GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES BY O. BOTTEN: Delft, The Netherierds R. Z. DJORDJEVIC Belgrade, Yugosivia R.R. JANIC Belgrade, Yugosiccia D. S. MITRING TIC Belgrade, Yugosia'ia P.M. VASIC Belgrade, Yugosic‘a WANT WOLTERS-NOORDHOFF PUBLISEING GRONINGEN 1969 THE NETHERL.NDSLTERS-NOORDHOFF PUBLISHING, GRONINGEN, No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, micro Im or any other means without written permission irom the publishers Printed in The Vetherlands 1968Table of contents |. Inequalities for the sid. , Inequalities for the sides and the radii of a triangle . . Inequalities for the sides, the altitudes and the radii . Necessary and = apenas adaieiaueeiauia Notations . . Inequalities involving only i sides of a triangle . . . Inequalities for the angles of a triangle... . . . |. Inequalities for the angles amd others elements of a Gene. Ce . Inequalities for the sides, the area and che radii of a drangle : |. Inequalities for the medians, the angle-bisectors and Giher clements Of Stusugle . Inequalities related to two triangles inscribed one in Sa NR a ee ean ge ee gece . Inequalities involving elements of two triangles. . . i Special tangles . Inequalities for the distances off a point to the vertices and the sides of a trian, atange |. Miscellaneous inequalities for the elements of a triangle . Inequalities for quadril . Inequalities for polygons. . - . Inequalities for a circle... - . ee index. ee ee eeePreface This is : collection of inequalities in elementary plane geome- try, the najority of which deals with triangles and the remar- kable lins associated with them. Geomezxic inequalities are as old as geometry itself. The first book of Enclid’s Elements contains several theorems on inequali- ties for tie sides and the angles of a triangle, the most important of which = perhaps Proposition XX: the sum of two sides is greater than the third. It seems permissible to state that almost all geome=ic inequalities are based in some way or another on this theorzn. A muicade of inequalities has been found during the last two centuries. Jne of the oldest is that with respect to the radii of the circuncircle and the incircle: R > 2r, given by Euler in 1765. It =!ll maintains its position of high-quality-in this field, because shows two properties for mathematical appreciation: it is simze, but by no means trivial. Many others have been given in “ie course of time, but while the elementary geometry of remarixble points, iines and circles (sometimes disparagingly referred ut as the micoscopy of the triangle) had its climax in the later zart of the nineteenth century, the interest in inequali- ties has ben increasing in, say, the last chirty years. The results are rathe: disjointed: they are scattered at random over many books, jounals, problem sections and examination papers. In this bool: ve tried to collect and present them to the reader, according’o a certain classificazion, although we are fully aware that the iter had to be impe-fect in view of the data we had to deal wih. The colsction offers a variery of t Ne inserted a few shich at ems on geometric in- glence may seem6 PREFACE unsympathetic by their complicity or may evem be considered as bizarre. But the greater part is in our opiniom attractive and interesting and among them are some real gems. The effort involved in collecting, checking and classifying the contents of this book was more than compensated for by the pleasure ex- perienced from so many ingenious theorems and elegant proofs and we have admired the skill and the imagination of that multitude of mathematicians from former andl recent years, whose contributions fill the following pages. With a few exceptions we were able to add bibliographic references to the theorems. As some identical or similar inequali- ties have appeared, obviously independent of each other, at different times and places, we are not at all certain that we have always given due honour to priority claims. To many theorems we added a complete proof, sometimes we restricted ourselves to a hint and in many other cases the proof was omitted alto- gether. We had no strict rules for that; we were guided by the importance of the inequality, the nature of the proof and the accessability of the reference. For all theorems, but especially for those without an added proof, we liked to think that the in- equality concerned could be a challenge to the reader. ‘This is not a new book. A considerable part of it is a trans lation of a publication in serbo-croatian Geometrijske nejednakosti, by all the authors with the exception of mysélf. It appeared as number 31 of the Malematitha Biblioteka at Beograd in 1966. ‘The four members of the Yugoslave group have done the tedious field work; they have consulted fanumerous volumes of likely and unlikely mathematical journals. After selecting the material they classified it and checked the proofs. They continued in this manner when preparing the English version amd during this second period they unearthed more valuable treasures. It was an honour and a pleasure to be invited to join their group and to be given an advisory task in the making of this edition as well as contributing thereto. Although each of the five authors mentioned in alphabetical order on the title page contributed his own share, the edition is essentially the resalt of close operation and team work,PREFACE 7 ‘A comparison with the original version shows dat the col- lection of inequalities has been extended and clasified anew. On the other hand we decided on several grounds w delete all theorems on solid geometry: they are interesting, but rather isolated and we wished to give our work a certaix unity and brevity. The character of the book, however, hs not been changed. It emphasizes algebraic (including goniomeric) methods and with some exaggeration one may state that all ar theorems on triangles give inequalities for three real numbers « 6, c, which ‘are corollaries of the system —a+b+c>0, a—b+c>0, a-+b—c > 0. Consequently this book on geomedric inequalities does not contain any drawings. 0.B. The authors intend to keep a systematic check on che further development of geometric inequalities and to make an annual report on their findings in the journal: Univerzitet : Beograd: Publikacije Elektrotehnitkog fakulteta, Serija Matematika i ka or in some other suitable journal. This report wil inform the reader about the state of research im the field. Tae authors welcome suggestions and critical remarks on the botk, so as to make the report more complete. Such material shouldbe sent to: Professor D. §. Mitrinovié, Department of Mathematis, Electro- technical Faculty, University of Beograd, Yugoslavie.Notations ‘In this book tke following notations are used: t A;B,€ vertices of a triangle a,b,c sides BC, CA, AB «,B,y its anzles jeg hy, se altitudes ‘ina, My, me mediens Wa, Wp» We angle-isectors circumcentre radius of circumcircle incenize radius of incircle orthocentre centroid semi-perimeter area of triangle ABC point ia the interior of a triangle excenszes radii of excircles distances from P to the vertices of ABC distances from P to the sides of ABC angle-tisectors of the angles BPC, CPA, APB rir Cevian segments PD, PE, PF RiP) = Re r(P) =n Q = Oc)? + (ca)? + (a MN MN? = UNE10 Afe(z, 9. 2) NOTATIONS. = (8 for k=0 etree fork #0, min(s, y.2) for k= — ae fork=+ vertices of a quadrilateral sides AB, BC, CD, DA its angles diagonals AC, BD perimeter of ABCD area of quadrilateral ABCD intersection of the diagonals1. Inequalities involving only the sides of a triangle 1 3(be+ca-+ab) < (a4+b+c)* < 4(bc+ca+ad). Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. Proor. We commence with 2b < B02, 2ca < c2—a2, 2ab < a2+62. By adding together these inequalities, and chen adding 4(bc-+ca--ab), we get 3bc-+-ca+ab) < (a+b+¢)?, where equality holds only if a = 5 =c. Since a, 6 and c are the sides of a triangle, we have Jo—cl 3(a-+59+c8-+-Sabe), with equality if and onlyifa=b =o. M. Colins, Educational Times 13 (1870), 30-31. —B) + 2%(s—c) < Gabe. (1) 1.7 abe 48(s—a)(s—b)(s—a). (1) Equality holds if and if the triangle is equilateral. Proor. Since b+e>2vb0, c—a > 2Vea, a+b > 2WVab, we have - Bebb) + clea) + abled) & 2i(be)9 + (6a)%"2 + (adj), By arithmetic-geometric mean inequality we get : (be) + (ca:3!2 4 (a5)8/2 > 3abe, so that be(b-+e) + cale+a) + ab(a+s) > babe. Q) From (2) and 1.3 follows (1). 1.9 ai(s—a) + B5(s—b) +c¥(s—c) 0, Wiere equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. E. Catalan, Educational Times, N.S. 10 (1906), 57. 12 64s%(s—a)(s—8)(s—e) < 27a°bee?. Equality occurs if and only if the triangle is equilateral. A. Padoa, Period. Mat. (4) 6 (1926), 38-40. 13 Ig = (Q/2)"”, then 2(s—9)(2s-+9)? < Babe < As+g)(2s—g)®. = (1) The first and second equality in (1) hold respectively for iso- scles triangles whose base is the smallest and largest of the three sides; of course, both equality signs apply when the triangle is -quilateral, since in that case q = 0. R. Frocht, Canad. J. Math. 9 (1957), 227-231. ww 2 (ca) (ab) + (ab) (bc) + (bc) (ca),‘THE SIDES OF A TRIANGLE. 15 and 2 1 i. 1 ee we conclude that (1) holds. Gaz. Mat. B 10 (1959), 162, Ae 115 eee, s—a s—b- s—e” s Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. a6 b c M6 > Hatb+o), chad iatbto, a+b>4(a+b-+0), we have ne) = 2 This proves the second inequality in (1). A.M. Nesbitt, Problem 15114, Educational Times (2) 3 (1903), 37,38, M. Petrovic, RaSunanje sa brojnim razmacima, Beograd 1932, 2-79.16 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITES RewarK. The first inequality in (1) so holds for all non- negative real numbers. See, for example, D. S. Mitrinovié, Elementary Inequalities, Groningen 1964, 144-147. sta , stb | ste bye " cta * a+b 7 = aT =< Equality occurs if and only if @ = Gaz. Mat. B7 (1956), 438. a a Lis (: -§)(' -3) +1> 6 ¢ Gaz. Mat. B 15 (1964), 422. g Le write 1 ee Equality occurs if and only if a = M. Petrovic, Ens. Math. 18 (1916), 153-163, 1.20 Vs sin 2x-+sin 22-+-sin 2y. Eque=y holds if and only if the triangle is equilaterei.