain even higher
All major forms of transportation depend on copper to
levelsofcopper.Copper'ssuperiorthermalconductivity,
performcriticalfunctions.
strength, corrosion resistance and recyclability make it
ideal for automotive and truck radiators. New

Coppernickel alloys are used on the
manufacturing technologies, processes and innovative
hulls of boats and ships to reduce
designs are resulting in lighter, smaller and more
marine biofouling, thereby reducing
efficientradiators.
dragandimprovingfuelconsumption.

Copper is also used extensively in new generation
Automobiles and trucks rely on copper
airplanes and trains. New highspeed trains can use
motors, wiring, radiators, connectors, brakes and
anywhere from 2 to 4 tonnes of copper, significantly
bearings. Today, the average midsize automobile
higherthanthe1to2tonnesusedintraditionalelectric
contains about 22.5 kg (50 lbs) of copper, while luxury
trains.
cars on average contain around 1,500 copper wires
totalingabout1.6km(1mile)inlength.
ImagescourtesyoftheCopperDevelopmentAssociationandtheEuropeanCopperInstitute.

MajorUsesofCopper:IndustrialMachinery
andEquipment
Whereverindustrialmachineryandequipmentisfound,it The corrosion resistant properties of copper and copper

isasafebetthatcopperanditsalloysarepresent.Dueto alloys (such as brass, bronze, and coppernickel) make
theirdurability,machinabilityandabilitytobecastwith them especially suitable for use in marine and other
highprecisionandtolerances,copperalloysareidealfor demandingenvironments.
making products such as gears, bearings and turbine
Vessels, tanks, and piping exposed to seawater,
blades.
propellers, oil platforms and coastal power stations, all
Copper's superior heattransfercapabilitiesandabilityto dependoncopper'scorrosionresistanceforprotection
withstandextremeenvironmentsmakesitanidealchoice
forheatexchangeequipment,pressurevesselsandvats.
ImagescourtesyoftheCopperDevelopmentAssociation.


Major Uses of Copper: Consumer and General
Products
From the beginning of civilization copper has been used Copper and copperbased products are used in offices,
byvarioussocietiestomakecoinsforcurrency. households and workplaces. Computers, electrical
appliances,cookware,brassware,andlocksandkeysare
Today, countries are replacing justsomeoftheproductsexploitingcopper'sadvantages.
lower denomination bills with
copperbased coins, as these
coins last 10, 20 and even 50
timeslonger.

In the United States, one cent
coins and five cent coins contain 2.5% and 75% copper,
respectively,whileotherU.S.coinscontainapurecopper

core and 75% copper face.1 In the recently expanded
EuropeanUnion,theEurocoins,firstintroducedin2002, Inaddition,inareasknowntobecopperdeficient,copper
alsocontaincopper. isusedbyfarmerstosupplementlivestockandcropfeed.
ImagescourtesyoftheInternationalCopperAssociationandtheCopperDevelopmentAssociation.
1
Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury.

MajorUsesofCopper:UsagebyRegionandEndUseSector,2015
Source:InternationalWroughtCopperCouncil(IWCC)andInternationalCopperAssociation(ICA)

Americas Industrial
13% 12%
Europe
18%
Equipment
31%
Transport
12%
ROW
6%
Infrastructure
15%
Asia Building
63% Construction
30%


Chapter6:CopperRecycling
Copper is among the few Closingmetalloopsthroughincreasedreuseandrecycling
materials that do not degrade or enhancestheoverallresourceproductivityandtherefore
lose their chemical or physical representsoneofthekeyelementsofsocietystransition
properties in the recycling towards more sustainable production and consumption
process. Considering this, the patterns. It is widely recognized that recycling is not in
existing copper reservoir in use opposition to primary metal production, but is a
can well be considered a necessaryandbeneficialcomplement.
legitimate part of world copper reserves. In the recent In2014,ICSGestimatesthataround30%ofcopperusage
decades, an increasing emphasis has been placed on the came from recycled copper. Some countries' copper
sustainability of material uses in which the concept of requirementsgreatlydependonrecycledcoppertomeet
reuse and recycling of metals plays an important role in internal demands. However, recycled copper alone
the material choice and acceptance of products. If cannot meet society's needs, so we also rely on copper
appropriately managed, recycling has the potential to producedfromtheprocessingofmineralores.
extendtheuseofresources,andtominimizeenergyuse,
someemissions,andwastedisposal.
ImagescourtesyoftheEuropeanCopperInstitute.

