Index
3-dimensional brick element modelling, 228
3-dimensional brick element modelling
(example), 231, 234
3-dimensional brick element modelling,
interpretation of results, 228
3-dimensional brick model of slab with
cantilever (example), 234
3-dimensional modelling of bridge decks, 225
AASHTO, 39
AASHTO HL93 (dynamic allowance), 61
AASHTO HL93 load model (figure), 45
Abnormal loading, 44
Abutment, 1
Abutment (figure), 2
Abutment earth pressure (example), 113
Abutment height, equivalent, 125
Abutment second moment of area, equivalent, 125
Abutment, bank seat (figure), 111
Abutments, bank seat, expansion of frames, 128
Abutments, bank seat, expansion of frames
(example), 129
Abutments, deep, expansion of frames, 126
Abutments, deep, expansion of frames
(example), 126
Accelerator, concrete, 264
Action, arching (in beam-and-slab bridge), 215
Acute corner, 26
ADR, 59
ADR (figure), 59
Aesthetics, 32
Aesthetics, beam/slab/frame, single span,
constant depth, 33
Aesthetics, constant depth single-span, 33
Aesthetics, multiple spans, 34
Air shade temperature, 48
American Railway Engineering and
Maintenance-of-way Association, 46
Amplification, dynamic, 58
Amplitude, rotational, 121
Analysis for creep, 102
Analysis for creep (example), 103, 105
Analysis for eccentric prestress (example), 97
Analysis for prestress, incremental
moments,100
Analysis for profiled tendon (example), 98
Analysis, 3-dimensional, 225
Analysis, 3-dimensional, brick elements, 228
Analysis, 3-dimensional, brick elements
(example), 231, 234
Analysis, 3-dimensional, interpretation of
results, 228
Analysis, beam-and-slab bridge, 206
Analysis, creep, 102
Analysis, creep (example), 103, 105
Analysis, FE, beam-and-slab bridge
(example),213
Analysis, FE, girder bridge (example), 213
Analysis, FE, isotropic slab, 189
Analysis, FE, slab decks, 168
Analysis, girder bridge, 206
Analysis, grillage (plane), 155
Analysis, grillage, beam-and-slab bridge, 207
Analysis, grillage, beam-and-slab bridge
(example), 208
Analysis, grillage, cellular deck, 216
Analysis, grillage, girder bridge, 207
Analysis, grillage, girder bridge (example), 208
Analysis, grillage, isotropic slab, 189
Analysis, introduction to, 73
Analysis, rate of creep method, 103
Analysis, rate of creep method (example),
103,105
Analysis, reliability, 251
Analysis, sensitivity, 286, 292, 300
Analysis, shear flexible grillage, 216
Analysis, shear flexible grillage (example), 220
Analysis, three-dimensional, 225
Analysis, three-dimensional, brick elements,228
Analysis, three-dimensional, brick elements
(example), 231, 234
Analysis, three-dimensional, interpretation of
results, 228
Analysis, upstand FE, 240
Analysis, upstand FE (example), 242
Analysis, upstand FE, other bridge types, 247
Analysis, upstand FE, voided slab, 244
Analysis, upstand FE, voided slab (example), 245
Analysis, upstand grillage, 239
315
 316Index
Angles, obtuse in finite elements, 180
Angles, obtuse in finite elements (figure), 181
Anisotropic material, 137
Anti-bursting reinforcement (figure), 23
Anti-spalling reinforcement (figure), 23
Antogenous shrinkage, 47
Apparent permit vehicle, 43
Apparent standard vehicle, 43
Application of finite element analysis, 189
Application of grillage analysis, 189
Applied strain, 46
Approach 1, 2 (to differential temperature), 50
Arch bridge, 16
Arch bridge (figure), 17, 18
Arch bridge, tied (figure), 17
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Arching action (in beam-and-slab bridge), 215
Area, remaining, 44
AREMA, 46
Armer (Wood and Armer equations), 182
Articulation, 24, 50
Asphaltic plug joint, 30, 50
Asphaltic plug joint (figure), 30
Assessment dynamic ratio, 59
Assessment dynamic ratio (figure), 59
Assessment of safety, probabilistic, 251
Assessment, deterministic, 251
Assessment, probabilistic process, 252
Assessment, probabilistic, limit state
violation,274
Associated stresses (equivalent loads), 81, 84,
86, 89, 93
At-rest lateral stress, 113
Axial expansion/contraction, 78
Axial expansion/contraction (example), 79, 80
Axial temperature, frame (figure), 110
Axis, neutral, variable depth, 192, 239
Axle hop, 58
Backfill, 112
Balanced cantilever construction, 13
Balanced cantilever construction (figure), 14
Ballast, 40, 41, 46
Bank seat abutment (figure), 111
Bank seat abutment, expansion of frames, 128
Bank seat abutment, expansion of frames
(example), 129
Base segment, 13
Basic statistical concepts, 258
Beam (finite element analysis), 168
Beam bridges, 73
Beam element, 168
Beam element stiffness matrix, 171
Beam, diaphragm, 9
Beam, diaphragm, second moment of area, 212
Beam, diaphragm, torsion constant, 212
Beam, dummy, 210
Beam, M- (figure), 6
Beam, partially continuous, creep effect
(example), 105
Beam, U-, transverse modelling, 208
Beam, Y- (figure), 5
Beam/slab with drop-in span, 21
Beam/slab, continuous, balanced cantilever, 13
Beam/slab, continuous, incremental-launch, 16
Beam/slab, continuous, push-launch, 16
Beam/slab/frame, single span, constant depth
(aesthetics), 33
Beam-and-slab bridge, probabilistic assessment,
277
Beam-and-slab bridge, reliability analysis, 277
Beam-and-slab bridge, transverse local
behaviour, 214
Beam-and-slab bridge, wide flange, 208
Beam-and-slab, analysis, 206
Beam-and-slab, arching action, 215
Beam-and-slab, differential temperature
(example), 87
Beam-and-slab, FE analysis, 213
Beam-and-slab, FE analysis (example), 213
Beam-and-slab, grillage analysis, 207
Beam-and-slab, grillage analysis (example), 208
Beam-and-slab, torsion constant (example), 209
Bearing, 1, 24, 27
Bearing (figure), 2
Bearing strain, 141
Bearing, elastomeric, 28
Bearing, elastomeric (figure), 29
Bearing, fixed, 24, 25
Bearing, free-sliding, 24, 25, 27, 28
Bearing, guided-sliding, 24, 25, 27, 28
Bearing, lubrication, 27
Bearing, pot, 28
Bearing, pot (figure), 28
Bearing, sliding (free-sliding), 24, 25, 27, 28
Bearing, spherical, 27
Behaviour, cellular deck (figure), 216
Bending moments, in plates (figure), 152
Bending of materially orthotropic thin
plates,138
Betti (Maxwell-Betti) theorem, 73
Binders, cementitious, 31
Binders, polyurethane, 31
Blister (figure), 15
Body bounce, 58
Bounce, body, 58
Box culvert, 19
Box sections, 5, 6
Box, pseudo- (figure), 7
Braking and traction, 24, 39, 46
Breadth, effective flange, 207
Breadth, effective flange (figure), 208
Brick finite element modelling, 228
Brick finite element modelling (example),
231,234
Brick finite element modelling, interpretation of
results, 228
Bridge aesthetics, 32
Bridge analysis, introduction to, 73

Bridge decks, slab, 137
Bridge decks, voided slab (analysis), 200
Bridge elevations, 7
Bridge loading, 39
Bridge model, probabilistic assessment, 277,
288, 294
Bridge safety assessment, case studies, 277
Bridge weigh-in-motion, 58
Bridge, arch, 16
Bridge, arch (figure), 17, 18
Bridge, beam/frame, 73
Bridge, cellular, 215
Bridge, cellular, grillage modelling, 216
Bridge, curved, 219
Bridge, curved, FE modelling, 224
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Bridge, curved, grillage modelling, 222
Bridge, girder, differential temperature
(example), 87
Bridge, integral, 109
Bridge, integral (figure), 110
Bridge, pedestrian, 40
Bridge, skew, 219
Bridge, skew, FE modelling, 224
Bridge, skew, grillage modelling, 222
Bridge-specific code, 251
Bridge-specific probabilistic assessment, 251