‘THE ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE 19 ProoF. Applying the sine law we obtain abte oad QR eR sine-tsin B+siny = Also sh 22-4sin 2+-sin 2y = 2A(sin acos asin B cos B-+sin cosy) 1 =F (acosatb eos B+ ecosy). Since @-COS a-+-b-cos B-+-c-cos y =2, . ve have sin 2x-+sin 2-+sin 2y = = ‘Therefore sinetsinftsiny _ R : sin 2z-+sin 28+sin2y 9 2r ~~ 25 Vsina+/sin B+ Vsiny < 3VE Poor. Since Grote <3ety*+2%), prong __ x= Sng, y= Vsnf, z= Vsiny, ve obtain Vsin aty The given inequality follows from inequality 2.1. Z. Albu, Gaz, Mat. B14 (1963), 177. 24 Ifk <1, then Mz(sin a, sin f, sin y) < WS. Taz. Mat. B14 (1963), 681. 22 snesingsiny <$ V3.20 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilizeral. K. P. Wilkins, Amer. Math. Monthly 44 (1937), 579-583. 28 0 sin F< Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. Proor. Since and as we have expressions for sin 8/2 ani sin p/2, we‘THE ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE 21 obtain where 5.1 has been used. Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. Remark. This inequality was proved in B97. See: T. Radé, Amer. Math. Monthly 39 (1932), 85-90. V. Krylov, Matematika v Skole 1938, No. =-6, 134. J. M. Child, Math. Gaz. 23 (1939), 138-142 R. Kooistra, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 45 (1957/58), 108-115. 213 sin = sin £ sin 5 < ASVi0-14). Equality holds if and only if « = , wher: cos 5 = HVI042). K. P. Wilkins, Amer. Math. Monthly 44 “737), 579-583. B 3 aoe ant? 114 = < sin? = + sin? = pPici. Dad J =2-2 (m5 2) <2 This proof is due to R. P. Ludi¢. 2.18 If 2 is real, Sen #2 1s B+-cos +) <1 +. (cos Hoos} <1 +>THE ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE 23 Proor. For any three real numbers f, y, 2, the following Enequality holds: (cos B-+-cos y—A)? + (sin B—sin y)? > 0. After squaring and then dividing into groups, we get 2 —cos(P+7) + Hos B+c057) <1+-. Since a=f-+y = 2, we have 2 0s «+ 2(cos B-+c0s y) <1 +. Equality occurs if 0 b>c, and the opposite angles a, 2, y, respectively. Then, for the angles «1, 61, 71, of am arbitrary triangle, be-fea—a5 < be-cose1+ca-cos Py+ab-cosys < 3(a2+-62-+-2). (1) Equality is valid only if a1 = «, B= 8, 91 =». REMARK. If « =f = y, inequalities (1) give 2.16. Via = 22 and B = y = 2/4, then (1) gives 2.17. If « = 2r/3 and B = y = 2/6, then (1) reduces to 1 < cos 2+-V/3(cos Bi+-cos 73) < £. Equality holds if and only if 1 = 22/3, By = y1 = 2/6. P. Szdsz, Monatsh. Math. 66 (1962), 174-178. 2.20 If x.y, 2 are real numbers such that xyz > 0, then 4312 208 a+ y-cos < ycos B+z-cos y oy 2s <3, then inzquality <1) is reversed.24 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES Equality is valid in both cases if and only if V4 Loe s sing : sin Fipi ssine sing sin, Proor. If x,y, z, «, B are real numbers, then (ex-cosat-yz-cos P—ay)® + (xz-sina—yz-sin BP >0, alata tat -z2x2-f a2y24 2ey2? cos (at B)—2xy%2 cos P—2x8yz cosa >T. : 6 Since a+f-+y =, (3) gives 2x2yz cos a-+-2xy%z cos B+-2ry2? cosy < y%224 2a24 x2y2, If xyz > 0, after division by 2xyz, we get (1). If 2yz <0, we obtain the reversed inequality. Equality in the considered inequalities holds if and only if zx-cos atyz-cos P—ay = 0, zx-sin a—yz-sin B = 0, ie, 1 :— asin a: sing: siny. a z REMARK. Inequality (I) in the case where x, y, z are positiv numbers was established by D. F. Barrow. The above general zation and proof are due to R. R. Janié. D. F. Barrow, Problem 3740, Amer. Math. Monthly 44 (1937, 252-254. R. R. Janié, Univ. Beograd, Publ. Elektrotehn. Fak. Ser. Max Fiz. No. 181-196 (1967), 73-74. 2M F< costa-tcos?B+cos?y <3 in each triangle. 2 < cos? a-tcos? B-+costy <1 in acute triangles. 1 < cos? a--cos*B+costy <3 in obtuse triangles. Equality holds only for the equilateral triangle. R. Kooistra, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 45 (1957/58), 108-115. 2.22 cosf cosy+cos 7 cos a++-cos «cos BTHE ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE a There is strict inequality except when the triangle is equi- lateral. J. M. Child, Math. Gaz. 23 (1939), 138-143. 2.23 cos @cos f cosy < }. 0) Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. Proor. For acute triangle cos «, cos B, cos y are positive, so that on the basis of arithmetic-geometric mean inequality, we have cos «-}.c0s B~+-cos y\8 cosacosp cosy < (=A SBP Eos?) 3 Using 2.16, we conclude that inequality {1) is true. For right and obtuse triangles inequality (1) is immediately established. C. C. Popovici, Gaz. Mat. 31 (1925), 132. J. M. Child, Math. Gaz, 23 (1939), 138-143. 224 —1 siny. If «> a/2 or B > 2/2, then reversed inequality A. Pantazi, Gaz, Mat. 23 (1917/18), 144, V. Cristescu, Gaz. Mat. 26 (1920/21), 88-89. B. M, Barbalatt, Gaz. Mat. 30 (1924/25), 380-381. is valid. 2.26 cosecosf cosy < s(c0s*(8—y) +cos*(y— 2) Proor. By (x+9j? > 4xy we obtain (cos a+2 08 2 co: B-cos a e198 £08 7.2% GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES Since cos a= —cos(B-+y), (2) gives (—cos(B-+-y) + 2 coz cos y)? > 8-cos « cos B cos y, ie. cas?(8—y) > 8-cos a cos f cos y. 3) Similarly cos?{y—a)>8-cos xcosfcozy, cost{a—f)>8-cosacos Pcosy. (4) Adding (3) and (4) we get (1). C. Cosnita and F. Turtoi, Culegere de probleme de algebra, Bucuresti 1965, pp. 176-177. « bo ed 227 20 in each triangle. ‘ tg2attg*prety>9 - in acute triangles. R. Kooistra, Nieuy Tijdschr. Wisk. 45 (1957/58), 108-115. 2.32 tg atg B tg y>3V3 in acute triangles. tgatghtgy <0 in obtuse triangles. R. Kooistra, Nieuy Tijdschr. Wisk, 45 (1957/58), 108-115. a Lets 233 teStisptiets Equality holds if aud only if the triangle is equilateral. J. Karamata, Proilem 119, Glasnik matematicko-fizitki i astronomski 3 (1948), 223. | eR, Kooistra, Nieuy Tijdschr. Wisk. 45 (1957/58), 108-115. 234 O V3, with equality holding if and only if the triangle is equilateral. PROOF. sin(e+6) 2siny a+cotg Bf = ——$——— = ——____—__ cotgatcotg B= Gnd ~ cosle—B) pony 2siny : =2t . T+c0s y 82 Therefore : cotg «cote B--cotg y > 2-tg + Loot y cotg? 7/243 2eatg 7/2THE ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE bod T. Varopoulos, Bull. Soc. Math. Grace 151 (11934), 17. R. Kooistra, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 45 (1957/58), 108-11 2.39 cotg? «+cotg? f+cotg? y > 1. R. Kooistra, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 45 (1957/58), 108-115. 2.40 cotg acotg fcotgy + cotg 5 + cote > > 3V3. - R. Kooistra, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 45 (1957/58), 108-115. x 8 7 242 cotg> cotg 5 cotg > > 3/3. R. Kooistra, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 45 (1957/58), 108-115. 2.43 cotg? = + cots 6 + cotg? z >o 2) Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. . Proor. By the harmonic-arithmetic mean inequality and Sy tg «/2, tg 6/2, tg y/2 > 0, we have Bay Ye ee (wpe dtieties tes > x (cores cotg S + cotg cotg = + cotg cotg Since Lad yi % (ee teste tg tg + teste £ <1, eet ete tis ties te Sal we get cote? cotg 2 + cotg ® cots + cote cote 29, 20° 2 2 222 2 2 =30 GEOMETRIC EQUALITIES By adding the —— cotg? — $+ cotg? 5 B 2eotg> 5 cotg 8 to two obtained [| permutation of «, B, y. we get & cotg? 5 + cotg? 5 + cotg? 2 it « a 8 Zits yt oles ore > > cote cotg z + cotg which together with (2) gives (1) R. Kooistra, Nieuw Tijdschr. Visk. 45 (1957/58), 108-115. Ju. L. Gerasimov, Matematika Skole 1964, No. 3, 75. 8 244 cote? > = + cotg? stow 2 Proor. Using the notation ~tg 2/2 = x, cotg ap cotg 7/2 = 2, from >(cos$ + cotg £ + cote 2 ate x+cotg B+cotg yz we have (et y+2) ie. sttyhpst = (2 Mpeg? Since (@?—I)xy—(z-+ort2y). a2 452422 > xtoepay we get 2eP+y +22} > GP ye G2 Ieee Gt I)ay ie, a: 1 —1 tiyttens(SSt+ 5 te ) = (bytTHE ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE 31 By cotg a/2, cotg f/2, cotg »/2 substituting for x, y, 7 and using the formula cotgt(t/2)—1 2eotgt/2 from (2) we obtain (1). C. Cosnita amd F. Tursoiu, Culegere de probleme de algebra, Bucuresti 1965, p. 176, 2.45 seca-tsecPtsecy> 6. Equality holds if and ozly if the triangle is equilateral. J. M. Child, Math. Gaz. 23 (1939), 138-143. 2.46 secta+sect ptsecty > 12 in acute triangles. sec? asec? p-tsecty > 3 in obtuse triangles. R. Kooistra, Nieuw Tijéschr. Wisk. 45 (1957/58), 108-115. 247 sec Bsec-y-+secy sec a-tsec asec > 12. =cotgt Equality only applies when the triangle is equilateral. J. M. Child, Math. Gaz. 23 (1939), 136-143. 2.48 sect 5 + sect £ wets R. Kooistra, Nieuw Tijéschr. Wisk. 45 (1958/57), 108-115. 249 cosecat-cosec f-+-cosec y > 2V3, with equality only for eqtateral triangles. T.R. Curry, Problem E 1861, Amer. Math. Monthly 73 (1966), 199. 2.50 cosec? a-+-cosec? B+cosec? y > 4. R. Kooistra, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 45 (1957/58), 108-115. « @ a Y 2] = 4 cosec H+ 2s 51 cosee 5 + cosec 5 + cosec 5 > 6, with equality holding if aad only if the triangle is equilateral.32 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES J. M. Child, Math. Gaz. 23 (1939), 138-143. M. S. Klamkin, Problem E 1361, Amer. Math. Monthly 66 (1959), 312 and 916-917. 8 a x 52 2 a 2 2.52 cosec’ z + cosec’ Zt cosec! 22 R. Kooistra, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 45 (1957/58), 108-115. 8 zx Als yo, 2.53 cosec-5 cosee F +-cosee Z coseeS + cosee-s eosee Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. J. M. Child, Math. Gaz. 23 (1939), 138-143. 