Copper Recycling Rate Definitions The Overall Recycling Efficiency Rate (Overall
RER) indicates the efficiency with which end of life
The recycling performance of copper-bearing products (EOL) scrap, new scrap, and other metal-bearing
can be measured and demonstrated in various ways residues are collected and recycled by a network of
depending, among other things, on objectives, scope, collectors, processors, and metal recyclers. The key
data availability and target audience. The three target audiences of this particular indicator are metal
International Non-Ferrous Metal Study Groups in industry, scrap processors and scrap generators.
conjunction with various metal industry associations
agreed on the common definitions of the three following
metal recycling rates: The EOL Recycling Efficiency Rate (EOL RER)
indicates the efficiency with which EOL scrap from
The Recycling Input Rate (RIR) measures the obsolete products is recycled. This measure focuses
proportion of metal and metal products that are on end-of-life management performance of products
produced from scrap and other metal-bearing low- and provides important information to target audiences
grade residues. The RIR is mainly a statistical such as metal and recycling industries, product
measurement for raw material availability and supply designers, life cycle analysts, and environmental
rather than an indicator of recycling efficiency of policy makers.
processes or products. The RIR has been in use in the
metals industry for a long time and is widely available

from statistical sources. Major target audiences for this
type of metallurgical indicator are the metal industry,
metal traders and resource policy makers. However,
given structural and process variables, it may have
limited use as a policy tool.

ICSG Global Copper Recyclables Use, 2006-2014

Source: ICSG Recyclables Survey March 2016
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Americas 1,264 1,511 1,280 1,173 1,054 1,199 1,134 1,147 1,154
Asia 3,807 4,381 4,255 4,822 4,967 5,301 4,847 4,785 4,490
Europe 2,585 2,539 2,530 2,054 2,191 2,272 2,316 2,304 2,284
Africa & Oceania 40 25 17 44 32 32 54 41 40
World / Total Scrap Use 7,696 8,456 8,082 8,093 8,244 8,804 8,351 8,276 7,968
Scrap use Annual Growth 6% 10% -4% 0% 2% 7% -5% -1% -4%
Secondary refined production 2,613 2,739 2,825 2,847 3,236 3,468 3,551 3,493 3,365
Cu content of Direct Melt 5,083 5,717 5,257 5,246 5,008 5,336 4,799 4,783 4,603
Refined Usage 16,934 18,049 17,896 17,903 19,140 19,704 20,461 21,387 22,887
Total copper usage 22,018 23,766 23,153 23,149 24,147 25,041 25,260 26,170 27,489
Recycling Input Rate (RIR) 35% 36% 35% 35% 34% 35% 33% 32% 29%
Asia 30% 32% 30% 34% 35% 36% 36% 36% 34%
Europe 41% 41% 43% 45% 44% 43% 47% 46% 45%
North America 30% 35% 32% 34% 31% 32% 32% 31% 31%
Rest of the World 38% 35% 34% 31% 29% 31% 26% 23% 20%

ICSGGlobalCopperScrapResearchProjectandrecentscrapreports

Basedoninterestexpressedbymembercountries,ICSGlaunchedthecopperscrapmarketprojectin2007inordertoprovidegreatertransparencyonan

increasinglyvitalcomponentoftheworldcoppermarketatatimewhenglobalizationisreshapingthecopperscrapandcopperalloyrecyclingbusiness.The
finalreportoftheprojectwaspublishedinAugust2010.Inaddition,ICSGhascompletedanumberofnewdetailedreportsonNAFTA,European,Middle

EasternandChinesescraprecoveryandscrapsupplyinrecentyears.FormoreinformationaboutICSGworkrelatedtocopperscrap,pleasecontacttheICSG
Secretariatatmail@icsg.org