Bridge-specific safety rating, 251
Bulb-tee section, 7
Buried joint, 30, 50
Buried joint (figure), 30
Bursting reinforcement (figure), 23
Cable-stayed bridge, 22
Cable-stayed bridge (figure), 23
Calculation of probability of failure, 256
Cantilever comb joint, 32
Cantilever comb joint (figure), 32
Cantilever, 3-dimensional brick model
(example), 234
Cantilever, balanced, 13
Cantilever, balanced (figure), 14
Cantilever, edge, 1, 192, 239
Cantilever, edge (figure), 2
Cantilever, edge, FE analysis (example), 198
Cantilever, edge, grillage analysis (example),
193
Cantilever, transverse, 1, 2, 192
Cantilever, transverse (figure), 2
Cantilever, wide edge, 241, 245
Capacity, Wood and Armer (example), 186
Case studies, 277
Cell distortion, shear area derivation, 313
Cell, single (figure), 5, 6
Cellular bridge, 215
Cellular bridge, grillage modelling, 216
Cellular deck, 200, 215
Cellular deck behaviour (figure), 216
Cellular deck, grillage modelling, 216
Cellular deck, plate FE modelling, 248
Index317
Cellular deck, shear area derivation, 313
Cellular deck, torsion constant (formula), 219
Cellular section (figure), 5
Cellular, multi- (figure), 5
Cementitious binders, 31
Centrifugal effect, 39
Centroid, calculation, 311
Centroid, curved, 69
Centroid, variable depth, 192, 239
Changes in temperature, uniform, 48
Characteristic value, 42
Chloride ion ingress, 269
Chloride-induced corrosion, 268
Chlorides, 1
Classes, consequence, 253
Classes, consequence (table), 253
Classification and modelling, probabilistic, 280,
289, 296
Clay soil (stiffness), 115
Closed parapet (figure), 36
Code models for road traffic, 44
Code treatment of probability of failure, 252
Code, bridge-specific, 251
Coefficient of passive earth pressure (figure),
112
Coefficient of passive pressure, 112
Coefficient of thermal expansion, 50
Coefficient of variation, 263
Coefficient, creep, 47
Collision loading, 56
Comb joint, 32
Comb joint (figure), 32
Combination factor (for load), 40
Combination, stochastic-deterministic, 299
Combined beam and FE mesh (example), 213
Component versus system reliability analysis,
275
Composite construction (figure), 5
Composite integral bridge, creep effect, 133
Composite integral bridge, time-dependent
effect, 133
Compressive strength, probabilistic modelling,
280, 290
Computer implementation of grillages, 164
Concepts, older (sections), 6
Concrete, accelerator, 264
Concrete, lightweight, 41
Concrete, maturity, 46
Concrete, silica fume, 264
Concrete, statistical properties (table), 263
Congestion (road traffic loading), 41
Consequence classes, 253
Consequence classes (table), 253
Constant depth single-span (aesthetics), 33
Constant, torsion, 151
Constant, torsion, rectangular section
(equation), 161
Construction integral, 109
Construction joint (figure), 21
 318Index
Construction, span-by-span (continuous beam/
slab), 12
Construction, staged, 24
Continuity at nodes, plate finite elements, 173
Continuous beam, partial, creep effect
(example), 105
Continuous beam/slab with full propping, 8
Continuous beam/slab, balanced cantilever
construction, 13
Continuous beam/slab, incremental-launch
construction, 16
Continuous beam/slab, push-launch
construction, 16
Continuous beam/slab, span-by-span
construction, 12
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Continuous, partially (elevation), 9
Continuous, partially (figure), 10, 11
Contraction joint (figure), 2
Contraction of bridge deck, 116
Contraction of bridge, flexible supports, 116
Contraction of bridge, rigid supports, 116
Contraction of frame bridge (example), 118
Contraction, axial, 78
Contraction, frame bridge (figure), 110
Contraction, thermal, 78
Contraction, thermal axial (example), 80
Conventional spring model (example), 120
Conventional spring model for deck expansion,
120
Cooper E load model, 46
Cooper E80, 46
Cornell reliability index, 259
Corner, acute, 26
Corner, obtuse (of bridge), 219
Corrosion, chloride-induced, 268
Corrosion, pitting, 272
Couplers, post-tensioning (figure), 12
Cover depth, statistical variation, 265
Crack, hairline, 269
Cracking due to creep in integral bridge, 134
Cracking due to creep in integral bridge (figure),
135
Cracking, integral bridge, 134
Cracking, integral bridge (figure), 135
Crane, mobile, 43
Crane, mobile (figure), 44
Credible upper bound estimates, soil resistance,
123
Creep, 9, 13, 16, 47
Creep (relief of differential settlement stresses),
78
Creep (relief of thermal stresses), 80
Creep and shrinkage, 46
Creep coefficient, 47
Creep effect in composite integral bridge, 133
Creep effect in partially continuous beam
(example), 105
Creep, analysis for effects of, 102
Creep, analysis for effects of (example), 103, 105
Creep, load sharing due to (example), 103
Creep, rate of, 103
Creep, rate of (example), 103, 105
Critical location of HL93 (example), 76
Critical location of load model (example), 74
Cross section, box, 5
Cross section, bulb-tee, 7
Cross section, cellular (figure), 5
Cross section, older concepts, 6
Cross section, pseudo-box (figure), 7
Cross section, shear key (figure), 7
Cross section, solid rectangular, 2
Cross section, T-, 4
Cross section, U- (figure), 6
Cross section, voided rectangular, 3
Cross sections, 2
Culvert expansion, conventional spring model,
120
Culvert expansion, single spring model, 123
Culvert expansion, spring model (example), 120
Culvert, box, 19
Curvature (due to differential temperature), 47
Curvature (of plates), 143
Curvature, radius of, 144
Curvature, twisting, 151
Curved bridge, 26
Curved bridge decks, 219
Curved bridge decks, FE modelling, 224
Curved bridge decks, grillage modelling, 222
Curved centroid, 69
Curved haunches (figure), 37
Curved shuttering, 17
Cycle traffic (loading), 41
Cyclic loading of soil, 114
Cycling of granular soil, 114
DAF, 58, 284, 299
DAF (figure), 59
Dead loading, 40
Debonding of pre-tensioned strands, 134
Deck, 1
Deck expansion, conventional spring model, 120
Deck expansion, single spring model, 123
Deck, cellular, 200, 215
Deck, cellular, behaviour (figure), 216
Deck, cellular, grillage modelling, 216
Deck, contraction, 116
Deck, curved, 219
Deck, curved, FE modelling, 224
Deck, curved, grillage modelling, 222
Deck, main (figure), 2
Deck, shear key (figure), 7
Deck, skew, 219
Deck, skew, FE modelling, 224
Deck, skew, grillage modelling, 222
Deck, slab, 137
Deep abutments, expansion of frames, 126
Deep abutments, expansion of frames (example),
126

Deformation, shear, 142, 164
Degrees of freedom, rotational, 235
De-icing salt, 1
Density, equilibrium, 49, 132
Depth, cover, statistical variation, 265
Depth, effective, statistical variation, 265
Derailed train, 57
Design point, 260, 286, 293, 300
Deterioration modelling, 268
Deterministic assessment, 251
Determistic-stochastic combination, 299
Diaphragm beam, 9, 202
Diaphragm beam (figure), 10
Diaphragm beam, second moment of area, 212
Diaphragm beam, torsion constant, 212
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Diaphragm, differential temperature (example),
87
Dielectric reaction, 269
Differential changes in temperature, 50
Differential settlement of supports, 8, 77
Differential settlement of supports (example), 77
Differential temperature (example), 51, 54
Differential temperature effects, 83
Differential temperature effects (example), 83,
85, 89, 90, 93
Differential temperature in slab (example), 93