2.54 coseca-tcosec #-+cosec 3 > $secS see Puoor. Putting x= sina, y =sing, z= siny in ety ta(> +S ty =) we obtain ; on a cosec arbeosee Jose 9 > Sa gre Q) Since ee na ares 2 - 2 from (2), we get (I). C. Tonescu-Tiu, Gaz. Mat. B 14 (1963), 225. 2.55 cosec 22-4 cosec 2f-+-cosec 2y > cosec a--cosec f+ cosec y « B y peer z tsec5 + see 5 2.56 cost (1)THE ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE 3B Proor. One of the following relations holds for the angles of a triangle x x aSzehey x yepezea voy! ~ jin J) >0 In both cases whence ee. oad, 4 sin 5 sin 5 >2(sin > +sin >) —1. Therefore 2 By int (ein 2 4 cin? ant +4sin—sin< sin £>2-sin (sin — )+1—sin=. 144sin5 sin 5 sin 5 >2-sin>(sin > +sin >) +1—sins. (2) Since sin f/2sin y/2, for « constant, reaches its maximum when p/2 = |2 = (7—a)/4, we have B x. . Yon sin sin > sin zen cy B ‘ a ?ye Po et, 2. B : 22( Fain F pain sin F tin sin $) ‘Therefore inequality (1) holds. V. Thébault-L. Bankoff, Problem E 1272, Amer. Math. Month- ly 67 (1960}, 693-694. ke 7/2008 a « as7 BIZC0s 7/2 , cosy/2cosa/2 , cos =/2cosAI2. 9 sin o/2 sin fj2 sin 7/2 C. Tonescu-Tiu, Gaz. Mat. B 14 (1963), 225. sing2, _sinf2_,_siny/2 sin /2cos;/2 ' siny/2cosai2 * sine/2cos#/2 2.58 S= > 2V3. (1)4 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES Proor. By the arithmettic-geometric mean inequality, we have apa 5 3(com 5 cos Fon zr . 5 @) Since (see: 2.28) = B ust cos 5 ews > 005-5 <3, from (2) we get (1). D. Nicolae, Gaz. Mat. B 14 (1963), 561. Lpeosacos Boos 5 2.59 sinasin p siny Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. H. W. Guggenheimer, Plane Georetry and its Groups, San Francisco, Cambridge, London, Amsterdam 1967, p. 189. : oe Fo cos” 4 sin 4 sin, 2.60 (cong tin 7 ) 0. L. E. Bush, Amer. Math. Momchly 64 (1957), 24. 2.62 2(cotg«-+-cotg B-+cotg y) > cosec a+-cosec B+-cosecy. C. Cosnita and F. Turtoiu, Ciéegere de probleme de algebra, Bucuresti 1965, p. 176. 2.63 ‘tg Bigy+tgy tga+tgate3 >3+seca-tsec P+secy. C. Cosnita and F. Turtoiu, Cugere de probleme de algebra, Bucuresti 1965, p. 176. Vighitey2 , vt [2 , Vigaldigh2 | cya 8 cosa]/2 08 fi Skole 1958, No. 5, 95. Ju. A. Izosimov, Matematika 2.65 If» is a natural number, hen cotg” a-+-cotg B-+catg” y > 3-3-n/2, Equality folds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. M,N. Kritikog, Actes du Congts interbalkanique de mathé- hi maticiens, jes 1934, 157-158. 3. Inequalities for the angles and other elements of a _ triangle 31 Ifa Hoy teat ap +eB-+ay-+5a). ) Jnoor. Let a>b>c., Then «> 8> y. Multiplying « > f by a5 >0,a>y by a—c>0 and f >y by b—c > 0, one obtains aa+bB > aftba, aatcy >ay+tca, bB-+cy > by-+cB. Adding these inequalities, we have 2aatb-te;) > by+catap-+cP+ay+ba, ie. (I). m aatbptcy 2 33 b>. Then 2 >f > 7 and consequently (2—B)(e—f) > 0, (6—J(B—») 20, (c~a)(y—a) 30. (1) Adding these inequalities, we obtain (@—2)(2—-A) + (b—-)(B—) + (Ca) ly—2) 2 0, ant Opty) > (b+e)a+(chalb+(areyy._ _..- Sdding ax-+-6-+cy to both sides of the last inequality, we get laarbp-Loy) > (b+ e+B+y)- Q Since atf-+-y =a, from (2) follows witi equality only if oni: in this case, Sice a, b, c are the sides of a triangle, we have atb-+e> 2a, atbte>2b, apbte> 2. Laltiplying these inequalities by =, , y respectively and addng together the inequalities thus obtained, we get (@+brlia+B+y) > Aax—bB+cy3,| | | ‘ THE ANGLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF ATRIANGLE 357 whence REMARK. This proof follows the idea of J. Kirschak given in: G. Pélya and G. Szegd, Aufgeben und Lehrsitze aus der Ana- lysis, vol. IL, Berlin 1925, p. 166 and 393. 34 Ifa daa, ie, 2aa+batey < (a+o)B — (a+b)y. Adding 88--cy to both sides of the last inequality, we get YaaLOp+cy) < (a+b—(6+y) whence a (s—B)(s—e) \N2 B _ (G—efs—a) \¥? z ( 36a) ) , «eh =( 36-8) ) : we obtain m ep ox z ~85 85) a38 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITES Therefore aa-+o6tey «8 afbte max(b,c), Then @ <2max(6,3) must hold, for otherwise a > b+c. Further, we have bea =min(b, c) +max(6,c) —a->- Aenea aean) . with equality holding if and only if te triangle is equilateral. T.R. Curry, Problem E 1861, Ame. Math. Monthly 73 (1966), 199, 39 Ifa2. REMARC These inequalities are due to R. Ballieu, Simon Stevin 26 (1949), 129-134. The upper bound for the case f > 2 and ¢ a positive integer is determined in: F. van der Blij, Simon Stevin 25 (1947), 231-235. B11 Ife=r/R, then 1448 < cos fcosy-+cosy cos a-tcos xcosp < Eh —143k—$22 B > y, then 2Rcisa< R—d < 2Rcosf Equality 3olds if and only if the Hee is equilateral. ProoF. Sie sinz = a/(2R), sion = b/(2R), sing = c/(2R,THE ANGLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF A TRIANGLE 41 we Lave - aryeie 23F aa rR Weizenbick’s inequality 4.4 was used here. 3.14 9% with «quality if and only if he = Ip = he, i.e. if and only if the tangle is equilateral. Theefore asin a-+bsin B-tesin y > 9. Using the sine law, we obtain a4 a) : asine-+bsin B+csiny = Since (see: 5.13) abc? < OR, from (2 we obtain asina—b sin B+csiny < $k. This b>c. From BL? d Ae and be > We sine, follows B+c2 > Qbe sin a = 4F. This concludes the proof. 42 st>3Fy3. Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equiitteral. Proor. Since [s—2)(s—a)(s—9}9 < -ao—Hs-9. < S, we obtain s F =[s(s—a)(s—6)(s—cj}22 << ——. {s—a) (s—8)(s—ei} ] H. Hadwiger, Jber. Deutsch. Math.-Verein. 49 (1939), 35-39 kursiv. . L. A. Santal6, Math. Notae 3 (1943), 65-73. 43 st>3aFV3+10. J. C. H. Gerretsen, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wi: 44 a4btct > 4FY3, Equality occurs if and oniy if the triangle is equiateral. 41 (1553), 1-7. Proor. By cosine law, 4c? = 2(b2+-c?} —2be cos a. ae SinceTHE SIDES AND THE AREA OF A TRLSGLE 43 one obtains a2 024-2 4F V3 = 2(6%-4.c2) —2be cos a—Be/3 sin a =2(2 +22) (5 cos e— 8 sin ) -) = 282-402) —4bc cos — > 2G2+c2) —4b0 = 2(6—9?. Equality holds if and only if ’ =c and «=7/3, ie. if and daly if the triangle is equilateral. R. Weitzenbick, Math. Z. 5 (1919), 137-146 P. Finsler and H. Hadwiger, Comment. Mati Helv. 10 (1937/ 3B), 316-326. L. A. Santalé, Math. Notae 3 (1943), 65-73. F. Goldner, Problem 69, Elem. Math. 4 (19: , Elementa: matematik, fysik, kemi (C 120. ala) 49 (1966), 45° be+ca-+ab > 4F V3. a) Proor. Since (sin 2)-24 (sin p)-1+ (cin y)-! > 3-V/(Gin @ sh 3 sin y) 2 and (see: 2.7) 3v3 = sinasin B sin yy < we have (in a)-14 (sin 3)-2+ (sin 7)? > 203. Using the last inequality and bc+ca+ab = 2F! ina) in a) we get (I).44 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES REMARK. From (1) and (be peat ab)P<3 (Pet +-cPa® 40262) < (a?+-524-c2)2<3(a8-54+c8) one obtains the imqualities: 4.12, 4.4, 4.10. ‘YV. O. Gordon, Watematika v Skole, 1966, No. 1, 89. 4.6 be+ca+ab > 4FV3+- J.C. H. Gerretsen, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 41 (1953), 1-7. 47 4FV34Q

16F% Equality holds if and only if a=b = F. Goldrer, Problem 69, Elem. Math. 4 (1949), 120. All atti4tet> 16F244FQV3+4492. (1) Equality holds if and only if a =5 c. Proor. 3y squaring the Finsler-Hadwiger's inequality 4.7, ‘one obtains at4btect42(6%?-+ cfa?-+ 4262) > 48F?--8F QV3+02. Since 2(be2-+-c%a® 402) = 16F2+at d+, then Hat bt4ct)-4 16F? > 48F2--8FQV3+4Q2, Ee. (1). Matemarka i fizika, Sofia, 6 (1965), 51-52. BAD b%2—c2a2 +0262 > 16F2. (ly Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral Proor. On the basis of Heron’s formula we have Zbee2+ c2a®-+ a2b2) — (at b4+-ct) = 16F%, Since : (2c)? + (2-02)? + (a2 B88 0, ie., Bech erat arb? < attbitcs, vwe get (I). F. Goldn=, Problem 69, Elem. Math. 4 (1949), 120. = 9abe 413. 4Fy3<—_—.. 4 SS ayire Equality occurs if and only ifa=b =. Problem E 1861, Amer. Math. Monthly 72 (1966),46 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES 4F\3 414 (abc)? >(5) : 1 (ob)? >| ) Equality holds if and only if a = Proor. From abc = 4RF and from a+b+e<3RV3 (ee 5.3), we have 4F abe Sabe Babe " a Rie ee ee a, whence inequality (1) follows. L. Carlitz-F. Leuenberger, Problem E 1454, Amer. Mah. Monthly 68 (1961), 177 and 68 (1961), 805-806. H. W. Guggenheimer, Problem E 1724, Amer. Math. Moniiiy 71 (1964), 911 and 72 (1965), 791-793. cs 4.15 Ifx,y, 2 are real numbers, then eves Ret ant Ca aaa age Tr, a y) Proor. By means of the arithmetic-geometric mean in- equality, we obtain atbyet + bictat-+-czavbt D S(abe) V+ 9, From this inequality, on the basis of 4.14, we get (I). This inequality and proof are due to P. M. Vasié. 4.16 If x,y, are real numbers, then geass plete. Beran Beev(b-+c)-+cFav(e-+a)*—-atby(a-+-8}! > 3-2° a ProoF. Since a+b > 2Vab, etc., we obtain beer (b-+e}* +ezar(e-+a}?-+-arbv(04.5)* D Ble HereyHel2) + cx“te/MavHe) 4 azHeAby-ED) > 3.228 adele, From this inequality, on the basis of 4.14, we get (1). ‘This inequality and proof are due to R. Z. Diordjevié.THE SIDES AND THE AREA OF A TRIANGLE 47 4.17 If x,y,z are real numbers, then aF(at bb +e)F+5eO+ A MotaleeA(eta)¥(ato}t ote pete 33.2" —— era “This inequality is due to R. Z. Djordjevié. 4.18 If a24b24c? = 2H and be-+ca-+ab = K, then oes Equality in (1) holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. S. Beatty, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, ITE (3), 48 (1954), 1-5. 419 If ¢ = (Q/2)¥%, then ‘ s(s-+4)*(s—24) 27 s(s—9) *(s+-29) 7] : 0, then BB farpbecr —o C23 =) el, Problem 3207, Amer. Math. Monthly 34 (1927), 382-384.48 GECGAETRIC INEQUALITIES 5. Inequalities for the sides and the radii of a triangle BL 9 0. L. Euleri, Novi commentarii academiae scientiarum Petropoli- tanae 11 (1765), 1767, 193-123. L, Euleri, Opera Omria, I 26, 1953, 139-157. Ramus-E. Rouché, Nouv. Ann. Math. 10 (1851), 353. 5.2 If ¢ and T are zeal numbers such ~coo<# 3(be+ca-+ab) > S4Rr, we have S4r—2rx fai Ws fee Fiom inequalities (ses: 5.8) 4s? <4(G2L4Rr +42) and 2 0, we infer that / is a monotone ¢ non-decreasing function, so that /(i1) RH) and (ER+1)? > 3st. This proves (1). G. Colombier-T. Doxcet, Problem 1051, Nouv. Ann. Math. 31 (1872), 467. 