HABIBI: HAND SANITIZER FROM BELIMBING WULUH (AVERRHOA BILIMBI)

AND WASTES PAPAYA SEEDS WITH EDIBLE SPHERES COATED FROM TAPIOCA
WASTE TO SUPPORT INDONESIA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)
Nadia Huda Apriliana1, Zainah2, Vina Damayanti3, Ardita Rizky Putri Arcanggi4, Nida Fathia 5
Indonesia has a growing health problem with 80% transmission of the disease can occur through the
hands. Diarrhea is one of the most frequent infectious diseases in Indonesia. Besides, the
government has a program being Indonesia Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). So that, we
propose a product hand sanitizer HABIBI. Our products are made from starfruit leaves and papaya
seeds. Starfruit leaves has a substance that can inhibit the growth of bacteria (antiseptic), the
tannins, sulfur, formic acid, and flavonoids. Meanwhile, the active substance contained in papaya
seeds are as antibacterial phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. HABIBI can increase the
value of both materials. HABIBI also has unique packaging, which form small spheres coated by
edible film. Edible films we use environmentally friendly because it from waste of tapioca industry.
So that, a simple and innovative forms of packaging can reduce the amount of industrial waste and
increase the value of tapioca. This product can be obtained by 3 steps, extraction of papaya seeds
and starfruit leaves, mixing, and edible film packaging. To use this product, only by taking a
capsule and pressed by hand, then the capsule will be broken and flattened to the entire palm of
hand. This shape also avoids wasting the use handsanitizer. From the result, there is no bacterial
activity in a HABIBI sample in a definite set of conditions. In addition, HABIBI can kill the
bacteria last longer than commercial handsanitizer that only last for 2 minutes to ward off germs.
The economic calculation shows that with a production capacity of 1305 bottles per day to get the
internal rate of return (IRR) and the payback period (PBP) is 32.59% by the time 2.9 years old. The
sensitivity analysis shows that the costs of raw materials and the selling price is the most sensitive
factor.
KEYWORDS: Cleaning, Agent, Hand, Sanitizer, Edible, Averrhoa, Waste, papaya seed,tapioca waste

1. Introduction and background

Indonesia has a growing health problem with 80% transmission of the disease can occur through the hands (dr.
Hanny Nilasari, SpKK. Department of Medical Science of Skin and Genital, FKUI-RSCM). Diarrhea is one of
the most frequent infectious diseases and common in developing countries like Indonesia. On the other hand, the
government has a program being Indonesia Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) until 2030. For supporting
the government of SDGs are needed a lot of stakeholderss contribution to contribute the ideas.

In 2006, hand washing habit is still low in Indonesia, with only 14.3% people wash their hands before eating,
11.7% after defecating, 8.9% after cleaning a baby, 7.4% before feeding children, and 6% before serving food
(Baseline Environmental Service Program (ESP-USAID)). This bad habit is later passed to the following
generations.

Based on Indonesian Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskedas) 2007, the highest diarrhea prevalence is in Nangroe
Aceh Darussalam Province with 18.9%, followed by Gorontalo Province with 16.5% people with diarrhea, Nusa
Tenggara Barat (NTB), and West Papua. Those provinces are included in LPDPs 3T (Tertinggal Terdepan
Terluar) areas. One of the reasons why this happens is because the low awareness of hand washing in Indonesia,
particularly in those 3T areas. This may happen due to the lack of water availability in those areas.

Lately, people has developed an invention for hand washing in the absence of water nearby, which we call as
hand sanitizer. It is commonly alcohol-based with alcohol concentration around 60% in Indonesia. It is pretty
effective for washing your hands, but common synthetic hand sanitizer only works effectively for 2 minutes.
Synthetic hand sanitizer only reduce the growth of germs rather than kill them outright, and after two minutes,
antiviral efficacy of hand sanitizer has started to lessen (dr. Philip Tierno Jr., PhD, NYU Langone Medical
Center).
Our products are made from natural raw starfruit and papaya seeds. Starfruit and its leaves a substance that can
inhibit the growth of bacteria (antiseptic), the tannins, sulfur, formic acid, and flavonoids. Meanwhile, the active
substance contained in papaya seeds are as antibacterial phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. During this
time, starfruit leaves are used as traditional medicine, while the papaya seeds just as the waste is not maximized
beneficiaries. The HABIBI can increase the value of the use of both materials. HABIBI also has unique
packaging, which form small spheres coated by edible film. Edible films we use environmentally friendly
because cassava-based fiber which is a waste of tapioca industry. So that, a simple and innovative forms of
packaging can reduce the amount of industrial waste and increase value to tapioca.