Differential temperature loading, 47, 50
Differential temperature, 3D (example), 93
Differential temperature, diaphragm (example),
87
Differential temperature, Eurocode (example), 52
Diffusion, Ficks second law, 269
Dischinger, 103
Discontinuity, mesh, 181
Discontinuity, mesh (figure), 182
Displacement function, 168
Distortion, in-plane, 240, 241
Distortion, local, 240
Distortion, shear, 142
Distortional behaviour (cellular deck), 216
Distortional behaviour (voided slab), 200, 215
Distribution, extreme value, 297
Distribution, Gumbel, 297
Double cylinder approach, 270
Double-log (scale plot), 42
Downstand, 1, 192
Drop-in span, 21
Drying shrinkage, 47
Dummy beam, 210
Durability, 1
Dynamic allowance, 44
Dynamic amplification, 284, 299
Dynamic amplification factor, 58
Dynamic amplification factor (figure), 59
Dynamic effects, 57
Dynamic factor, HL93, 61
Dynamic factor, railway loading, 61
Dynamic ratio, assessment, 59
Dynamics, 40, 41
Index319
Earth pressure (on abutment), 111
Earth pressure, abutment (example), 113
Earth pressure, coefficient of passive (figure),
112
Edge cantilever, 192, 239
Edge cantilever, 3-dimensional brick model
(example), 234
Edge cantilever, FE analysis (example), 198
Edge cantilever, grillage analysis (example), 193
Edge cantilever, wide, 241, 245
Edge shear (stress resultant), 162, 168
Edge stiffening, 192
Effect, load, 42
Effect, parasitic (secondary), 248
Effect, rocking, 46
Effective depth, statistical variation, 265
Effective flange breadth, 207
Effective flange breadth (figure), 208
Effective flange width, 225, 226
Effective flange width (equations), 227
Effective flange width (example), 228
Effective flange width (figures), 227
Effective lateral stiffness, 128
Effective rotational stiffness, 128
Effective temperature, 48
Effective temperature (table), 48
Elastic modulus, secant, 117
Elastomer, 28
Elastomeric bearing, 28
Elastomeric bearing (figure), 29
Elastomeric in metal runners joint, 31
Elastomeric in metal runners joint (figure), 32
Elastomeric joint, reinforced, 31
Elastomeric joint, reinforced (figure), 31
Electrochemical equivalence, Faradays law, 272
Element mesh, upstand FE (example), 243
Element, beam, 168
Element, beam, stiffness matrix, 171
Element, plate, 171
Element, quadilateral (figure), 181
Elevation, continuous with full propping, 8
Elevation, continuous, balanced cantilever, 13
Elevation, continuous, incremental-launch, 16
Elevation, continuous, push-launch, 16
Elevation, continuous, span-by-span
construction, 12
Elevation, partially continuous, 9
Elevation, partially continuous (figure), 10, 11
Elevation, series of simply supported, 8
Elevation, simply supported, 8
Elevations, bridge, 7
Empirical design (arching action in girder
bridge), 215
Energy, kinetic, 56
Energy, strain, 56
Enhancement, shear, 166
Epoxy mortar, 31
Epoxy resin, 13
Equations, Wood and Armer, 182
 320Index
Equations, Wood and Armer, existing
(example), 186
Equations, Wood and Armer, new design, 187
Equations, Wood and Armer, new design
(example), 188
Equations, Wood and Armer, twisting moment,
186
Equilibrium density, 49, 132
Equilibrium reinforcement (figure), 23
Equivalent abutment height, 125
Equivalent abutment second moment of area,
125
Equivalent lateral spring, 123
Equivalent loading due to differential
temperature, 51
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Equivalent loading due to eccentric prestress
(example), 97
Equivalent loading due to prestress, 61
Equivalent loading due to prestress (example),
63, 66, 68, 96, 97, 98
Equivalent loading due to prestress losses
(example), 68
Equivalent loading due to prestress losses
(figure), 67
Equivalent loading due to prestress, curved
centroid, 69
Equivalent loading due to prestress,
non-prismatic, 69
Equivalent loading due to prestress,
non-prismatic (example), 70
Equivalent loading due to profiled tendon
(example), 98
Equivalent loads method, uniform temperature,
81
Equivalent loads method, uniform temperature
(example), 81
Equivalent rotational spring, 123
Equivalent single spring model (example), 126,
129
Equivalent spring model for deck expansion,
123
Equivalent static force (due to impact), 56
Error function, Gaussian, 269
Eurocode 1, 39
Eurocode normal traffic load model (figure), 45
Expansion (of culvert), conventional spring
model, 120
Expansion (of culvert), single spring model, 123
Expansion joint (figure), 2
Expansion of frames with bank seat abutments,
128
Expansion of frames with bank seat abutments
(example), 129
Expansion of frames with deep abutments, 126
Expansion of frames with deep abutments
(example), 126
Expansion, axial, 78
Expansion, coefficient of thermal, 50
Expansion, thermal, 78
Expansion, thermal axial (example), 79
Expansive (corrosion), 268
Extreme value distribution, 297
Factor, combination (for load), 40
Factor, dynamic amplification, 58, 284, 299
Factor, importance, 285, 292, 299
Factor, judgement, 266
Factor, multiple presence, 45
Factors affecting structural form, 1
Failure probability, AASHTO, 256
Failure probability, calculation, 256
Failure probability, code treatment, 252
Failure probability, Eurocode, 253
Failure probability, fib, 255
Failure probability, ISO, 254
Failure probability, Nordic committee, 255
Failure probability, PIARC, 255
Failure probability, World Road Association,
255
Faradays law of electrochemical equivalence,
272
Ficks second law, 269
Fill, back, 112
Film, passive, 268
Finite element analysis of slab decks, 168
Finite element analysis of slab with edge
cantilever (example), 198
Finite element analysis of voided slab bridge
(example), 204
Finite element analysis, application, 189
Finite element analysis, beam-and-slab bridge
(example), 213
Finite element analysis, girder bridge (example),
213
Finite element analysis, isotropic slab, 189
Finite element analysis, shear, 178
Finite element analysis, upstand, 240
Finite element analysis, upstand (example), 242
Finite element analysis, upstand, other bridge
types, 247
Finite element analysis, upstand, voided slab,
244
Finite element analysis, upstand, voided slab
(example), 245
Finite element member properties (example),
199
Finite element mesh (example), 191, 213
Finite element mesh, voided slab (example), 204
Finite element model of voided slab bridge
(example), 204
Finite element model, plate properties, 176
Finite element model, plate, similitude, 175, 177
Finite element model, two-span right slab
(example), 191
Finite element modelling, 213
Finite element modelling, application, 213
Finite element modelling, beam-and-slab bridge
(example), 213

Finite element modelling, curved decks, 224
Finite element modelling, plate, cellular deck,
248
Finite element modelling, skew decks, 224
Finite element modelling, upstand, 240
Finite element modelling, upstand (example),
242
Finite element modelling, upstand, beam-and-
slab, 247
Finite element modelling, upstand, girder
bridge, 247
Finite element modelling, upstand, other bridge
types, 247
Finite element modelling, upstand, prestress
load, 248
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Finite element modelling, upstand, prestress
load (figure), 249
Finite element modelling, upstand, voided slab,
244
Finite element modelling, upstand, voided slab
(example), 245
Finite element theory, application, 189
Finite element theory, beam elements, 168