5.6 6r(4R+1) < 2s? 47(16R—Sr). Equality only when the triangle is equilateral. J. Steinig, Elem. Math. 18 (1963), 127-131. Renmark. In view of R> 2r both inequalities strengthen 5 5.9 Let o(R,r) and Q(R,r) be quadratic forms with red coefficients. Then the best possible inequalities of the form Wn Vs—al(s—(s—a). Since (s—a)(s—B}{s—c) = Fe): = r2s, we have 2m, st? >I. N. A. Edwards, Problem 1273 Nouv. Ann. Math. 37 (1878), 475." J. M. Child, Math. Gaz. 23 (129), 138-143. 5.12 2s? > 27Rr. @ Proor. Since (a4b-+c)3 > 2abe ant abc = 4RF = 4Rrs, we have 8s? > 27-4Rrs, ie. (I). C. Cosnita and F. Turtoiu, Cuigere de prodleme de algebra, Bucuresti 1965, p. 177. 5.13 362 0. J. Neuberg, Edd. Times, News Ser. 9 (1906), 51-52. T. Kubota, TGhoku Math. J. 25 (1925), 122-126. J. Steinig, Elem. Math. 18 (1963), 127-131. 5.14 24Rr—12¥? 2r, inequalities (1) follow from (2). . Leuenbergeer, Elem, Math. 13 (1958), 121-126. BAT 4r(SR—r) 2r follows 5.18. 5.19 2R2414Rr—2(R—2r)VR2—2Rr 2r. F. Leuenberger, Elem. Math. 13 (1958), 121-126. 5.25 8r(R—2r) (s—a) eeeee) ie. (1). : Equality holds if and only if a= equality only in that case. R. R. Janié, Univ. Beograd. Pabl. Mat. Fiz. No. 181-No. 196 (3967), 75~ 5.33 SR-r>sV3. () hold if and only: if the triecgle is equilateral. ¢, for in 4.7 we have icktrotehn. Fak. Ser.‘THE SIDES AND THE RAD= OF A TRIANGLE. 5s7 Poor. Starting from AR+r = ratrotre: Ta and from R > 2r, we get SR—r > retrotre E a aeGotyat mo = = (be-+ca+ab—st = Ee lle ca a) (ati On the basis of 4.7, we have (1). Equality holds only for a = 6 R = 2r and equality in 4.7 holds. R. R. Jani¢, Univ. Beograd. Pri. Elektrotchn. Fak. Ser. Mat. Fiz. No. 181-No. 196 (1967), 6. 5.34 s@3(bc-+-ca-+ab) -> (he-thyt he) = *R(hath-+he), with equality only in the case of an equilateral a+b-+c, with equatty if and only if the triangle is equilateral, we obtain Vi(a-+b-+6)? > a+b£o\(tathotig, ~~ so that Via+b+e) > Ahethothe), with equality only in the case of an equilateral =iangle. A. Santalé, Math. Notae 3 (1943}, 65-73. F, Leuenberger-L. Carlitz, Problem E 1427, Amer. Math. Monthly 67 (1960), 692 and 68 (1961), 296-297. 62 hathythe hohe +helia halo). Equality holds if and only if thve triangle © equilateral. Math. Notae 3 (1943), 182. 65 BLBLA> Mit thrthe). Gaz. Mat. B9 (1958), 731. x3 6.6 Mille, ho, he) <= Mila, Bo) v3 = BEAU be he) < H-2(@, bye). These inequalities hold for every nambz k if and only if P< a3 and a%. (1) y heids if and only if the tia Equal60 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES By the arithmetic-geometric mean inequality, we get Va(e—a) + Vo(s—b) + Ve(s—a) ats—a bts—b cts—c tpt Gaz. Mat. B 15 (1964), 256. bs. 6. Inequalities for the sides, the altitudes and the radii of a triangle 6.1 tothe the) < VI(a+b+e). Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. Proor. First we have Babe (a4b+e)8D3(be-+ca-t ab) = (ha bhocthe) = Rha hohe, with equality only in the case of an equilateral a-+b+e, with equaity if and only if the triangle is equilateral, we obtain V3(@-+b+e)? > Aatotjhathetiy, - so that V¥(a+b-+0) > Ahathothe), with equality only in the case of an equilateral tiangle. A. Santalé, Math. Notae 3 (1943}, 65-73. F, Leuenberger-L. Carlitz, Problem E 1427, Amer. Math. Monthly 67 (1960), 692 and 68 (1961), 296-297. 62 hathythe eholte-thehethahs). Equality holds if and only if thve triangle # equilateral. Math. Notae 3 (1943), 182. 65 aLBLc8 > HAS +ht+ he). Gaz. Mat. B9 (1958), 731. 3 6.6 Malta, hoy he) <= Mula, B 0) 3 > S-2(lia, how he) < ~y ed, o. These inequalities hold for every nambz & if and only if P< a3 and a 9. (a) Equality heids if and only the triangle62 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES Poor. By Tat To and by hathothe 3 Se ee ie: we conclude that (1) is true. From the proof we deduce that equality in (1) holds if and only if he = by = he, ie. if and only if the triangle is equilateral. S. I. Zetel’, Zadaéi na maksimum i minimum, Moskva 1948, p. 64. 6.9 Ifa cos 5 on the basis of 2.28, we get abe < 6R%VJ/3, ie, 2F <3RrV3. @ This praves the second inequality in (1). If the equality Aahole = 2F?/R is multiplied by I/he, Iho, fhe, respectively, and if the given values are added, we obtain : Ihe hha thghy= Rr By virne of the last equality and of inequality (2), we con- clude tha: the first inequality in (1) is true. F, Leuecherger and J. Steinig, Elem. Math. 20 (1965), 89-20. 6.16 hatte > 2173. " Proor. Since gctet ' tC has the caximum value if 11 the product ——— » the product [+ i =, whence it 3r64 ‘GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES follows that the product Asliyie attains the minimum value 2773 if ha = hy = he. Therefore haltvhe> 2773. S. L. Zetel’, Zadati na maksimum i minimum, Mozva 1948, p. 100. 6.17 Vha t+ Viet Vhe< IVER. Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilatesl. E. A. Bokov, Matematika v Skole, 1967, No. 1, 83. 6.18 hohe thetathahy rattnitre. a) If £>0 or #-<—l, then hat thet thd < rattrettre. (2) 2F . ty Tom Fygage tte imequalty (1) Proor. Since hg = is equivalent to ato pet > (b-be—a)-ty (epa—B)-F (at 8) for ~1<#<0.‘THE SIDES, THE ALTITUDES AND THE RADII OF TRIANGLE 65 Since the function f(x) = —x-t, for x >0 ané—~1 0. For x; = c+a~b, x2 = a+b—c, inequality (4) becomes (Ha efit <2et 6) Permuting a, 6, ¢ in (5) cyclically and adding tie inequalities obtained we get inequality (3), i.e., (1). Inequality (2) is equivalent to at ettet < (b+e—a)-t4(c+a—b)+4 (a5—a)-t, for £>0 or £<—1. ‘The proof of this inequality is analogous to the nof of (3). A. Makowski, Elem. Math. 16 (1964), 60-61. 6.20 If x,y,z are non-negative real numbers, tien Nathethet hy th that hethathiy® < ra2t rE +7 Oe + real Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equizreral. J. I. Nassar, Problem E 1847, Amer. Math, Monthly 73 (1966), 82. qQ) From the last equality and from rit (ety+2) (= tot66 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES we have we obtain (1). E. A. Bokov, Materatika v kole, 1966, No. 4, 77. her + 6. he—r = C. Cosnita and F. Sertoin, Culegere de probleme de algebra, ie 1965, p. 177. 6.23 If k>0, then fe hy-r hemr\_ fa "Vite Terre” Wetre ZUR If &< 0, then Fa—r tyr he a or t, for E=0. This result ic due to R. Z. Djordjevié. re rs re 6.26 ————~ ——— + ——_ . oe 'This inequaliy is due to R. R. Janié. 6.27 (hahinhie)#4 < SUAFUE < (rarpr-) 3, (1) Equalities hoi! if and only if the triangle is equilateral. Poor. On tie basis of 7.9, OR} < 34F-12 1. RENARK 2. T. Figiel (see: Amer. Math. Monthly 73 (1965. 668) observed that the inequality required is equivalent to the fact that the area of an orthic triangle (i.e. the pedal triangi: for the orthocentre) is nox greater than one-quarter of the arex of a given acute-angled triangle. 3 629 = C Thiet retro Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. ProoF. Starting from hep hy tht = littl = rt and using the second of inequalities in 7.9, we obtain (1). A. Makowski, Elem, Math, 16 (1761), 134.THE SIDES, THE AREA AND THE RADI OF — s(t jet) > Use = VF. q) By means of s? > 3F-V3, following 4.2, from (1) follows (R41) > U8F > V3F 73 = FV3. L. Carlitz-F. Leuenberger, Problem E1454, Amer. Math. Monthly 68 (1961), 177 and 68 (1961), 805-80%6. H. W. Guggenheimer, Amer. Math. MonthBy 72 (1965), 791- 793. 72 FV3 2r and imequality (1). Ramus-E, Rouché, Nouv. Aca. Math, 10 (1851), 353. REMARK 1. See: A. Laisant. Géométrie du triangle, Paris 1896, p. 112. REMARK 2. See also 5.10. 2 ow 2 t 1 a 1 e OR a) ea a the triangle is equilateral, +F+5) a = Aly Equalities occur ifand only ProoF. From hathy-the = str and oF Ys. C. Sebastiano, Boll. Mat. (Firenze), 1938, 59. L; A. Santald, Math. Noae 3 (1943), 65-73. 8.2 matmatme<4R+i (1) PRooF. Let fa, fo, pe be the distances of the circumcentre from the sides BC, C4, A? respectively. Then ma F. Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. L. A. Santal6, Math. Notae 3 (1943), 65-73. a a ee a 5 be——- 2b, we get 2 m2> be ~—. 4 Equality (2) can be put in the form 7 fide vience, byTHE MEDIANS AND ANGLE-BISECTORS OF A TRIANGLE = 75 we conclude that 2 3FV3. Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. L. A. Santalé, Math. Notae 3 (1943), 65-73. REMARK, As mabimebtme = Har +o+ce), the inequality follows from 4.4. 87 Ia we Proor. One has ‘4bes(s—a) _ Aabs(s—e) wim Ere MO eae and therefore OFT ty — we?) = o(b-+c—a)(a+-b)?—a(a+b—c} (b+0)? bs = B{c—a)-+6(C%a?) + 3abe(c—a)-+ca(c?—2?). Hence c—a > 0 implies wa < we. This inequality is due to S. Moiseev and the proof to O. Bot- tema. S. Moiseev, Matematika v No.'2, 89-90. No. 5, 92 and 1953, le, 1 Lo oe avila oe HL W. Guggenheimer, Plane Geometry and its Groups, San Francisco, Cambridge, London. Amsterdam 1967, p. 178. 89 s 3FY3. a) Proor. Since abe bc whale erage 8 Ge Dab—-t Dat (2) On the other hand, by means of 4.7 $Eat<3Dab—-FV3, so that (2) becomes Swed > LD a+ FV, @) and as Sab > 4F/3 (see: 4.5) from (3) w: get (1). V. 0. Gordon, Matematika v Skole, 1962 No. 5, 76. BIL 16(wat-+ uy we') < Oat +b44c4). J. Berkes, Elem. Math. 19 (1964), 138-13. 8.12 IfAis a real number, then area t bimy tote < Vdabes(a2E-0 ). Equality holds if and only if the triangleis ee — This result is due to R. Z. Djordjevic. 813 IfAisa real number, then ate g? + bray? +ohwe? < fabes(at-2—H4-2-4-07-2), Equality.holds if and only if the triangles equilateral. This inequality is due to R. Z. Djordjeviz B14 wawrice < rst. Equality holds if and only if the triangle's equilateral. L. Carlitz, Problem E 1628, Amer. Matz Monthly 70 (1963), 891 and 71 (1964), 687. B15 (weit)? + (wera)? (Waite)? < rs*(4R—). Equality holds if and only f the triangleis equilateral. L. Carlitz, Problem E 1628, Amer. Math. Monthly 7 (1963), 891 and 71 (1964), 687.THE MEDIANS AND ANGLE-BISECTORS OF ATRIANGLE 7 8.16 wewet wea tieawe 27 (see: 5.6), in which equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. H. Guggenheimer-J. Steinig, Problem 520, Elem. Math. 21 (1966), 20. 