KeyDriversoftheGlobalCopperScrapMarket ICSGGlobalCopperScrapProjectReports
ExpandingCopperMineProductionandRefinedCopper FabricationandCopperUseinIndianSubcontinent,ASEANand
Substitution Oceania(2015)
IndustrializationandEconomicGrowth
Prices SurveyofBrassMills,CopperProductsandFoundriesinChina
o CopperScrapPricesandSpreads (2014)
o RefinedCopperPricesandtheDemandforScrap
MiddleEastandNorthAfricaCopperUseStudy(2014)
Chinesescrapmarketdevelopments
TheShiftinRegionalScrapProcessingCapacity CopperandCopperAlloyScrapSupplySurveyinEU27(2013)
RegulationsonRecyclingandTrade
Technology CopperScrapMarketRecoveryinNAFTA(2012)
CopperScrapSupplySurveyinChina(2012)
SurveyonNonferrousMetalScrapandRefinedInputs&
ProductioninChineseSemisPlants(2012)
ICSGGlobalCopperScrapResearchProjectFinalReport(2010)
JapanScrapMarketReport

The Flow of Copper
Trade Concen- Blister/ Refined Alloy Alloy Semis

trates/ Anode Copper Ingot Metals Net Trade
Matte
Fabrication
Mining Production
Wire rod Wire rod plant /
Wire mill
SX/EW
Refined Brass Semis Supply
Usage mill
Mine Smelter Refinery
Foundry
New Scrap
Chemicals Low Grade
Tailings
By-products/
slag/ashes
Other Plants Residues

Scrap
Recycling
Scrap for Scrap for Hydromet. Direct
Melt
Ingot
Smelting Refining Plant Maker
incl. low grade scrap alloys
refined

The Flow of Copper (cont.)

(EOL Management
Semis Finished Net EOL
Import Products Trade Products
adjusted for
export/reuse after
collection)
Manufacture Product Use End-of-Life Management
(Lifetime)
Construction C&D
Copper
Reservoir INEW
Product E&E Equipment Finished EOL
Supply Products
in Use Products
Ind. equipment IEW

Transport Abandoned/ ELV
Stored/
Consumer/ Gen. Reused
WEEE
End-of-Life
Other Uses
Products
MSW & Other

Low grade Recycling
from Fabr. losses new
scrap
Dissipative
Uses
Disposal/
Other Uses
Recycling
New Old
Scrap Scrap
Scrap &
Recycling
Low grade Other Metal
Loops

Net Trade

IndustryGlobalFlowsofCopper(2014)andDerivedRecyclingRates

FiguresproducedfortheInternationalCopperAssociationbyFraunhoferISIbasedonEnviron.Sci.Technol.47(12),pp.65646572(freely
availableunderhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400069b).

Recycling Indicator value

indicator (10-year avg)
Recycling input
35%
rate
EoL recycling
18%
input rate
EoL collection
64%
rate
EoL processing
68%
rate
EoL recycling
43%
rate
Overall
80%
processing rate
Overall recycling
61%
efficiency rate
Old scrap ratio 53%

ANNEX
World Copper Production and Usage, 1960-2015
Thousand Metric Tonnes
Source: ICSG