Finite element theory, plate element, 171
First crack, time to (equation), 271
First order reliability method, 257, 299
Fixed bearings, 24, 25
Flange width, effective, 225, 226
Flange width, effective (equations), 227
Flange width, effective (example), 228
Flange width, effective (figures), 227
Flange, effective breadth, 207
Flange, effective breadth (figure), 208
Flange, wide, transverse modelling, 208
Flexible, shear flexible grillage, 216
Flexible, shear flexible grillage (example), 220
Flotation (of polystyrene void), 4
Flow, shear, 218, 219
Force, equivalent static (due to impact), 56
Force, shear (in grillage), 158, 166
Force, shear near point supports (in grillage),
166
Force, uplift, 26
FORM, 257, 299
Form, travelling, 13
Foundations, shallow strip (example), 118
Frame, 19
Frame bridge, 73
Frame bridge subject to contraction (figure), 110
Frame bridge, thermal contraction (example), 80
Frame expansion, conventional spring model,
120
Frame expansion, single spring model, 123
Frame expansion, spring model (example), 120
Frame expansion, with bank seat abutments,
128
Frame expansion, with bank seat abutments
(example), 129
Frame expansion, with deep abutments, 126
Index321
Frame expansion, with deep abutments
(example), 126
Frame subject to contraction (example), 118
Free-sliding bearings, 24, 25, 27, 28
Frequency, 57
Frequency, axle hop, 58
Frequency, body bounce, 58
Frequency, natural, 40, 57
Frequency, pitch, 58
Frequency, pseudo, 57
Friction losses, equivalent loading, 67
Friction losses, equivalent loading (example), 68
Friction, interface, 112
Full propping, continuous beam/slab, 8
Fume, silica, 264
Function, displacement, 168
Gaussian error function, 269
Geometrically orthotropic, 137
Geometrically orthotropic bridge slabs,
properties, 176
Girder bridge, analysis, 206
Girder bridge, arching action, 215
Girder bridge, differential temperature
(example), 87
Girder bridge, FE analysis (example), 213
Girder bridge, grillage analysis, 207
Girder bridge, grillage analysis (example), 208
Girder bridge, probabilistic assessment, 277
Girder bridge, reliability analysis, 277
Girder bridge, safety assessment, 277
Girder bridge, transverse local behaviour, 214
Granular soil (stiffness), 114
Granular soil, cycling, 114
Gravity forces, permanent, 39
Gravity load, permanent, 39
Grillage analysis (plane), 155
Grillage analysis, application, 189
Grillage analysis, beam-and-slab bridge, 207
Grillage analysis, beam-and-slab bridge
(example), 208
Grillage analysis, cellular deck, 216
Grillage analysis, girder bridge, 207
Grillage analysis, girder bridge (example), 208
Grillage analysis, implementation, 164
Grillage analysis, isotropic slab, 189
Grillage analysis, recommendations, 166
Grillage analysis, slab with edge cantilever
(example), 193
Grillage analysis, sources of inaccuracy, 164
Grillage analysis, upstand, 239
Grillage analysis, voided slab bridge (example),
202
Grillage member properties (example), 191, 195
Grillage member properties (isotropic slabs),
158
Grillage member properties (orthotropic slabs),
162
Grillage mesh (figure), 155
 322Index
Grillage mesh, beam-and-slab (example), 210
Grillage model, two-span right slab (example),
189
Grillage model, voided slab bridge (example), 202
Grillage modelling, application, 189
Grillage modelling, beam-and-slab bridge, 207
Grillage modelling, beam-and-slab bridge
(example), 208
Grillage modelling, cellular deck, 216
Grillage modelling, curved decks, 222
Grillage modelling, recommendations, 166
Grillage modelling, skew decks, 222
Grillage modelling, upstand, 239
Grillage similitude, 156
Grillage, shear flexible, 216
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Grillage, shear flexible (example), 220
Grillage, shear force, 158
Grillage, shear modulus, 161
Grillage, torque, 159
Grillage, twisting moment, 157
Grouting, 1
Guided-sliding bearings, 24, 25, 27, 28
Gumbel (scale plot), 42
Gumbel distribution, 297
Hairline crack, 269
Halving joint (figure), 22, 23
Halving joint reinforcement (figure), 23
Hard impact, 56
Hasofer-Lind reliability index, 260
Haunches, curved (figure), 37
Haunches, straight (figure), 37
Health monitoring, structural, 252
Height, abutment, equivalent, 125
HL93, 44
HL93 (dynamic allowance), 61
HL93 (figure), 45
HL93, positioning on bridge (example), 76
Hop, axle, 58
Horizontal thrust, 16
Impact loading, 56
Impact, hard, 56
Impact, soft, 56
Importance factor, 285, 292, 299
Imposed load (variable), 274
Imposed loading due to rail traffic, 45
Imposed loading, probabilistic modelling, 282
Imposed traffic loading, 41
Imposed traffic loading, nature of, 41
Inaccuracy in grillage models, 164
Incremental moments, 100
Incremental moments (example), 100
Incremental-launch construction, 16
Index, reliability, 251
Index, reliability (examples), 260
Index, reliability (figure), 258
Index, reliability, Cornell, 259
Index, reliability, Hasofer-Lind, 260
Influence line, 73
Ingress, chloride ions, 269
Initiation phase, 269
In-plane distortion, 240, 241
Inspectability, 4
Integral bridge, 19, 109
Integral bridge (figure), 20, 21, 110
Integral bridge, creep effect, 133
Integral bridge, thermal contraction (example),
80
Integral bridge, time-dependent effect, 133
Integral construction, 109
Intensity, shear, 178
Intensity, shear (figure), 179
Interaction, soil/structure, 77, 112
Interface friction, 112
Interface shear stress, 225
Interface shear stress (figure), 226
Intermediate joint, 13
Interpretation of results, 3-dimensional brick
element modelling, 228
Introduction to bridge analysis, 73
Irreversible state, 254
Isotropic bridge slab, 176
Isotropic material, 137
Isotropic plate, 137
Isotropic plate model, properties, 176
Isotropic slab, finite element analysis, 189
Isotropic slab, grillage analysis, 189
Isotropic slab, grillage member properties, 158
Joint, 1, 29
Joint (figure), 2
Joint, asphaltic plug, 30, 50
Joint, asphaltic plug (figure), 30
Joint, buried, 30, 50
Joint, buried (figure), 30
Joint, cantilever comb, 32
Joint, cantilever comb (figure), 32
Joint, construction (figure), 21
Joint, elastomeric in metal runners, 31
Joint, elastomeric in metal runners (figure), 32
Joint, halving (figure), 22, 23
Joint, halving, reinforcement (figure), 23
Joint, intermediate, 13
Joint, nosing, 30
Joint, nosing (figure), 31
Joint, reinforced elastomeric, 31
Joint, reinforced elastomeric (figure), 31
Joint, tooth, 32
Joint, tooth (figure), 32
Judgement factor, 266
Key, shear, 13
Key, shear (figure), 7, 15
Kinetic energy, 56
Lag, shear, 225, 235, 244
Lane, notional, 44

Lateral abutment earth pressure (example), 113
Lateral earth pressures on abutments, 111
Lateral spring, equivalent, 123
Lateral stiffness, effective, 128
Lateral stress, at rest, 113
Launch, Incremental, 16
Launch, push, 16
Launch, push (figure), 16, 17
Law of electrochemical equivalence, Faradays,
272
LE, 42
Level, target reliability, 252
Light rail, 46
Lightweight concrete, 41
Likelihood, maximum, 297
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Limit state violation, probabilistic assessment,
274
Line, influence, 73
Linear transformation, 61
Load (table), 40
Load effect, 42
Load model 71, 45
Load model, Cooper E, 46
Load model, Eurocode normal (figure), 45
Load model, HL93, positioning on bridge
(example), 76
Load model, normal (rail), 45
Load model, positioning on bridge, 73
