Escolar Documentos
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No. Student Name (Student ID No.)
Marks
Assessed by:
_______________________
1. Objectives
2. Introduction
3. Equipment
4. Procedure
5. Results
6. Conclusion
7. Precautions
8. References
1.0 OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this practical is to measure the drainage level and calculate the
gradient of drainage level.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
An important factor when planning for storm water drainage is identifying the
rise and fall of the allotment that you are preparing for, therefore allowing the person
responsible to calculate the heights or depths of drains and excavations to enable the
flow of storm water to the legal drainage outlets.
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3.0 EQUIPMENT
Figure 3.5
Measuring tape
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4.0 PROCEDURE
1. First of all, started to set up the tripod and put the automated level on it and
make sure the degree on horizontal circle setting ring is 0.
2. While setting up the automated level, the other group member can waiting at
SCL (TBM), SIL and DIL by holding the staff with a bubble to make sure it is
levelled and for them to read the data. Extend the ruler if necessary.
3. Before read the data, make sure the bubble that equip on the automated level is
in the middle of the circle to ensure the whole setup is levelled and to get the
most accurate data.
4. If the bubble is not in the middle of the circle, adjust the tripod or the levelling
screw on automated level to move the bubble to the center.
5. Adjust the aiming gun on the automated level to achieve a line with the staff.
6. Capture the data of SCL and SIL that show in the diaphragm.
7. If the reading is blur, adjust the slow motion screw to help the reading look
sharper then write down the data.
8. After SCL and SIL, leave the measuring tape on the ground and capture the DIL
by moving it 3m after capture each DIL reading.
5.0 RESULTS
5.1 RISE AND FALL TABLE
BS (m) IS (m) FS (m) RISE FALL RL (m) REMARKS
(m) (m)
3
2.801 0.016 63.719 IS CH30
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5.1.1GRADIENT CALCULATION
Gradient =
ANSWER = 1 in 204.55
ANSWER = 1 in 125
ANSWER = 1 in 157.89
ANSWER = 1 in 176.47
ANSWER = 1 in 52.33
ANSWER = 1 in 191.49
5
2.544 2.528 0.016 16 1
(g) 54m 63m = 63 54 = 9 = 9000 = 562.5
ANSWER = 1 in 562.5
ANSWER = 1 in 204.55
ANSWER = 1 in -145.16
SCL 1
1.806 1.520 1.440 36.60 0
(TBM)
IS CH9
2.988 2.946 2.905 8.30 336
1 in 125
2.933 2.900 2.867 3.30 316 IS CH12
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2.914 2.883 2.859 6.30 297 IS CH15
IS CH18
2.909 2.874 2.839 7.00 267
IS CH27
2.851 2.817 2.783 6.80 196
IS CH36
2.822 2.763 2.702 12.00 151
BS CH45
2.659 2.591 2.521 13.80 0
IS CH54
2.586 2.544 2.505 8.10 325
IS CH63
2.571 2.528 2.485 8.60 260
1 in
2.559 2.505 2.452 10.70 249 204.55 IS CH66
7
2.563 2.498 2.432 13.10 240 IS CH69
FS CH72
2.565 2.484 2.404 16.10 235
DIL
2.578 2.546 2.515 6.30 330 CH81
8
2.785 63.735 IS CH33
6.681-6.729 = 64.952-65.000
-0.048m = -0.048m
2) (Sum of each HPC x No. of IS and FS) (Sum of IS + Sum of FS) = Sum of RLs
except first
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6.0 CONCLUSION
With the same equipment as levelling for land, the procedure for levelling and
surveying regarding drainage system are somewhat similar. With the guidance of the
primary reference at water-level recording stations is a set of stable bench-marks,
installed in locations where their level should not change, which is set up by the
government. After proceeding with the same procedures as the land surveying, the
calculations comes into hand with calculating the falls and gradient of the drainage
system. With that being said, all above ground and below ground horizontal drainage
pipes should be laid to an adequate gradient. Gradients from 1 in 40 to 1 in 110 will
normally give adequate flow velocities. Whereas a gradient of 1 in 80 is suitable for
commencing calculations for pipe schemes.
7.0 PRECAUTIONS
When mounting the automated level to the tripod, tighten the centring screw
securely. Failure to tighten the screw properly could result in the automated
level falling off the tripod causing injury.
When taking staff reading support the staff so that it is perpendicular, checking
the circular bubble scope on the staff. If the staff is tilting, height and distance
measurements will be incorrect.
When taking readings, parallax error occurs when the image of the staff doesnt
fall exactly on the plane of the diaphragm or when the focal point is not found
in the plane of the diaphragm. Can be prevented by using two different group
members to move their eyes to different parts of the eyepiece when viewing the
staff held by another group member.
8.0 REFERENCES
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