Mine Refined Refined Mine Refined Refined Mine Refined Refined

Production Production Usage Production Production Usage Production Production Usage
1960 3,924 4,998 4,738 1979 7,371 9,200 9,848 1998 12,228 14,032 13,440
1961 4,081 5,127 5,050 1980 7,227 9,261 9,396 1999 12,767 14,576 14,223
1962 4,216 5,296 5,048 1981 7,721 9,573 9,522 2000 13,199 14,793 15,122
1963 4,286 5,400 5,500 1982 7,745 9,319 9,090 2001 13,636 15,638 14,938
1964 4,443 5,739 5,995 1983 7,824 9,541 9,510 2002 13,487 15,354 15,133
1965 4,769 6,059 6,193 1984 8,135 9,440 9,930 2003 13,699 15,272 15,641
1966 4,987 6,324 6,445 1985 8,288 9,616 9,798 2004 14,594 15,918 16,748
1967 4,743 6,004 6,195 1986 8,295 9,920 10,112 2005 14,927 16,572 16,564
1968 5,010 6,653 6,523 1987 8,620 10,148 10,293 2006 14,983 17,288 16,932
1969 5,682 7,212 7,137 1988 8,773 10,512 10,668 2007 15,508 17,895 18,042
1970 5,900 7,592 7,291 1989 9,086 10,908 11,081 2008 15,537 18,191 17,894
1971 5,941 7,404 7,296 1990 9,227 10,805 10,886 2009 15,945 18,234 17,905
1972 6,541 8,100 7,942 1991 9,373 10,686 10,563 2010 15,990 18,981 19,147
1973 6,915 8,544 8,740 1992 9,497 11,042 10,866 2011 15,964 19,601 19,719
1974 7,097 8,759 8,310 1993 9,571 11,274 10,992 2012 16,687 20,203 20,479
1975 6,735 8,187 7,445 1994 9,539 11,118 11,560 2013 18,171 21,060 21,402
1976 7,289 8,632 8,539 1995 10,070 11,817 12,043 2014 18,435 22,483 22,886
1977 7,444 8,884 9,057 1996 11,084 12,628 12,489 2015p 19,125 22,879 23,011
1978 7,306 9,030 9,527 1997 11,514 13,425 13,082 p - preliminary

International Copper Study Group

Rua Almirante Barroso 38 6th
1000-013 Lisbon, Portugal
Tel: +351-21-351-3870 Fax: +351-21-352-4035
e-mail: mail@icsg.org
Web site: www.icsg.org

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The World Copper Factbook 2016

International Copper Study Group ii

Chairman Mr Sergio Hernandez (Chile)

Secretary Ms Fatima Cascalho

International Copper Study Group ii

ICSGPublications DIRECTORY OF COPPER & COPPER ALLOY FABRICATORS (FIRST USE).

International Copper Study Group iii

International Copper Study Group 1

Copper is one of the most recycled of all metals. It is our ability to

International Copper Study Group 2

Key Physical Properties of Copper

Atomic Weight 63.54

Density 8960 kg m-3

Melting point 1356 K

Specific Heat cp (at 293 K) 0.383 kJ kg-1 K-1

Thermal conductivity 394 W m-1 K-1

Coefficient of linear expansion 16.5 x 10-6 K-1

Young's Modulus of Elasticity 110 x 109 N m-2

Electrical Conductivity (% IACS) 1.673 x 10-8 ohm-m Butcoppersbenefitsextendbeyondmechanicalcharacteristics:

International Copper Study Group 3

International Copper Study Group 4

International Copper Study Group 5

International Copper Study Group 6

According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), copper reserves

International Copper Study Group 7

International Copper Study Group 8

International Copper Study Group 9

The output of electrorefining is refined copper cathodes, assaying over

HowisCopperProduced? Alternatively, in the hydrometallurgical route, copper is extracted from

International Copper Study Group 10

International Copper Study Group 11

International Copper Study Group 12

Copper Mine Production by Country: Top 20 Countries in 2015

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

International Copper Study Group 13

8.0% 24,000 12.0% 6,000

International Copper Study Group 14

6 El Teniente Chile Codelco Concs & SX-EW 452

16 Andina Chile Codelco Concentrates 260

International Copper Study Group 15

Other environmental issues: governments are becoming more

International Copper Study Group 16

Primary Feed Secondary Feed

International Copper Study Group 17

International Copper Study Group 18

Copper Smelter Production by Region, 1990-2015

Africa America Asia Europe Oceania

International Copper Study Group 19

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000

International Copper Study Group 20

International Copper Study Group 21

Refinery Primary Refinery Secondary Refinery SX-EW

International Copper Study Group 22

Trends in Refined Capacity, 1999-2019

Electrolytic Electrowinning Fire Refining

International Copper Study Group 23

Refined Copper Production by Region, 1990-2015

Africa America Asia Europe Oceania

International Copper Study Group 24

International Copper Study Group 25

International Copper Study Group 26

International Copper Study Group 27

International Copper Study Group 28