2. Theories
2.1 Hand sanitizer
Hand sanitizers are designed as a personal care product to be used if soap and water are not available. They
contain ingredients to help reduce the number of germs on the hand. They are not effective if hands have visible
dirt on them. Frequent hand washing is the best way to avoid getting sick and spreading illness. (Connecticut
Department of Public Health, 2012)

2.2 Belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi)

Averrhoa bilimbi locally known as Belimbing wuluh to the Indonesians, belongs to the family Oxalidaceae
(Morton, 1987). This plant is easy to grow and proliferate through the transplant or seed nursery. If planted
through seeds, at the age of 3-4 years has begun to bear fruit. The number could reach 1,500 a year (Mario,
2011). Medicinally, A. Bilimbi leaves are use in the treatment of veneral disease (Abdul Rahman, 2003).
Furthermore, the leaves infusion or decoction are taken as a remedy for coughs or to relieve rectal
inflammation. Previous phytochemical investigations showed that chloroform extracts of A. bilimbis leaf and
fruit have antibacterial activity against the Grampositive S. aureus, S. epidermis, B. cereus, K.rhizophila, C.
diphteriae and Gram-negative S.typhi, C. fuendii, A. hydrophila and P. vulgaris (Jais et al., 2009). Active
substances contained in the leaves of starfruit are tannins, sulfur, formic acid, and flavonoids (Wijayakusuma,
2006). Secondary metabolites in plants eg flavonoids, tannins and saponins according to some research results
have the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria, in the leaves, starfruit contains secondary metabolites are
flavonoids and tannins so that the active compound may be used as an antibacterial. The highest levels of active
compound contained in the leaves (Leinmuler dkk. 1991). Starfruit leaf chloroform extract containing flavonoids
kill bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (Hernani dkk. 2009).

2.3 Papaya seeds

Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency recorded in 2010 papaya production in Indonesia as many as
675 801 tonnes and increased in the year 2011 as many as 955078 ton. This figure is likely to continue to grow
from year to year for papaya cultivation is easy and perfectly suited to the climate in Indonesia. Increasing the
number of production is in line with the amount of waste generated papaya seeds. Until now, waste papaya seeds
have not used much of society. In fact, papaya seeds rich in benefits. Black beans with cornea has essential
nutrients with efficacy as antibacterials, which is effective against the bacteria E. coli, Salmonella, and
Staphylococcus infections. Kill parasites in the digestive tract. Already there is evidence that the papaya seeds
are able to eradicate parasites in the digestive tract. In a study of Nigerian children who have parasites in the
digestive tract, 76.6 percent declared free of the parasites after seven days eating papaya seeds (Nursal, 2006)
Papaya seeds have antibacterial properties and are effective against E.coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus
infections. Papaya seeds can eliminate intestinal parasites. Cure for piles and typhoid and anti-helminthic and
anti-amoebic properties (Aravind et al., 2013). The seed of papaya has antimicrobial activity against
Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites. (Alabi et al., 2012). Phytochemical test results to the condensed methanol
extract of papaya seeds are known to contain secondary metabolites class of triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids
and saponins. Qualitatively, based on the formation of deposits or the intensity of the color produced by
phytochemical test reagent, it is known that the content of secondary metabolites class triterpenoids are the
major components of papaya seeds. The result of antibacterial activity against isolates showed that isolates
triterpenoids can inhibit the growth of bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphilococcus aureus at a concentration of
1000 ppm (Sukadana, 2008:15-18).

2.4 Tapioca waste

In the tapioca industry generated tapioca waste from 75% of total tapioca cassava raw materials used. Indonesia
is a producer of tapioca second in Asia after Thailand. The average production of tapioca Indonesia reaches 15-
16 million tons per year. (Anonim, 2005). Starch in tapioca waste is extractable compounds, because they have a
high carbohydrate content, which is about 65.90% (Kurniadi, 2010). Starch can be made of biodegradable
plastics through synthesis polyblend (Hasan, dkk, 2007).