Load model, positioning on bridge (example), 74
Load modelling, 273
Load sharing, 206
Load sharing (figure), 207
Load sharing due to creep (example), 103
Load variables, probabilistic modelling, 282,
291, 297
Load, centrifugal, 39
Load, dead, 40
Load, equivalent, uniform temperature, 81
Load, equivalent, uniform temperature
(example), 81
Load, permanent, 273
Load, permanent gravity, 39
Load, prestress, upstand FE, 248
Load, prestress, upstand FE (figure), 249
Load, quasi-permanent, 273
Load, superimposed dead, 40, 273
Load, variable imposed, 274
Loader, low-, 43
Loader, low- (figure), 44
Loading, 39
Loading due to prestress (example), 63, 66, 68
Loading, abnormal, 44
Loading, cycle, 41
Loading, dead, 40
Loading, eccentric prestress (example), 97
Loading, equivalent due to temperature, 51
Loading, impact, 56
Loading, imposed traffic, 41
Loading, imposed traffic, nature of, 41
Index323
Loading, normal, 44
Loading, out-of-balance, 13
Loading, pedestrian, 41
Loading, prestress, 61, 96
Loading, prestress (example), 96, 97, 98
Loading, prestress, curved centroid, 69
Loading, prestress, non-prismatic, 69
Loading, prestress, non-prismatic (example), 70
Loading, profiled tendon (example), 98
Loading, rail traffic, 45
Loading, road traffic, nature of, 41
Loading, superimposed dead, 40, 273
Loading, thermal, 47
Local distortion, 240
Local transverse behaviour, beam-and-slab
bridge, 214
Local transverse behaviour, girder bridge, 214
Longitudinal (direction of span), 1
Longitudinal and transverse occurrence, trucks,
284
Longitudinal direction of span (figure), 2
Losses, prestress, 67
Losses, prestress, equivalent loading (example),
68
Losses, prestress, equivalent loading (figure), 67
Low-loader, 43
Low-loader (figure), 44
Lubrication (of bearings), 27
Material model uncertainty, 266
Material model uncertainty (example), 268
Material model uncertainty (table), 267
Materially orthotropic, 137
Materially orthotropic plates, bending of, 138
Materially orthotropic plates, moments in, 146
Materially orthotropic plates, stress in, 144
Matrix, stiffness (beam element), 171
Maturity (of concrete), 46
Maximum credible value of soil stiffness, 114,
115
Maximum Likelihood, 297
Maxwell-Betti rules (figure), 74
Maxwell-Betti theorem, 73
M-beams (figure), 6
Member properties, finite element model
(example), 199
Member properties, grillage (isotropic slabs),
158
Member properties, grillage (orthotropic slabs),
162
Member properties, grillage model (example),
191, 195
Mesh discontinuity, 181
Mesh discontinuity (figure), 182
Mesh, combined beam and FE (example), 213
Mesh, finite element (example), 191, 213
Mesh, finite element, voided slab (example), 204
Mesh, grillage (figure), 155
Mesh, grillage, beam-and-slab (example), 210
 324Index
Mesh, upstand FE (example), 243
Metal runners (joint), 31
Metal runners elastomeric joint (figure), 32
Method of incremental moments, 100
Mid-side node, 181
Mid-side node (figure), 182
Mill strength test, 264
Mobile crane, 43
Mobile crane (figure), 44
Model uncertainty, 262, 299, 266
Model uncertainty (example), 268
Model uncertainty factors (table), 267
Model, equivalent single spring (example), 126,
129
Model, Eurocode normal (figure), 45
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Model, HL93, positioning on bridge (example),
76
Model, load, 71, 45
Model, load, Cooper E, 46
Model, load, positioning on bridge, 73
Model, load, positioning on bridge (example),
74
Model, load, rail, 45
Model, shear flexible grillage, 216
Model, shear flexible grillage (example), 220
Modelling deterioration, 268
Modelling load, 273
Modelling resistance, 262
Modelling resistance (example), 268
Modelling, 3-dimensional, 225
Modelling, 3-dimensional, brick elements, 228
Modelling, 3-dimensional, brick elements
(example), 231, 234
Modelling, 3-dimensional, interpretation of
results, 228
Modelling, FE, curved decks, 224
Modelling, FE, skew decks, 224
Modelling, finite element, application, 213
Modelling, grillage, cellular deck, 216
Modelling, grillage, curved decks, 222
Modelling, grillage, skew decks, 222
Modelling, plate FE, cellular deck, 248
Modelling, statistical, 251
Modelling, three-dimensional, 225
Modelling, three-dimensional, brick elements,
228
Modelling, three-dimensional, brick elements
(example), 231, 234
Modelling, three-dimensional, interpretation of
results, 228
Modelling, upstand FE, 240
Modelling, upstand FE (example), 242
Modelling, upstand FE, beam-and-slab, 247
Modelling, upstand FE, girder bridge, 247
Modelling, upstand FE, other bridge types, 247
Modelling, Upstand FE, prestress load, 248
Modelling, Upstand FE, prestress load (figure),
249
Modelling, upstand FE, voided slab, 244
Modelling, upstand FE, voided slab (example),
245
Modelling, upstand grillage, 239
Modulus of elasticity, secant, 117
Modulus, shear, 146
Modulus, shear (in grillage analysis), 161
Moment capacity check, Wood and Armer
(example), 186
Moment in materially orthotropic thin plates,
146
Moment, bending, in plates (figure), 152
Moment, parasitic (secondary), 289
Moment, twisting, 151, 183
Moment, twisting (figure), 152
Moment, twisting (in grillage), 157
Moment, twisting (in plate FE model), 175
Moment, twisting, resistance to, 186
Monitoring, structural health, 252
Mortar, epoxy, 31
Motion, Weigh-in, 41, 252, 284
Multi-cellular (figure), 5
Multiple presence (of trucks), 284
Multiple presence factor, 45
Multiple spans (aesthetics), 34
Natural frequency, 40, 57
Naturally orthotropic, 137
Nature of road traffic loading, 41
Neutral axis, variable depth, 192, 239
Node, mid-side, 181
Node, mid-side (figure), 182
Non-prismatic bridge (example), 70
Non-prismatic bridges (prestress loading), 69
Non-uniform temperature, 83
Non-uniform temperature (example), 83, 85, 89,
90, 93
Non-uniform temperature, diaphragm
(example), 87
Non-uniform temperature, slab (example), 93
Normal load model (rail), 45
Normal load model, Eurocode (figure), 45
Normal loading, 44
Normal stress (figure), 147
Nosing joint, 30
Nosing joint (figure), 31
Notional lane, 44
Obtuse angles in finite elements, 180
Obtuse angles in finite elements (figure), 181
Obtuse corners (of bridge), 219
Older concepts (sections), 6
Open parapet (figure), 35, 36
Orthotropic plate, 137
Orthotropic plate model, properties, 176
Orthotropic plate, bending of, 138
Orthotropic plate, moments in, 146
Orthotropic plate, stress in, 144
Orthotropic slabs, grillage member properties,
162

Orthotropic, geometrically, 137
Orthotropic, materially, 137
Orthotropic, naturally, 137
Orthotropic, technically, 137
Out-of-balance loading, 13
Paper, probability (figure), 42
Parallel system (system reliability), 275
Parapet, 1
Parapet (figure), 2
Parapet, closed (figure), 36
Parapet, open (figure), 35, 36
Parasitic effect, 248
Parasitic moment, 289
Parastic moment, probabilistic modelling, 291
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Partially continuous beam, creep effect
(example), 105
Partially continuous elevation, 9
Partially continuous elevation (figure), 10, 11
Passenger transit (rail traffic loading), 46
Passive film, 268
Passive pressure, 112
Passive pressure, coefficient (figure), 112
Pedestrian bridge, 40
Pedestrian traffic (loading), 41
Period, pseudo, 57
Period, reference, 254
Period, return, 42
Permanent gravity load, 39
Permanent load, 273