2 8.18 (2) + (2) + (zy 23, we) t\ we % for 4>0. Equality holds if and only if the triangle #s equilateral. ProoF. Since roo) and m_ 0, yielts . s? < (arb? 40%). Since sa a -= = mz’, etc., inequality (I) becomes 8h < meet mer tm. F. Rytkov, Matematika v Skole, 1939, 2.4. Skopec, Matematika v skole, 1963, No. 3, 89. L.Carlitz-S. Philipp, Problem E 1628, Amer. Math. Mont 70 (:963), 891 and 71 (1964), 687. EF. Leuenberger, Elem. Math. 18 (1963), 35-36. 8.20 wa wetwe < matt Mme min(area AEF, area BDF, areaCED). (1) Equality holds if and only if the points D, E, F are the mid- points of the sides of 4BC. ProoF. Let Fi, Fe, Fs (0 < Fi < F2 ViF2, with equality if and only if D, £,F are the midpoints of the sides of the triangle BC. This result is lightly stronger than inequality (1). Let BC, CA, AB be divided at D, E, F respectively in the ratio x:2/,y i 1. Let ABC also be.of unit area. Then the.corner triangles are of areas y'z, 2'x, x'y. Also : Fo=l—y'z—2!x—x'y = xyzta’y?. lf F3<} then Fi VF\F2. If Fy >} then Fo=nstxy'! > nex y? = WARP > VPP Equality is obtained if and only if xyz which occurs if and only if Fy = Fe= Fs k s due to P, H. Diananda.TWO TRIANGLES INSCRIBED ONE IN THE OTHER 81 Remark. Inequality (1) was proposed by H. Debrunner in 1956 (see: Problem 260, Elem. Math. 11 (1%), 20). According to J. Rainwater this inequality may be attrbuted to P. Erdos (see: J. Rainwater, Problem 4908, Amer. ifath. Monthly 67 (1960), 479). Proof of inequality (1) was first given by 4. Bager in Elem. Math. 12 (1957), 43. In the Amer. Math. Momtily 68 (1961), 368, a proof of P. H. Diananda was published. Inequality (1) was also investigated by: E. Morgantini, Rend. Sem. Mat. Univ. Padrea 80 (1960), 245- 247. G. C. Citterio, Period. Mat. (4) 40 (1962), 4:-50. ; B. I. Baidaff, Bol. Mat. 35, No. 17-20 (1962, 65-66. F. E. G-Rodeja, Gac. Mat. 15 (1963), 23-24 N. J. Torres, Gac. Mat. 15 (1963), 127-128. H. T. Croft, Math. Gaz. 49 (1965), 45-49, E. Szekeres, Elem. Math. 22 (1967), 17-18. 9.2 Let DEF be defined as in 9.1, then per DEF > min(per AEF, per BDF, v= CED), —_ (1) where per denotes the perimeter. Equality holds if and only if the points D, 2, F are the mid- points of the sides of ABC. Proor. To prove this it will convenient tc regard DEF as given, and to define angular coordinates ¢, ¥ 9 as the angles which the sides of ABC make with the correzonding sides of DEF. More precisely, a line through D and pazilel to FE would have to be rotated anticlockwise i.e. in the sewe DEF, through an angle @ in order to become coincident with 3C; for a clock- wise rotation we would assign a negative valu: to g. Similarly y and @ are defined by means of anticlockwis: rotations about E and F. Let D, E, F be the angles of triangle DEF Then it follows that angle 4FE=£-+0 and angle AEF restrictions on the range of values for ¢, y, 0 a remzin inside ABC, so that all angles like E- . Fy must be82 SZOMETRIC INEQUALITIES positive, and the sum of any pair of angles in the same triangle must be less than tvo right angles. Let So, 51, 52, 53 Gnote the perimeters of the triangles DEF, AEF, BDF, CED rspectively. We prove that so>min(s1, S2, s3). The sine rule, appli to triangle DEF, gives DF+DE _ sinEtsinF _ cosE—F) FE sin(E+-F) ~~ cos}(E+F)’ and similarly, in tringle AEF, we have AF-AE _ cos}(E—F+0+y) FE cos (E+ F+0—y) © Since all the denminators are positive, sy—s, has the same sign as cos (E—F) cos (E-F + 6—y) —cos i(E+F) cos (EF +9+-y) = teos(24 4) 4 jeos(F 4 5) Jnia(e—8) - ‘ e . * = sin $ia(# +3) ~ sin ain(r — 4), 2) —4eon(= 2 ‘There are now tiree possibilities: 1°. @, y, 0 are al: zero. Then the sides of ABC are parallel to those of DEF, D is ‘he midpoint of BC, etc., and so=si=se=s3. 2. @. y. 9 do nc all have the same sign, or not more than two are zero. Then-here must be a pair for which, in the cyclic order py, negative (or zero) follows positive: if, for instance, p> 0, 0<0 (or y>0, @<0), then sp > 5. 3°. gp, y, 6 are al of the same sign and different from zero. Then the product én p/2 sin 6/2 is positive, and the expression (2), having the sigr of sp~si, can be divided by this product to give 3 sin E cote + cos E—sin F covg cos F,‘TWC TRIANGLES INSCRIBED ONE IN THE OTHER 83 and dividing éurther by sin Z sin F and bearing in mind that cds E+cos F >0, we see that there is some number ki > 0 such that Ay(s0—s1) > cosec F cote —cosec E cost. “Adding simdar results for so—se and so—sa, we have Aes0—S1) the(So—S2) +h3(So—ss) > 0, so that so is gzater than at least one of the sy. Fhis proof = due to L. A. G. Dresel. REMARK. Lequality (I) appeared as problem 4964 in the Anver. Math. Wonthly 68 (1961), 384 (E. Trost and A. Bager). However, befre that Debrunner in 1956 and Oppenheim in 1960 posed the question of validity of inequality (I). A proof of (1) was giver by L. A. G. Dresel, Nabla (Bull. of the Malayan Math. Soc.), 8 1961), 97-99. A prdof of R. Breusch was published in the Ame th. Monthly 69 (1962), 672. Imequality (, was also proved by: ¥. H. Croft, Math. Gaz. 49 (1965), 45~49. W. A. Zalgeler, Matematyka, Warsaw, 19 (1966), 49-53. E. Szckeres. Elem, Math. 22 (1967), 17-18. 9.3 Let ro, 7:72, r3 denote the inradii of DEF, AEF, BDF, CED respectively, where DEF is defined in 9.1. Then ro > min (rs, r2, 73). Equality hoits if and only if D, E, F are the midpoints of the sides of ABC. Proor. Wit the notations of 9.2, we have ! E F E49 F— ro (cote —cotg 5) =EF= n( cote : ). Hence ro—r; bus the same sign as84 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES The argument is now the same as before in cases 1° and 2° (see: 9.2). In case 3°, where ¢, y, 6 are either all positive or negative, we find that ro—ri has the same sign as ec cosec — sin Exe cosec E cosec. = sin F-v ose 2" 2 2 20" 2 = ts 9 + cos F = (sin cotg 5 + 00s 5-)eosee si F cots = cos E E in > cote t = )eosee = >(cosee? F cotg % —cosect= cotg ¥) sin = sin * 2 8B 7 BZ BZ Since the terms within brackets, when added to similar terms cancel each other out, we see that there are positive number: &y such that Aalro—ra) + halro—r2) + hs(ro—ra) >, so that ro is greater than at least one of the 75. We note that in case 3° our proof does not tell us whether on: and the same i gives so > sy and ro > "1. ae L. A. G. Dresel, Nabla (Bull. of the Malayan Math. Soc.), = (1961), 97-99. 9.4 If ABC and DEF are acute triangles, where DEF & defined in 9.1, then min (Ri, Re, Rs) < Ro < max (Ri, Re, Rs), where Rj, Re, Ra are the circumradii of the three corner triangles and Ro the circumradius of the central triangle DEF. Equalities occur if and only if DEF is similar to ABC. Proor. We have FE = 2Rj sina = 2RosinD. Therefore , Ro _ sine Ry snD™' TWO TRIANGLES INSCRIBED ONE IN THE OTHER 85 Similarly Ro _ sing Ro _ siny R, snE' Rs sinF™ Since a+ f+ D-+E+F, it follows that at leat one of the ratios 2:D, B:E, y:F is >1, and at least one of these ratios is <1. If all the angles are acute, the same is true of the ratios of the sides, and hence of the ratios Ro:R'1, Ro: Re, Therefore min (Ri, Re, Rs) < Ro < max(Ri, Ra, Ro), and equalities hold if and only if ABC and DEF are sinziar. ‘A. Oppenbeim-L. A. G. Dresel, Nabla 7 (2960), 175 and 8 (1961), 72. (9.5 Let P bea point inside a circle concentric with the @cum- scribed circle and with radius < RV&{If D, E, F dence the Grthogonal projections of P on the sides of this triangl. then 4-area DEF < F. q) Equality holds if and only if P is the circumcentre -f the triangle or if P lies on a circle with centre 0 and radius = V2. Proor. If PO = then according to a theorem which was given by Gergonne (1823): area DEF = }(R?—) sin asin B sin y. For p = R the area DEF is zero; for p > R area is nezative. If we consider positive areas only, then |R°—p"| area DEF = aR F. From this follows (1). 9.6 Among all the triangles inscribed in a given acuteangied triangle, the triangle that has for its vertices the feet of the altitudes of the given triangle has the least perimeter. REMARK. In 1775 in the Acta Eruditorum, J. F, de Fuschis a Fagaano proved this theorem using differen zial calcalus ‘Dther86 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES proofs, which were geometric in nature, appeared later, a most ingenious and elegant one beitg the proof given by H. A. Schwarz. Several prowfs of Fagnano’s theorem, including Schwarz’s proof are given in: N. A. Court, Scripta Math. 17 (1951), 147-150 and 18 (1952), 95-96. In 1930, L. Fejér proved the theorem in a very ssimple wey. 49.7 Let D, E, F be tine feet of =he altitudes of an acute-angled triangle ABC. If p demotes the perimeter of the triangle DEF, then sbp. Equality holds only for the eczilateral triangle. Proof. If D, E, F be the feet of the altitudes of the triangle ABC, then AF = b-cas a, AE =c-cos a, so that EF? = AF*4 AiE*—2. AE-AF cosa = a cos? a, EF = 6-cos a. Similarly FD =b-cosp ani DE =c-cosy. ee Therefore we have p=EF+ED-+DE =a-cosatb-cosp+c-cosy. (1) Since a =2Rsin a, b= 2%sing, ¢=2Rsiny, (2) (1) becomes R(sin 2e+sin 28-+-sin 2y) 4R sin a Sz B sin y, or, on the basis of (2) poor tb 2) ae a 2h: OR iR Rak Re @)‘TWO TRIANGLES LN=CRIBED ONE IN THE OTHER 87 Using R > 2r, from (3), ¥e obtain s > p. This proof is due to R. R. Janie. 'A. Zirakzadeh, Math. Maz. 39 (1966), 96-99. L. Carlitz, Math. Mag. 3¢ (1966), 289. 9.8 Let D, E, F be the ports in which the bisectors of angles «, B, y, meet the sides of a trimgle ABC. Then 4.ara DEF < F. Equality holds only for Se equilateral triangle. ''V. Gridasov, Matematike i fizika, Sofia, 6 (1965), 52-53. 