2.5 Edible film

3. State of the art

Table 1 State of The Art
Brand Form Raw Material Packaging
Dettol Gel Chloroxylenol sintetis Bottle
Antis Liquid spray Alcohol sintetis Bottle
Eskulin Gel Alcohol sintetis Bottle
HABIBI Liquid Starfruit leaves and papaya Edible film
seeds extract

4. Market analysis and marketing

4.1 Market analysis
4.1.1 Product comparison
The Habibi has an innovative way than the others product. The Average of hand sanitizer in Indonesia only a
combination of ethanol and water. It does not kill the bacteria significantly. The Habibi comes with a variety of
unique shape and thus attracting people to use hand sanitize. The Habibi are made from natural raw waste of
tapioca, starfruits, and papaya seeds. The Utilization of waste on hand sanitizer into economic advantages
significantly. The product has unique spheres which form small spheres coated by edible film. Edible films we
use environmentally friendly because cassava-based fiber which is a waste of tapioca industry. So that, a simple
and innovative forms of packaging can reduce the amount of industrial waste and increase value to tapioca.

4.1.2 Added value

The materials such as Starfruit and its leaf a substance that can inhibit the growth of bacteria (antiseptic), the
tannins, sulfur, formic acid, and flavonoids. Meanwhile, the active substance contained in papaya seeds are as
antibacterial phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. During this time, starfruit leaf are used as traditional
medicine, while the papaya seeds just as the waste is not maximized beneficiaries. The Habibi can increase the
value of the use of both materials. The Habibi can decrease the economical because the convertion utilization of
wasting raw material.

4.1.3 Market capacity

The market capacity of hand sanitizer in Indonesia is 15.000.000 items in Indonesia in 2016 (Future Market
Insights, 2016). Meanwhile, the growth of citizen consumption per capita from 2013 to 2014 is increasing
citizen in Indonesia is 1.4% citizen in Indonesia (bps.go.id). We assumed that the growth rate stay the same
every year. Based on the growth of citizen in 2016, the market is going to be about We decide to target 2 % from
the demand that has not been covered, as our market share for our every year. We assume that we are going to
start the production of HABIBI in 2018. So the total production capacity/year is:

Table 2 Difference between demand and supply

Year Differences

2015 15000000
2016 15210000
2017 15422940
2018 15638861
2019 15857805
2020 16079814

= 2%15638861 = 312777

By the calculation. In our production THE HABIBI, we finally decide to product 312777 items per year.
Our main target for this product is people with many ages and gender who lives in the highest diarrhea
prevalence is in Nangroe Aceh Darussalam Province with 18.9%, followed by Gorontalo Province with 16.5%
people with diarrhea, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB), and West Papua.

5. Experiment procedures
5.1 Materials
Table 3 Materials in Experiment Procedures
No Materials Function
1 Starfruit Leaf Active Substance to inhibit the growth of bacteria
(antiseptic)
2 Papaya Seeds antibacterial
3. Waste of Tapioca Raw material of edible film
4. Ethanol 96% Solvent extraction
5. Glyceryn Solvent Edible Film

5.2 Instrumentation
Table 4 Instrumentation in Experiment Procedures
No Instrumentation Function
1 Tank Storage raw material and product
2 Sealer Sealing edible film packaging
3. Blender Grinding papaya seeds and starfruit leaf
4. Mixer mixing the materials
5. Rotary evaporator Evaporating process
6. Dryer Drying starfruit leaf and edible film
7. Glass mold acrylic Edible film mold
8. Grinding machine Grinding star fruit leaf
9. Cutter Cutting edible film
10. Filler Filling the extract to edible film

5.3 Procedure
Based on picture 1 there are 4 main steps for making HABIBI hand sanitizer. The first step is extraction of
papaya seed and starfruit leaf, mixing and edible film process. The process in every steps will be explained in
following below
 extraction extraction Mixing
papaya seeds starfruit leaf (Hand sanitizer process)