Permanent shuttering, 5
Permit vehicle, 42
Permit vehicle, apparent, 43
Permit vehicle, routine, 44
Phase, initiation, 269
Phase, propagation, 269
Pier, 1
Pier (figure), 2
Pitch frequency, 58
Pitting corrosion, 272
Plane grillage analysis, 155
Plate element, 171
Plate element (figure), 172
Plate elements, continuity at nodes, 173
Plate FE model, shear force, 178
Plate FE model, similitude, 175, 177
Plate FE modelling, cellular deck, 248
Plate FE properties, 176
Plate model, properties, 176
Plate theory, thin, 137
Plate, isotropic, 137
Plate, orthotropic, 137
Plate, orthotropic, bending of, 138
Plate, orthotropic, moment in, 146
Plate, orthotropic, stress in, 144
Plate, shear, 153
Plot, probability paper (figure), 42
Plug, asphaltic (figure), 30
Plug, asphaltic (joint), 30, 50
Index325
Point, design, 260, 286, 293, 300
Poisson process, thinned, 282
Polystyrene void (figure), 3
Polystyrene void, flotation, 4
Polytetrafluoroethylene, 27
Polyurethane binders, 31
Porous zone, 269
Positioning HL93 (example), 76
Positioning traffic load model, 73
Positioning traffic load model (example), 74
Post-tensioned slab, probabilistic assessment,
287
Post-tensioned slab, reliability analysis, 287
Post-tensioning couplers (figure), 12
Post-tensioning tendon profile design (example),
65
Post-tensioning, 3-dimensional brick model
(example), 234
Pot bearing, 28
Pot bearing (figure), 28
Pressure coefficient, passive (figure), 112
Pressure, abutment (example), 113
Pressure, earth (on abutment), 111
Pressure, passive, 112
Prestress loading, 61, 96
Prestress loading (example), 96, 97, 98
Prestress loading, curved centroid, 69
Prestress loading, non-prismatic bridges, 69
Prestress loading, non-prismatic bridges
(example), 70
Prestress loads, upstand FE, 248
Prestress loads, upstand FE (figure), 249
Prestress losses, 67
Prestress losses, equivalent loading due to
(example), 68
Prestress losses, equivalent loading due to
(figure), 67
Prestress tendon profile design (example), 65
Prestress, 3-dimensional brick model (example),
234
Prestress, equivalent loading, 61
Prestress, equivalent loading (example), 63, 66,
68
Prestress, incremental moments method, 100
Pre-tensioned strands, debonding, 134
Prismatic, non-, prestress loading, 69
Prismatic, non-, prestress loading (example), 70
Probabilistic assessment of bridge safety, 251
Probabilistic assessment of bridge safety, case
studies, 277
Probabilistic assessment of limit state violation,
274
Probabilistic assessment process, 252
Probabilistic assessment results (post-tensioned
slab), 291
Probabilistic assessment results (railway bridge),
299
Probabilistic assessment results (reinforced
concrete bridge), 285
 326Index
Probabilistic assessment results (steel truss), 299
Probabilistic assessment, beam-and-slab deck,
277
Probabilistic assessment, bridge model, 277,
288, 294
Probabilistic assessment, bridge-specific, 251
Probabilistic assessment, case studies, 277
Probabilistic assessment, girder bridge, 277
Probabilistic assessment, post-tensioned slab,
287
Probabilistic assessment, railway bridge, 293
Probabilistic assessment, reinforced concrete
deck, 277
Probabilistic assessment, slab deck, 287
Probabilistic assessment, steel truss, 293
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Probabilistic classification and modelling, 280,
289, 296
Probabilistic modelling, compressive strength,
280, 290
Probabilistic modelling, imposed loading, 282
Probabilistic modelling, load variables, 282,
291, 297
Probabilistic modelling, parasitic (secondary)
moment, 291
Probabilistic modelling, self weight, 282, 291,
297
Probabilistic modelling, tensile strength, 281,
290
Probability of failure, AASHTO, 256
Probability of failure, calculation, 256
Probability of failure, code treatment, 252
Probability of failure, Eurocode, 253
Probability of failure, fib, 255
Probability of failure, ISO, 254
Probability of failure, Nordic committee, 255
Probability of failure, PIARC, 255
Probability of failure, relationship with safety
index, 253
Probability of failure, World Road Association,
255
Probability paper plot (figure), 42
Procedure A, B (for temperature), 49
Process, probabilistic assessment, 252
Process, thinned Poisson, 282
Profile design, prestress (example), 65
Profiled tendon, analysis (example), 98
Propagation phase, 269
Properties, finite element (example), 199
Properties, grillage member (example), 191, 195
Properties, grillage member (isotropic slabs),
158
Properties, grillage member (orthotropic slabs),
162
Properties, plate finite element, 176
Propping, full (continuous beam/slab), 8
Pseudo frequency, 57
Pseudo period, 57
Pseudo-box section (figure), 7
PTFE, 27
Push-launch construction, 16
Push-launch construction (figure), 16, 17
Quadrilateral elements (figure), 181
Quasi-permanent load, 273
Radius of curvature, 144
Rail traffic loading, 45
Rail, light, 46
Railway bridge, probabilistic assessment, 293
Railway bridge, reliability analysis, 293
Railway viaduct, 40
Ratcheting, soil, 114
Rate of creep method, 103
Rate of creep method (example), 103, 105
Rating, safety, bridge-specific, 251
Ratio, assessment dynamic, 59
Ratio, utilisation, 296, 299
Reaction, dielectric, 269
Recommendations for grillage modelling, 166
Rectangular section, torsion constant
(equation), 161
Reduced shear area, 216
Reference period, 254
Reinforced elastomeric joint, 31
Reinforced elastomeric joint (figure), 31
Reinforcement, anti-bursting (figure), 23
Reinforcement, anti-spalling (figure), 23
Reinforcement, equilibrium (figure), 23
Reinforcement, halving joint (figure), 23
Reinforcement, statistical properties (table), 264
Reliability analysis, 251
Reliability analysis, beam-and-slab deck, 277
Reliability analysis, bridge model, 277, 288, 294
Reliability analysis, case studies, 277
Reliability analysis, component, 275
Reliability analysis, compressive strength, 280,
290
Reliability analysis, elemental, 275
Reliability analysis, girder bridge, 277
Reliability analysis, imposed loading, 282
Reliability analysis, load variables, 282, 291,
297
Reliability analysis, parasitic (secondary)
moment, 291
Reliability analysis, post-tensioned slab, 287
Reliability analysis, railway bridge, 291
Reliability analysis, reinforced concrete deck,
277
Reliability analysis, self weight, 282, 291, 297
Reliability analysis, slab deck, 287
Reliability analysis, steel truss, 291
Reliability analysis, system, 275
Reliability analysis, tensile strength, 281, 290
Reliability index, 251
Reliability index (examples), 260
Reliability index (figure), 258
Reliability index, Cornell, 259
Reliability index, Hasofer-Lind, 260

Reliability index, relationship with probabilty of
failure, 253
Reliability method, first order (FORM), 257
Reliability method, second order (SORM), 257
Reliability, target, 252
Reliability, target (table), 253, 254, 255, 256
Reliability, time-variant, 257
Remaining area, 44
Required safety index, 280, 289
Resin, epoxy, 13
Resistance (soil), credible upper bound
estimates, 123
Resistance modelling, 262
Resistance modelling (example), 268
Resistance modelling, concrete, 263
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Resistance modelling, model uncertainty, 266
Resistance modelling, prestressed concrete, 265
Resistance modelling, reinforced concrete, 263
Resistance modelling, reinforcing steel, 264
Resistance modelling, soil, 266