9.9 Let p denote the perimeter of the triangle whose vertices are the points of contact with the incircle of the triangle ABC. Then set P26 IaR- Proor. Let D, E, F be =e points of contact with the incircle of the triangle ABC. Then EF =2As—a) sin5, FD =H sink, DE =As—c) sink. By means of the arithzetic-geometric mean inequality, we obtain EEF+FD+DE= a[ ang +6-Hsin& +(s—<)sin | él sb in = i 26] a's —Hls—9 sin S sin S sin Z 5 = 6r, IR’ Z. Zivanovié, Univ. Bexgrad. Publ. Elektrotehn. Fak. Ser. Mat. Fiz. No. 181-No. 19¢ (1967), 69-72. 9.10 If D, E, F are the p:tts on the sides of the triangle ABC, such that the sides of the ingle DEF are yarallel to the alti-Es} GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES cades of the triangle ABC, then 16 5a, area DEF > pine? 2. Zivanovié, Univ. Beograd. Publ. Elektrotehn. Fak. Ser. Mat. Fiz. No. 181-No. 196 (1967), 69-72. 4.11 If D, E, F are the points on the sides BC, C.4, AB re~ spectively of the triangle ABC, such that BD = CE = AF =x (e on 2. Zivanovié, Univ. Beograd. Publ. Elektrotehn. Fak. Ser. Mat. Fiz, No, 181-No. 196 (1967), 69-72. 0. Bottema, id. No. 200-No. 209 (1967), 11-12. $12 Let DEF be defined as in 9.1 and let 2a! = b4e, 2b = ca, 2 = a+b, p = AE+AF, q = BF+BD, r= CD+CE, 3t= at! If ts, and equality holds if and only if the points D, E, F are the mid- points of the sides of the triangle ABC. B. Bollobés, Can, J. Math. 19 (1967), 523-528. 9.13 P is a point inside the triangle ABC; the intersection of AP, BP and CP and the opposite side is D, E, and F respectively. The area of DEF is Fy. Then AD. BE.CF > 4Fys. Proor. If x, y, 2 are the barycentric coo: cespect to ABC and 4 = x/a, 91 = vil, 5 inates of P with fc the distance~TWO TRIANGLES INSCRIBED ONE IN THE OTHER 89 coordinates, then Be = peo ytz ye and therefore ac ADt ox Oot Dey C08 a+ Dh? o+ If Fy is the area of DEF, then x 2Fxyz Rieti ye Oe a Oe le he, Hence AD*BE*CF? 1 ; : fm a Gree Mt ater coset ott abe? : = Gey ig? MO tna coset?) 2%? yy i =F i +a aeons). As x1, 71.21 > 0, we neve salty + aufy, > 2 and thus __ Moat? s(6—a) 16s? n be 6s k> and thus k > 4s. Equality holds for the incentre. O. Bottema, Nieuw Arch. Wisk. 14 (1966), 268. 9.14 if D, E, F the points defined in 9.13, then AD | BE, CF 9 ‘AP " BP CP * 2 Z. Zivanovié, Univ. Beograd. Publ. Elektrotehn. Fak. Ser. Mat. Fiz. No. 161-No. 196 (1967), 69-72. 9.15 If D, E, F are the points of contact of the incircle of the triangle ABC and its sides, then (zx) + (a) *9 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES Equality holds if and only if the points D, E, F are the mid- points of the sides, i.e., if the triangle ABC is equilateral. E. A. Bokov, Matematika v Skole 1954, No. 5, 76. 9.16 If D, E, F are the feet of the altitudes of a triangle, then EF\? | (FD\? , (DE\?_3 (y+ Gy pt « Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. ProoF. Starting from (see: 2.21) cos? #-t-cos? -+-costy > E and putting EF =alcosal, FD = b|cosp|, DE =c|cos yl, we get (1). Ju. I. Gerasimov, Matématika v Skole 19€2, No. 1, 79. 9.17 If Fy be the area of the equilateral =iangle inscribed in ABC, then mp 2FV3 1? PLOTS Equality holds if and only if ABC is equiat E. W. Hobson, Problem 4, Treatise on Plane and Advanced Trigonometry, 1957, p. 211. 10, Inequalities involving elements of two triangles 10.1 If Ay, Bi, C; are the second points 4f intersection of the angle-bisectors and the circurncircle of the aiangle 4BC, then area .41B,C, > area ABC, where equality occurs orly for the equilateral triangle. M.S. Klamkin, Math. Teacher 69 (1967), 323-328. 10.2. Lf Ai, By, C, are the second points of intersection of the medians and the circamcircle of the tring: 4BC, then area 41B,C; > area ABS.INEQUALITIES INVOLVING ELEMESTS OF TWO TRIANGLES 91 ‘ Equality holds if and ony if the triangle is equilateral. This result is due to R. R. Janié. 10.3 If Fris the area of @ triangle with sides Va, Vb, Vc, then 4F2 > V3-F. P. Finsler and H. Hadwiger, Comment. Math. Helv. 10 (1937/38), 316-326. 14 Let P be a point inside the equilateral triangle ABC, and let D, E, F be the points situated symmetrically to P with respect to the sides BC, C4, AB. Tien area DEF < arez ABC. Equality holds if and only if P is the centre of the triangle ABC, Proor. Since area anc = 23 area DEF = V3(rorstoyry-triry), we obtain v3, area ABC —area DEF == [(r2—13)*=(ra—n1)*+ (11-12) "3 > 0. 2. Zivanovié, Univ. Beograd. Putl. Elektrotehn. Fak. Ser. Mat. Fiz. No. 181-No. 196 (1967), 6-72. 10.5 Ifa, b,cand a’, b’, c’ are the sdes of two triangles ABC and A’B‘C’ inscribed in the same drcle such that A.4"I[BC, BB'I\CA, CC'|LAB, then atest a he c So i, 45423. atbte atytys Equalities hold only if 0. Since aydabybo sin Cx sin Cp = SF VF, we obtai 2+ @y2by?-—2ayaohybe cos Cy cos Cz > BF iF 2,SFEQUALITIES INVOLVING ELEMENTS OF TWO TRIANGLES 93 ie, a2b,2-4-a12_2—40;2-+as2—c19) (622+ a2*—c02) > BF iF 2. ‘Th: last inequality is equivalent to the one we had to prove. Resurk. D. Pedoe has proposed this inequality as a problem E 1Scin the Amer. Math. Monthly 70 (1963), 92 and 1012. D. 2edoe, Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 38 (1942), 357-358. D. 2edoe, Math. Gaz. 26 (1942), 202-208. 10.9 Let the triangle ABC be divided by the straight line BD in tw: triangles. If rs, ro, r are the radii of incircles ‘of triangles ABD CBD, ABC, then : nr >r Prior. Since 2s = AB+BC+CA > AB+BD+D4 = 251, 2s = AB+BC+CA > CB+BD+DC = 282, we hive Fp Fi —> ses wher: F,, Fs, F are the areas of the triangles 4BD, BCD, ABC, respexively. 10.1€ Let a circle be inscribed in a triangle ABC and let a triansie 41ByCy be inscribed in the same circle. If s is the semi- perixizer of the triangle ABC and s; that of 4,ByC3, then s> 2s. Ecuality occurs if and only if both triangles are equilateral. RY 10:1 ar perth’, > nrt+9e, 13S +127, equality occurring in all three if and ony if the ciginal two triangles are similar; 3°. Fs> Fit Fe, with equality if and only if the triangles are similar; 4. Fe > 4-FiFo, with equality if and only if the triangles are congrunt. Poor. We give the Nolan’s proof without any (ua toy)? < (u? +02) (x21), () with equality if and only if rx = uy. 19, ag? = ay?-+a2? < (br-te1)?+ (b2-+ ca}? = by?--e3*+2bie-+-bae2). But brertbace < (bu2+b2%) 22 c22)32 = byes 2y (1). which gives the result. 2°. The cosine formula gives carts C08 By = e141 COS y-+C-242 COS Be Squaring, applying (1), and dividing by a3? = obtain 63? C0s® Ba < cx? cos? By-+ on? cos? Ba. Subtraction gives eg? sin? By > cx? sin® By+c2? sin?® Bo, which is ps* > fi°+p2" as required. Similarly fo: Equality holds for 3? if and only i similarly for ra? if and only if cyjep qs? and rs. = ¢1 co: 3,/c2 cos Bs, 2 60S Ay/a9 705 Bo, giving cos fi = 00S Pa, ayjan = cafee.SPECIAL TRIANGLES 95 Therefore for equality for one altitude, similiity is sufficient but not necessary. (e.g. both triangles isoscels is sufficient). Equality for two or three altitudes holds if and ouiy if the original triangles are similar. j 8. 2Fi+Fe) = preitpeae < G24 hs!) Ma? parte < paas = 2-Fs, cos fy /cz cos Be sin pe, giving as required, equality occurring if and only i = ay/ag as in 2°, and ayaz = py/pa = 4 sin fy tg Ai = ty Bs, etc., ie. the triangles are similar. 4°, Fs? > (Fit-F2)? = (Fi-Fa)?4+-4F Fe > SF 2, with equality if and only if the triangles are zmilar, as in 3°, and F, = Fs, i.e. the triangles are congruent. A. Oppenheim-R. P. Nolan, Problem 50%. Amer. Math. Monthly 70 (1963), 444 and 71 (1964), 444. 10.13 For two triangles with sides @, b, ¢ and 11a, mp, mie, Whose angles are a, f, 7 and am, Bm, ym respective’, the following implications are valid: a>b>comgp>yr en om = ¥<7mi a> Pa P< ym; : B>an>y< Bm. L. Toscano, Archimede 8 (1956), 278-279. 11. Special triangles” U1.1 In each acute triangle two angles ex Jess than or equal to zj6.96 GEIMETRIC INEQUALITIES 11.2 For each acut: siangle, —cotg 2x—cotg 28—nrg 2y > cotg «-+cotg f-+cotg y « B z Stes ttgo ttet By ties tts ame af ay 2 tg Soe 2 tte t te > v3. Equalities hold if md only if the triangle is equilateral. C. Tonescu-Tiu, Giz. Mat. B 14 (1963), 560. 11.3 A necessary md sufficient condition for a triangle to be acute-angled is tga-tgp> I. G. Piskarev, Matenatika v 8kole, 1952, No. 5, 93 and 1963, No. 3, 88. 11.4 For each acuz triangle, tg a(cotg f—otg 7) + tg A(cotg y-cotg «) +tgy(cotg a-+cotg A) > 6. (1) ProoF. Accordins 2 our assumption, tgz>0, tgp >0, tgy>0. Using 1 z+ z? 2 («>Q for x= tgajtg A, «x, and then adding these inequalities, we obtain ; tee teh 66, tery | we tay og tgp ' tga tgy “gy "tee 7” whence (1). 11.5 For each acu: triangle tga tg Pigy > 3,'3. a Equality holds é .ad only if the triangle is equilateral.SPECIAL TRIANGLES oF Proor. Starcing from the identity wa tgp tey = tg atte fttey, which holds for any triangle, we obtain tgatgstgy =tgattgprigy>3t tga-tge-tey, wherce tga te3B tg? y > 2tgatg Ate y, ie. (1). N. Dzigava, Matematika v Skole, 1949, No. 4, 60. 11.6 For each acute triangle, tga+tgp+tey > 3V3. Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. Math. Notae 6 (1946), 196. ‘ 1.7 If » is a positive integer, then, for each acute triangle, tgtartgn Brtgsy > 3+yn. Jun. L. Gerasimov, Matematika v Ekole, 1964, No. 1, 82-83. 11.8 If m denotes a.non-negative real number, then, for each acute triangle tet a-btgn B+ tgs y > 3-302, () Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equileteral. Poor. On che basis of 11.5, we have * ny \ua (Sagtter) > (teatef tey)9 > 302, whence follows (1). ML. N. Kritiios, Actes du Congrés interbalkanique de mathé maticiens, Athines, 2-9 september 1934, 157-158. Rewaak. Ip-quality (1) in the paper mentioned was proved js for 1 aa cad, posilive integer.8 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES 119 sine}sinf+siny-+tgattg A+tgy > 2x holds for eack acute triangle. : Ju. I. Gerasimov, Matematika v Skole, 1965, No. 2, 63. 