Edible film
process

Figure 1 Block Flow Diagram Habibi Hand Sanitizer

5.3.1 Extraction of papaya seeds

Putting 1 kg papaya seeds from its fruits

Drying the seeds through direct sunlight for 24 hours

Grinding and sieving seeds with blender until it reaches a size of 60 mesh

Extraction process using 2.5 liter ethanol 96% as a solvent on ambient temperature for 1 day and stirring the
stirrer while extraction each 10 hours

Filtering the extracts with filter paper

Evaporating the filtrate with rotary evaporator in 40 oC, 80 rpm and 0.62 bar until obtain the viscous extract of
papaya seeds
Figure 2 Block Flow Diagram Extraction of Papaya Seeds

5.3.2 Extraction of starfruit leaf

 Sieving 1 kg starfruit leaf into small sizes with knife

Washing the leaf and drying with the fan for 14 days

Grinding the leaf with blender until it reaches a size of 100 mesh

Extraction process using 2.5 liter ethanol 96% as a solvent on ambient temperature for 1 day and
stirring the stir bar while extraction each 10 hours

Filtering the extracts with filter paper

Evaporating the filtrate with rotary evaporator in 80 rpm, 45 oC and 0.62 bar until obtain the viscous
extract of starfruits leaf
Figure 3 Block Flow Diagram Extraction of Starfruit leaf

5.3.3 Edible film process

Before we make hand sanitizer in edible film, we have to make the edible film itself by using tapioca starch
waste. The procedure to make edible film is as follows :
Adding 10 grams of tapioca starch waste

Heating on the hot plate and mixing with stirer until the temperature reach 60oC

Adding gliceryn 2 drops

Mixing until homogen

Then the solution is poured into a glass mold acrylic 20 x 20 cm

The last step is drying it in oven for 24 hours and temperature 40 oC

Figure 4 Edible Film Process

5.3.4 Hand sanitizer process

After we make all of the extract and edible film, we will make hand sanitizer in a thin layer from edible
film.This is the main process to make the product. The procedure is as follows :
 Adding 2 tablespoons of starfruit leaf extract

Adding 1 tablespoon of papaya seed extract

Mixing all of the solution until homogen

Packaging the hand sanitizer in edible film

Figure 5 Block Flow Diagram Hand Sanitizer Process

6. Experiment result
6.1 Antibacterial experiment result
From the result, there is no bacterial activity in a HABIBI sample in a definite set of conditions. In addition,
HABIBI can kill the bacteria last longer than commercial handsanitizer that only last for 2 minutes to ward off
germs. We use a comparative analysis using analysis of bacteria Total Plate Count. Total Plate Count is cultivate
cells of microorganisms living on the media, so that the microorganisms will multiply and form colonies that can
be seen immediately and are calculated with an eye without a microscope. Based on observations using analysis
of total plate count (TPC), using bacteria S.aerus which is observed every 4 hours HABIBI able to be last
longer, up to 12 hours. In the hours to -12 bacteria appeared only 20 CFU / ml. HABIBI able to maintain the
condition until the 24th hour. Habiba is able to kill bacteria S.aerus more and able to sustain longer. This can be
seen in the graph. 1:

HABIBA PRODUCT
Mikroba (CFU/ml)

20

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Jam ke-

Graph 1. Habiba Product

Meanwhile, the TPC analysis results handsanitizer commercial product showed on hour - 0 consist of 200 CFU /
ml of bacteria S. aerus. Bacteria growing every hour. The most significant improvement, there is on the hour to 8
where the increase reached 10 000 CFU / ml. Therefore, based on the analysis of Total Plate Count in bacteria
S.Aerus, Habiba products are superior to the products of hand sanitizer product. It is showed in the graph 2.
 COMMERCIAL PRODUCT
20000

Mikroba CFU/ml
15000
10000
5000
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Jam ke-

Graph 2. Handsanitizer Commercial

Picture 1. Comparation of TPC between Habiba and Commercial Product

6.2 Economic Analysis

The economic calculation shows that with a production capacity of 1305 bottles per day to get the internal rate
of return (IRR) and the payback period (PBP) is 32.59% by the time 2.9 years old. The sensitivity analysis
shows that the costs of raw materials and the selling price is the most sensitive factor.

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