Resistance modelling, structural steel, 265
Resonance, 57
Response surface, structure, 290
Results interpretation, 3-dimensional brick
element modelling, 228
Results of probabilistic assessment
(post-tensioned slab), 291
Results of probabilistic assessment (railway
bridge), 299
Results of probabilistic assessment (reinforced
concrete bridge), 285
Results of probabilistic assessment (steel truss),
299
Return period, 42
Reversible state, 254
Right slab, finite element model (example), 191
Right slab, grillage model (example), 189
Road traffic loading, nature of, 41
Road traffic, code models, 44
Rocking effect, 46
Rotational amplitude, 121
Rotational degrees of freedom, 235
Rotational spring, equivalent, 123
Rotational stiffness, effective, 128
Routine permit vehicle, 44
Run-on slab, 131
Run-on slab (figure), 21, 22, 111, 131
Run-on slab, length, 132
Rust staining, 23
Safety assessment, beam-and-slab deck, 277
Safety assessment, bridge model, 277, 288, 294
Safety assessment, case studies, 277
Safety assessment, girder bridge, 277
Safety assessment, post-tensioned slab, 287
Safety assessment, railway bridge, 293
Safety assessment, reinforced concrete deck, 277
Safety assessment, slab deck, 287
Safety assessment, steel truss, 293
Index327
Safety index, target, 280, 289
Safety rating, bridge-specific, 251
Safety, probabilistic assessment, 251
Saint Venant constant (in grillage analysis), 159
Seat, bank (figure), 111
Secant modulus of elasticity, 117
Second law, Ficks, 269
Second moment of area, diaphragm beam, 212
Second moment of area, equivalent abutment,
125
Second moment of area, voided slab, transverse
(equation), 201, 246
Second order reliability method, 257
Secondary effect (parasitic), 248
Secondary moment, 289
Secondary moment, probabilistic modelling,
291
Section, box, 5, 6
Section, bulb-tee, 7
Section, cellular (figure), 5, 6
Section, older concepts, 6
Section, pseudo-box (figure), 7
Section, rectangular, torsion constant
(equation), 161
Section, shear key (figure), 7
Section, T-, 3
Section, U- (figure), 6
Sections, cross, 2
Segment, base, 13
Segment, stitching, 13
Segment, stitching (figure), 15
Self weight, probabilistic modelling, 282, 291,
297
Sensitivity analysis, 286, 292, 300
Series of simply supported beams/slabs, 8
Series system (system reliability), 275
Settlement trough, 132
Settlement trough (figure), 131
Settlement trough, length (table), 132
Settlement, differential, 8, 77
Settlement, differential (example), 77
Shade, air (temperature), 48
Shallow strip foundations (example), 118
Sharing, load, 206
Sharing, load (figure), 207
Sharing, load, due to creep (example), 103
Shear (in grillage), 158
Shear area, reduced, 216
Shear area, shear flexible grillage, 313
Shear area, shear flexible grillage (equations),
217, 313
Shear deformation, 142, 164
Shear distortion, 142
Shear enhancement, 166
Shear flexible grillage, 216
Shear flexible grillage (example), 220
Shear flexible grillage, shear area (equations),
217, 313
Shear flow, 218, 219
 328Index
Shear force in plate finite element model, 178
Shear force near point supports, 166
Shear intensity, 178
Shear intensity (figure), 179
Shear key, 13
Shear key (figure), 15
Shear key section (figure), 7
Shear lag, 225, 235, 244
Shear lag and effective flange width, 225
Shear modulus, 146
Shear modulus (in grillage analysis), 161
Shear strain, 140
Shear stress (figure), 147
Shear stress resultant (at edge), 162, 167
Shear stress, interface, 225
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Shear stress, interface (figure), 226
Shear stresses due to torsion, 219
Shear wave velocity, 115
Shear, slab with point supports (figure), 179
Shear, thin plate, 153
SHM, 252
Shrinkage, 47
Shrinkage and creep, 46
Shrinkage, antogenous, 47
Shrinkage, drying, 47
Shuttering, curved, 17
Shuttering, permanent, 5
Silica fume, 264
Similitude, grillage and bridge slab, 156
Similitude, plate FE model and bridge slab, 175,
177
Simply supported beam/slab, 8
Simply supported, series of, 8
Single cell (figure), 5, 6
Single spring model for deck expansion, 123
Single spring model for deck expansion
(example), 126, 129
Single-span beam/slab/frame bridges of constant
depth (aesthetics), 33
Skew and curved bridge decks, 219
Skew and curved bridge decks, FE modelling,
224
Skew and curved bridge decks, grillage
modelling, 222
Slab bridge decks, 137
Slab deck, finite element analysis, 168
Slab deck, grillage analysis, 155
Slab deck, probabilistic assessment, 287
Slab deck, reliability analysis, 287
Slab with cantilever, 3-dimensional brick model
(example), 234
Slab with edge cantilever, FE analysis (example),
198
Slab with edge cantilever, grillage analysis
(example), 193
Slab with point supports, shear (figure), 179
Slab, grillage analysis, 155
Slab, run-on, 131
Slab, run-on (figure), 21, 22, 111, 131
Slab, run-on, length, 132
Slab, similitude with grillage, 156
Slab, track, 46
Slab, voided, analysis, 200
Slab, voided, FE analysis (example), 204
Slab, voided, grillage analysis (example), 202
Slab, voided, torsional stiffness (table), 201
Slab, voided, transverse second moment of area
(equation), 201, 246
Sliding bearings (free-sliding), 24, 25, 27, 28
Sliding support (figure), 21
Soft impact, 56
Soil ratcheting, 114
Soil resistance, credible upper bound estimates,
123
Soil stiffness, 114
Soil stiffness, maximum credible value, 114
Soil, clay stiffness, 115
Soil, cyclic loading, 114
Soil, granular, cycling, 114
Soil, granular, stiffness, 114
Soil/structure interaction, 77, 112
Solid rectangular cross sections, 2
SORM, 257
Sources of inaccuracy in grillage models, 164
Spalling, 268
Spalling reinforcement (figure), 23
Span, drop-in, 21
Span-by-span construction (continuous beam/
slab), 12
Span-by-span construction (figure), 12
Special transport, 284, 289
Special-permit vehicle, 42
Spherical bearing, 27
Spring model for deck expansion, conventional,
120
Spring model, culvert (example), 120
Spring, equivalent lateral, 123
Spring, equivalent rotational, 123
St. Venant constant (in grillage analysis), 159
Staged construction, 24
Staining, rust, 23
Standard vehicle, apparent, 43
State, irreversible, 254
State, reversible, 254
Static equivalent force (due to impact), 56
Statistical concepts, 258
Statistical modelling, 251
Steel truss, probabilistic assessment, 293
Steel truss, reliability analysis, 293
Stiffening, edge, 192
Stiffness (of beams and cantilevers), 309
Stiffness matrix (beam element), 171
Stiffness, clay soil, 115
Stiffness, effective lateral, 128
Stiffness, effective rotational, 128
Stiffness, granular soil, 114
Stiffness, soil, 114
Stiffness, soil, maximum credible value, 114

Stitching segment, 13
Stitching segment (figure), 15
Stochastic variable, 252
Stochastic-deterministic combination, 299
Straight haunches (figure), 37
Strain energy, 56
Strain, antogenous shrinkage, 47
Strain, applied, 46
Strain, bearing, 141
Strain, drying shrinkage, 47
Strain, shear, 140
Strand debonding, 134
Strength I (AASHTO), 40, 256
Stress, interface shear, 225
Stress, interface shear (figure), 226
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Stress, materially orthotropic thin plates, 144
Stress, normal (figure), 147
Stress, shear (figure), 147
Strip foundations (example), 118
Structural form, factors affecting, 1
Structural health monitoring, 252