11.10 For each acute triangle sin 22+sin 28+sin 2y sin 42+sin 48-fsin 4y Proor. By virtue of sin 2c} sin 28-+sin 2y = 4sin asin sin y <0. (i and sin4a-t-sin 4B-+sin 4y = —4sin 2asin 2 sin 2y, inequality (1) becomes ~ ime < sin 2x sin 2f sin 2y < sin «sin f sin y. The last inequality is true by virtue of 2.23. LIL D(H) <¥r(0) holds for each acute triangle. F. Leuenberger, Problem 444, Elem. Math. 18 (1963), 18. 11.12 For each acute triangle, 2DnlH) <6r<2Er(G) <2 D0) = LRA) <3R. L. Bernstein-J. Steinig, Elem. Math. 19 (1964), 870. 11.13 For each acute triangle 6 SE RU) < ERM) <3R. L. Bernstein-J. Steinig, Elem. Math. 19 (1964), 870. 1.14 fD,E, Farethe feet of the altitudes of an acute triangi: then AI+BI-+CI > 2(DH+EH+FH). Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral. L. Bankoff, Problem E 1564, Amer. Math. Morzhly 70 (1963, 210 and 70 (1963), 1101.SPECIAL TRIANGLES 9 11.15 If ta, fe, fe are the lengths of transversaEs drawn from the vertices A, B, C of an acute-angled triangle to the ozposite sides, then 5< inf <3. 2 ttete 4 1< mas{* 2 fartote z Equalities hold if and only if the triangle is equilateral. A. S. B. Holland, Eiem. Math. 22 (1967), 42-55. 11.16 Ifa triangle is non-obtese, then R-tr< max (ha, he, he). Remark. In fact, this is an inequality of P. Erdés. 4 proof can be found in: Matematika v ékole, 1962, No. 6, 87-88. 1.17 If c= niin(a, 2, ¢), thea, for a non-obtuse triangle, we have R a+b Re ath oe Matematika v tkole, 1962, No. 6, 87-88. 11.18 For an acute or right-angled triangle A(cos? Bos? +cos*y cos? F2cos*B) < cos a-}-costf—costy, 4(cos® f cos? y-+c0s?y cos? a-tcos? « cos® B) +16 cos? « cos? B ys. ; Equalities occur when the triangle is equilateral or right- angled isosceles and ix no other case. A. Oppenheim, Problem E 1838, Amer. Math. Monitly 72 (1965), 1129. 11.19 If # is an integer greeter than 2, then for azy right triangle, anetr om,100 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES ProoF. Since a- atar-24j2)n-2 = anor, 11.20 For any right triangle, ab (aby, ie. atb Vsin asing, a+ 2 ie. sin > Viinasin B. Since we get Equality int (1} holds only for N. Duigava, Matematike v Skcle, 1949, No. 1, 62 No. 4, 59.Oe ge eer ee SPECIAL TRIANGLES 11.22. For any right le pie! Viet <5, where h is the altitudeof the hypotenuse. Equality holds only br the isosceles triangle, ProoF. Since F =i(a+b+e)r = 4ch, we get r ¢ hk atbte™ Since a+b > ¢, we hive r a ~ 11.23 For any right V2F. Matematika v Ekole, ‘265, No. 5, 77. 1124 If @>2/2, tha sal < Sapa * Proor, For 2 > 2/2. xe have cosa <0, so that cosa = — jes al, a? = B4+c24 Zhe {cos al On the Dasis of the athmetic-geometric mean inequa > VR -Dbcicos a’, whence (1, follows.102 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES H. Hamzin, Matematika v Skole, 1949, No. 5, 62 and 1950, No. 2, 54. 11.25 If ta, fp, fe are the lengths of transversals drawn fromm the vertices A, B, C of an obtuse triangle, then aca 34x38 aye oa. A. S, B. Holland, Elem. Math. 22 (1967), 49-55. 11.26 A triangle is acute, right or obtuse, depending upon whether the expression (B24. a2)(2+a2—B2}(a?-4.52—c2) is positive, zero or negative. C. Ciamberlini, Rassegna di Matematica e Fisica (Roma) 5 (1925), 241-244, 11.27 Depending upon the fact whether a triangle is acute, right or obtuse, one of the following statements hold: 1°. s>2R+r or s=2R+r or $< 2R+r, 2. Ssintad 2 or Ysinte=2 or VSnta<2 3°. Sa? > 8R? or Ya? =8R* or Ya* < 8R% #-R>3-0G or R=3-06 or R<3-06. S°. [1 (s—ra) >0 or [1 (s—ra} = 0 or E1(s—ra} < 0. C. Clamberlini, Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. (2) 5 (1943), 37-41. 11.28 Whether a triangle is acote, right or obtuse, we have Pp Kathy he B ZR+4r+ zz respectively. We were informed of this rest by A. Bager.THE DISTANCES OF A POINT TO TRE VERTICES AND THE SIDES 102 12, Inequalities for the distances of a point to the vertices and the sides of a triangle ILL 6 then (—b+9-+4)(6—94+1)(t-g—-1) > 0. q) RewarK. This is a generalization xt Pompeiu’s theorem, An elegant geometric proof was given ir G. R. Veldkamp, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 44 (1956), 1-4. An aralytic one by O. Bottema, ibid. 44 (1956), 183-184, who provec Zurthermore @F? > 127% Here a represents the sides of ABC F the area of the triangle the sides of which are PA, PB, PC and V the volume of the tetrahedron PABC. In {1) the equaliy sign holds if P is on the sphere trough 4, B, C with its centr: at the centre of ABC. 125 For any acute triangle AG?LBG?+CG2 AO? BO®+CO? Equality holds if and only if the tangle is equilateral. S, Reich, Problems E 1887, Amer. ich, Monthly 73 (1966), 538. 12.6 Let P be a point in the interio-of the triangle ABC. If the straight lines AP, BP, CP intersec: the sides BC, CA, AB in D, E, F respectively, then PD4+PE+PF 5>c. Let PXjJAB, PY||AC, XKI|PF, YLi\PE, where X and Y ze points on BC, K a point on ABand L a point on AC. Since is greater than AD, CF, BE bx virtue of the similarity of tis triangies PXY and ABC, BXK and BCF, and finally CYL ani CBE, we get, respectively XY > PD, BX >XK = PF YC>YL=PE. Hence, a = BX+XY+LYC >2D+PE+PF. P. Exdés, Problem 2746, Amer. Misch. Monthly 42 (1935), 454 and 4 (1937}, 409.THE DISTANCES OF A POINT TO THE VERTICES AND THE SIDES 105 12.7 If the point P is inside a triangle ABC, then 3 b+0. E. G. Gotman, Matematika v Skole, 1966, No. 1, 89. 12.9 min (ha, ho, Fee) Brirors. Equality holds iif and only if the triangle is equilateral and P is its centre. L. Carlitz, Amer. Math. Mozchly 71 (1964), 881-885. 1211 hghplie> 27 r yrors. Equality holds if and only # the triangle is equilateral and P is its centre. L. Carlitz, Amer. Math. Mozzhly 71 (1964), 881-885. he, Ib, Me 1212 24 2a ey n S. I. Zetel’, Zada:2i na maksiaum i minimum, Moskva 1948, p. 63. L. Carlitz, Amer. Math. Moz: y 71 (1964), 881-885. 12.13) RyLRe+Ry > intern). Equality holds if and only ¥ the triangle is equilateral and P is its centre.106 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES Proor. Let L, M, N be the feet of the perpendiculars from P to BC, CA, AB respectively. Then MN = (2?-+13?+-2rers cos a)'2, MN = Risin a. We now have, in turn, 2b rg? aja RitRet Ry = y CEE ereracos oF sina [(re sin y+-rs sin B)?+(re cos sina == (resin y+73sin B) since 2 n (Se + 27) siny * sing >t > 2Aritra+r3)- P. Erds-L. J. Mordell, Problem 3740, Amer. Math. Monthly 42 (1935), 396 and 44 (1937), 252-254. G.R. Veldkamp, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 45 (1957/58), 193-196. L. J. Mordell, Math. Gaz. 46 (1962), 213-215. 12.44 Let P be any point in the plane of the triangle ABC. Then : Rit RatRs > Gr. M. Schreiber, Aufgabe 196, Jber. Deutsch. Math.-Verein. 45 (1935), 63 kursiv. J. M. Child, Math. Gaz, 23 (1939), 138-143. L. Bankoff, Math. Mag. 39 (1966), 69. 12.15 In any non-equilateral triangle T, the line through the incentre J and perpendicular to the line joining J with the cir- cumcentre O divides T and its boundary in two regions. For all points in that region which contains the vertex opposite the rriangie’s smallest side, we have RitRetRo> Antratrs) Bo.,THE DISTANCES OF A POINT TO THE VERTICES AND THE SIDES 507 In the second region, Rit Ret Rs > 6r > Anitre+13), g line, while on the di Rit RetRa > Ar+r2t13) = 6r. J. Steinig, Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 16 (1965), 19-22. 1216 Rit Ret Rar (+4) tn($ +i }en($ + 3) cb c a b @ BArtretra) Short and elegant proofs were given by Veldkamp and by Eggleston. Proor. Let P' be the reflection of P in the internal bisector of angle BAC. Then P’ is distant R; from A, rs from the side AC, and rz from side AB. The triangles ABP’, ACP’ do not meet except along their common side AP’. We have 4aR, > area ABP'C = area ABP’+area ACP’ = Frac irab. Hence na nle)e2) and equality holds if and only if AP” is perpendicular to BC, that is, if 4% BAP = n(2) en(Z)108 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES Equality holds in the latter of these inequalizies if and only if PBA = ¢ABC + -XBAC -} Thus if equality occurs in the first and thiré inequality then AP = BP, and equality occurs in all three if and only if P is the circumcentre of a triangle ABC. Adding n(2 + $)tal$+ +4)-n($ +3). Since bfe + c/b > 2, etc., we have bee Ce n(e + 3) + a(S + 2) + G + 3) >atntretny and equality holds if and only if a = of the triangle ABC. J. M. Child, Math. Gaz. 23 (1939}, 138-143. D. K. Kazarinoff, Michigan Math. J. 4 (1957. 97-98. G. R. Veldkamp, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 45 (757/58), 193-196: H. G. Eggleston, Math. Gaz. 42 (1958), 54-53. Z. A. Skopec, Matematiteskoe prosveStenie 5 (1960), 151-152. cand P is the centre 12.17 Let P be a point within the triangle 4BC and let D, E, F be its orthogonal projections on sides BC, C4, 4B respectively, then FD-PC , DE. Fe) oe PA | FE- 4) on(2 eae (Sep PB * FD-PC, FE-PC* DE-PA eS PA | FE- pa) 2 Aritretrs}- L. Bankoff, Amer. Math. Monthly 65 (1958 , 521. Rewark. This theorem and 12.16 interpe! 12.13. ar expressionTHE DISTANCES OF A POINT TO THE VERT-7ES AND THE SIDES 109 12.18 Ri+Re+Ra> 2VF 3, U7) Equality occurs if and only if the trizagle is equilateral and P is its centre. Proor. Let BT||CS|iPA and BT = C5,= PA, CRi|AT!|PB and CR = AT = PB, AS||BR|jPC and 4S = BR = PC. Then the hexagon ATBRCS has the area 2F and the perimeter 2(Ri+R2-+Ra). Between all hexagons of given area the regular hexagon has the smallest perimeter. Theefore Ri + Rat Rs > WES. The hexagon ATBRCS will be regular only if P is the centre of an equilateral triangle. U. T. Bédewadt, Jber. Deutsch. Matt-Verein. 