Structure response surface, 290
Substructure, 1
Substructure (figure), 2
Superimposed dead load, 40, 273
Superstructure, 1
Superstructure (figure), 2
Support, sliding (figure), 21
Supported, simply beam/slab, 8
Supports, differential settlement of, 77
Supports, differential settlement of (example),
77
Surcharge, 112
Suspension bridge, 24
Suspension bridge (figure), 24
SW/2, 45
Target reliability level, 252
Target reliability level (table), 253, 254, 255,
256
Target safety index, 280, 289
Technically orthotropic, 137
Temperature, air shade, 48
Temperature, axial, frame (figure), 110
Temperature, differential, 47, 50, 83
Temperature, differential (example), 51, 54, 83,
85, 89, 90, 93
Temperature, differential, 3D (example), 93
Temperature, differential, diaphragm (example),
87
Temperature, differential, slab (example), 93
Temperature, effective, 48
Temperature, effective (table), 48
Temperature, Eurocode (example), 52
Temperature, non-uniform, 83
Temperature, uniform, 47, 48
Temperature, uniform (example), 49
Tendon profile design (example), 65
Tendon, profiled, analysis (example), 98
Index329
Tensile strength, probabilistic modelling, 281,
290
Test, mill strength, 264
Theorem, Maxwell-Betti, 73
Theorem, Maxwell-Betti (figure), 74
Theory, thin plate, 137
Thermal effect, differential temperature, 83
Thermal effect, equivalent load, 81
Thermal effect, equivalent load (example), 81
Thermal expansion and contraction, 78
Thermal expansion and contraction (example),
79, 80
Thermal expansion, coefficient, 50
Thermal loading, 47
Thermal, differential, 47
Thermal, uniform, 47
Thick-walled double cylinder approach, 270
Thick-walled uniform cylinder approach, 270
Thin plate theory, 137
Thin plate, bending of materially orthotropic,
138
Thin plate, moments in materially orthotropic,
146
Thin plate, shear, 153
Thin plate, stress in materially orthotropic, 144
Thinned Poisson process, 282
Three-dimensional brick element modelling,
228
Three-dimensional brick element modelling
(example), 231, 234
Three-dimensional brick element modelling,
interpretation of results, 228
Three-dimensional brick model of slab with
cantilever (example), 234
Three-dimensional modelling of bridge decks,
225
Threshold (extreme value distribution), 297
Thrust, horizontal, 16
Tied arch (figure), 17
Time-dependent effects in composite integral
bridge, 133
Time-to-first-crack (equation), 271
Time-variant reliability, 257
Tooth joint, 32
Tooth joint (figure), 32
Torque, grillage, 159
Torsion constant per unit breadth, 151
Torsion constant, beam-and-slab bridge
(example), 209
Torsion constant, cellular deck (formula), 219
Torsion constant, diaphragm beam, 212
Torsion constant, rectangular section (equation),
161
Torsion, grillage, 159
Torsion, shear stresses, 219
Torsional stiffness, voided slab (table), 201
Torsional warping, 161
Track slab, 46
Traction and braking, 24, 39, 46
 330Index
Traffic loading, 41
Traffic loading, nature of, 41
Traffic loading, rail, 45
Traffic, cycle (loading), 41
Traffic, pedestrian (loading), 41
Traffic, Road, code models, 44
Traffic, road, nature of, 41
Train, derailment, 57
Transformation, linear, 61
Transit, passenger (rail traffic loading), 46
Transition zone, 46
Transport, special, 284, 289
Transverse (direction of span), 1
Transverse cantilever, 192
Transverse direction of span (figure), 2
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Transverse distortional behaviour (cellular
deck), 216
Transverse distortional behaviour (voided slab),
215
Transverse local behaviour, beam-and-slab
bridge, 214
Transverse local behaviour, girder bridge, 214
Transverse second moment of area, voided slab
(equation), 201, 246
Travelling form, 13
Trough, settlement, 132
Trough, settlement (figure), 131
Trough, settlement, length (table), 132
Truck weight, 41
Trucks, longitudinal and transverse occurrence,
284
Trucks, number and weight (probabilistic
assessment), 283
T-section, 3, 4
Twisting curvature, 151
Twisting moment, 151, 183
Twisting moment (figure), 152
Twisting moment (in grillage), 157
Twisting moment (in plate FE model), 175
Twisting moment, resistance to, 186
Two-span right slab, finite element model
(example), 191
Two-span right slab, grillage model (example),
189
U-beam decks, transverse modelling, 208
Uncertainty, in model, 266
Uncertainty, in model (example), 268
Uncertainty, in model (table), 267
Uncertainty, model, 262, 299
Uniform changes in temperature, 48
Uniform cylinder approach, 270
Uniform temperature (example), 49
Uniform temperature change, equivalent load, 81
Uniform temperature change, equivalent load
(example), 81
Uniform temperature loading, 47
Uplift, 219
Uplift force, 26
Upstand, 1, 192
Upstand (figure), 2, 34
Upstand FE analysis, 240
Upstand FE analysis (example), 242
Upstand FE analysis, beam-and-slab, 247
Upstand FE analysis, girder bridge, 247
Upstand FE analysis, other bridge types, 247
Upstand FE analysis, prestress load, 248
Upstand FE analysis, prestress load (figure), 249
Upstand FE analysis, voided slab, 244
Upstand FE analysis, voided slab (example), 245
Upstand FE modelling, 240
Upstand FE modelling (example), 242
Upstand FE modelling, beam-and-slab, 247
Upstand FE modelling, girder bridge, 247
Upstand FE modelling, other bridge types, 247
Upstand FE modelling, prestress load, 248
Upstand FE modelling, prestress load (figure),
249
Upstand FE modelling, voided slab, 244
Upstand FE modelling, voided slab (example),
245
Upstand grillage analysis, 239
Upstand grillage modelling, 239
U-section (figure), 6
Utilisation ratio, 296, 299
Value, characteristic, 42
Variable depth neutral axis, 192, 239
Variable imposed load, 274
Variable, stochastic, 252
Variation, coefficient of, 263
Variation, neutral axis, 239
Vehicle, apparent permit, 43
Vehicle, apparent standard, 43
Vehicle, low-loader, 43
Vehicle, low-loader (figure), 44
Vehicle, routine permit, 44
Vehicle, special-permit, 42
Velocity, shear wave, 115
Viaduct, railway, 40
Vibration, 40, 41, 57
Void diameter, 200
Void, flotation, 4
Void, polystyrene (figure), 3
Voided rectangular cross sections, 3
Voided slab bridge decks, 215
Voided slab bridge decks (analysis), 200
Voided slab, FE analysis (example), 204
Voided slab, grillage analysis (example), 202
Voided slab, large voids, 215
Voided slab, torsional stiffness (table), 201
Voided slab, transverse second moment of area
(equation), 201, 246
Voids, large diameter, 215
Wagon weight, 297
Wall, 1
Wall, wing, 33

Wall, wing (figure), 35
Warping, torsional, 161
Wave, shear, velocity, 115
Weigh-in-Motion, 41, 252, 284
Weigh-in-Motion, bridge, 58
Weight, truck, 41
Weight, wagon, 297
Wide edge cantilever, 241, 245
Wide flanges, transverse modelling, 208
Width, effective flange, 207, 225, 226
Width, effective flange (figure), 208
WIM, 41, 252, 284
WIM, bridge, 58
Wing wall, 33
Wing wall (figure), 35
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Wood and Armer equations, 182
Index331
Wood and Armer equations (example), 186, 188
Wood and Armer equations, existing (example),
186
Wood and Armer equations, new design, 187
Wood and Armer equations, new design
(example), 188
Wood and Armer equations, twisting moment,
186
Y-beam (figure), 5
Yield strength, probabilistic modelling, 281, 290
Zone, porous, 269
Zone, transition, 46
point (see design point)
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