46 (1! kursiv. REMARK 1. Inequality also holds when the point lies any- where in the plane of the triangle considzed. RemarK 2. Inequality (I) is stronger than 12.14, because (see: 5.11) ), 7 6r < WF Y3, 12.19 aRi+bRe+cRs > 2arrtbre: G. Steensholt, Amer. Math. Monthl Remark. J. Schopp has proved a simfar result for n-dimen- sional simplex. See Amer. Math. Monthly £6 (1956), 96-857. ora}. y 65 (1956), 571-572. 12.20 Risin $ + Resin 4 +ResnZ>ntretrs (I) z Equality occurs if and only if P is the izcensre of the triengle. Proor. Since n= Rasin £PCB and re =F. we have notre = Resin PCB +sin £PCE Q)150 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES By virtue of two analogous relations valid for re+rs and re-tri, we obain the inequality (1). Equality ix (2) holds if and only if PCB = PCA, i, only if P is apoint of the bisector of the angle ACB. Therefore in (1) equality holds if and only if P is the incentre of the triangle. L. Carlitz, Zlem. Math. 21 (1966), 115. 12.21 RoRs-RsRi+RiRe> A(rerstranitrir). J. M. Chile. Math. Gaz. 23 (1939), 138-143. ‘A. Oppenhém, Amer. Math. Monthly 68 (1961), 226-230. 12.22 RoRe~ReRit+RiRa 2(ratre)(rabra) + (r2 +79) (+12) +(ra+171)(r2+73)- Equality hads only for the equilateral triangle, the point P being its cent. ‘A. Oppenheim, Amer. Math. Monthly 68 (1961), 226-230. A. Oppenhém, Ann. Math. Pura Appl. (4) 53 (1961), 157~164. 12.23) Rrt-Re Ret <2 Arete). Equality hdds if and only if the triangle is equilateral and if Pis its centre, J. M. Chilé. Math. Gaz. 23 (1939), 138-143. . ‘A. Oppenhém, Amer. Math. Monthly 68 (1961), 226-230. 12.24 Ry +3ot+Rst < Arat+rettrs'), for #< —l. RUTRot + Rat < 2A(rattrattrst), for —1<1<3. RE+Rt+Resl > A(t ref trst), for 0 Anttrattrs'), for #>1. Equality ours only for the equilateral triangle, the point P being its certre, ‘A. Florian, Zlem. Math. 13 (1959), 55-58. ‘A. Oppenhexa, Amer. Math. Monthly 68 (1961), 226-230,THE DISTANCES OF A POINT TO THE VERTICES AND THE SIDES 11] 12.25 Ri R2R3 > Briers. J. M Child, Math. Gaz. 23 (1939), 138-143. J. Burkes, Elem. Math. 12 (1957), 121-123. A. Ozpenheim, Amer. Math. Monthly 68 (1961), 226-230. 12.26 RiR2R3S > rivers, with S= sin «/2sin 6/2 sin 7/2. Equiity holds if and only if P coincides with I. O. Bxtema, Nieuw Tijdschr. Wisk. 53 (1965), 50-51. Rexak. Since S<} (see: 2.12), this inequality improves 12.25. 12.27 RyRoRs> (re+13)(rs+11)(n +72). y holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral and P beingits centre. A. Ocpenheim, Problem E 1433, Amer. Math. Monthly 67 A. Ospenheim, Ann. Math. Pura Appl. (4) 53 (1961), 157-163. (12.28 1ReRs > (r2+13)(r3-+1) (01 Bi (1) with $= sin @/2sin 8/2 sin y/2. Equakzy occurs if and only if P is incentre of the triangle. PRoo:. Applying the law of sines and the law of cosines to the triangle 4MN, where M and N are defined in 12.13, we obtain Ry sin? a = 792+ ‘2rerycos x = (atrs}teostS + (re—ra}? sint > (retrs)® cost and so Risin FP retro, with equity only when rp = rg. Hence (1).112 _ GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES In (1) equality holds if and only if ry =r2 = ra. L. J. Mordell, Math. Gaz. 46 (1962), 213-215. Remark. Since $<} (see: 2.12), this inequality 2(nRit12R2+raR3). Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilatzral and the point is its centre. ‘A. Oppenheim, Amer, Math. Monthly 68 (1961), 226-230. 12.31 niRitreRe+raRs ee [fe . 4 (2? 2 TtF, jet (E+ ron + Gta) > Arretrntrirs). Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilatsral and if P is its centre or if P is one of the vertices of the trzngle. A. Oppenheim, Amer. Math. Monthly 63 (1961), 226-230.THE DISTANCES OF A POINT TO THE VERTICES AND THE SIDES 113 1 1 1 1 1 12.32 —+— a~—- + —+—}). aul ron nn? ( Ri aR =) Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral and if P is its centre. A. Oppenheim, Amer. Math. Monthly 68 (1961;, 226-230, 12.33 If O<¢<1, then (Ra) + (r2Ro)+ (raRa)* > 24{(rara}*+ (rara)!—(rar2)4]. Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral and if P is its centre or if P is one of the wertices of ze triangle. A. Oppenheim, Amer. Math. Monthly 68 (1961), 226-230. 1 1 1 1 1 1 12234 — 4+ + —- Ae 4+ ts es as (ers ao a am) Equality holds if and only if the triangle is ezuilatera] and if P is its centre. A. Oppenheim, Amer. Math. Monthly 68 (1961}, 226-230. 1 1 i 1 1 t 35 —+—+—>4(-— 4+ —_-4+-~}. 1238 iat rani tin “Crom + BRT a) Equality holds if and only if the triangle is ezuilateral and if P is its centre. J. M. Child, Math. Gaz. 23 (1939), 138-143. Rom | ok Rtn | Retr: | Retrs J. Berkes, Elem. Math. 12 (1957), 12 1-123. 12.37 If x, y, are arbitrary positive numbers, ten 12.36 32 aRytyReteRa p(2Ret Re sel Rap yRateRa ERypaRy Equality occurs if and only if +R = 9R: anzles BPC, CP4, APB are 21:3. A. Oppenheim, Ann. Math. Pura Appl. (4) 53 (+1), 157-163. a 3114 GIIMETRIC INEQUALITIES 12.38 Let P be a print inside the triangle ABC. Let D, E, F be the poimts of intesection of the lines AP, BP, CP with the sides BC, CA, AB respectively. Then 4P BP wt PE Equality holds if md only if the point P is the centroid of the triangle. Proor. Let Sy, Ss Ss represent the areas of triangles PBC, PCA, PAB. Since xe triangles ABC and PBC have the common side BC, ee + Bees AD _ SitSa+So PD Si . whence By adding togethr these equalities, we get AP | BP CP ‘PD. PE Pe ee 2)> 2-242 =6. Si S| “VS 7 Si Si ' Sa 0. J. Ramler, Poblem E 1043, Amer. Math. Monthly 59 (1952), #97 and 60-953}, 421. L. Carlitz, Amer. Math. Monthly 71 (1964), 881-885. 12.39 With the nmatioas of 12.38, we have Soi Equality holds and only if the point P is the centroid of the triangle,‘THE DISTANCES JF A POINT TO THE VERTICES AND THE SIDES 115 Proor. By tine of 12.38, we obtain AP BP C2 _ (Sa+Sa)(Ss+5iSit5i) | 8515253 _ PD" PE = 515253 51553 Q. J. Ramler Problem 1043, Amer. Math. Monthly 59 (1952), 697 and 60 (19), 421. Ch, W. Trigg Math. Mag. 36 (1963), 244. L. Carlitz, Aner. Math. Monthly 71 (1964), 881-885. 12.40 If P is: point inside the triangle ABC, and A’, B’, C’ are the interseccons of AP, BP, CP and the sides BC, CA, AB, respectively, ther . AA’ BB’ fn cc’ 9 AP t EP * CP 7x 2. Zivanovié Univ. Beograd. Publ. Elektrotehn. Fak. Ser. Mat. Fiz, No. 1H-No. 196 (1967), 69-72. ' 12.41 Let AB! be any triangle and let P be any point inside it; let AP, BF CP produced meet the opposite sides of the triangle at 4’, 3", C’ respectively. Then at least one of the inequalities AA’ BC A wh oi > — 22304 2 aaB 2 a holds. This statemext of G. N. Watson is included in the following theorem due toT. W. Chaundy: That one of tie above inequalities which involves the shortest of the three sid of the triangle is true. Or in the folioving theorem of Watson: That one of fiz above inequalities which involves the longest of the three trawversals 44’, BB’, CC’ is true. -V3/2 in (1) is Se best possible constant. G.N. Watsoz. Quart. J. Math. (Oxford Ser. 11 (1940), 273-276. A. Rosenblat: sifers an elementary proof of the theorem due to Watson (see Acas. Acad. Sci. Lima 4 (!941}, 156-161 and 213- 229). .116 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES REMARK. In fact, the priority of the theorem is due to J. J. L. Hinrichsen, who proposed in the Amer. Math. Monthly 3:9 (1932); 549, the following problem: Given any triangle with three line segments concurrent in a point interior to the triangle and joining each vertex to its oppo- site side. The length of the longest of these three lines cannot be less than 4V3 times the length of the opposite side of the triangle. J. J. L. Hinrichsen, Problem 3576, Amer. Math. Monthly 39 (1932), 549 and 41 (1934), 193-194. In the same Journal, 41 (1934), 193-196 a solution of this problem was published by F. Underwood and the editors of the Amer. Math. Monthly. 1242 If a o Citretrs). L. Carlitz, Amer. Math. Monthly 71 (1964), 881-885. 1243 Rit Rot Re> AV rit Vri7i+-Vrir}). Equality occurs if and only if the triangle is equilateral and if P is its centre. L. Carlitz, Amer. Math. Monthly 71 (1964), 881-885, 1244 REPRP+ RED Avira traritriry 60 Cis Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral and if P is its centre. L. Carlitz, Amer. Math. Monthly 71 (1964), 881-385. 1245 RaRg+-Raki+RyRe > rivstraisrine tot (ravi). Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral and if Pis its centre. L. Cazlitz, Amer. Math. Monthiy 71 (1964), 831-885. VRsRi+VRiR) < Ri-Ri+Rs+2A(risr+r9). 12.46 2('ReTHE DISTANCES OF A POINT TO THE VERTICES AND THE SIDES [17 Equality holds if and only if P is centroid of the triangle. L. Carlitz, Amer. Math. Monthly 71 (1964), 81-885. ray BeBe 5 RoR, Bike m3 rel ry. Biz Equality occurs if and only if the triangle is equilateral and Pis its centre. L. Carlitz, Amer. Math. Monthly 71 (1964), 881-885. 1248 Rit Ret+Ra > 2(wi+i2+ws). Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral ind if P is its centre. D. F. Barrow, Problem 3740, Amer. Math. Monthly 44 (1&7), 252-254, 12.49 ReRs+ReRi+RiRs > 2(Rywy+Rewe+ Rew). A. Oppenheim, Ann. Math, Pura Appl. (4) 53 (1961), 157-63, 12.50 RRs tRRi-+RiRa > 4(wrs Posie + wu). Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilatera! nd if P is its centre. L. Carlitz, Math. Gaz. 47 (1964), 181-182. 12.51 RiReRy> Srysrws. Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral and if P is its centre. L. Carlitz, Math. Gaz. 47 (1964), 181-182, 12.52 RRoRe > (we-+00) (wo +11) (er +. Equality dccurs if and only if the triangle is equilatera’ iid if P is its centre. A. Oppenheim, Ann. Math. Pura Appl. (4) §3 (1961), 15733. 12.53 Ry2+Re?+Rs* > 4(a2+b?-+c2). Equality holds if and only if P coincides with G. Encyklopadie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, Bnd. 21’, Heft 6, p. 1118, and Heft 7, p. 1185,18 GEOMETRIC INEZUALITIES R. Sturm, Maxima und minima % der elementaren Geometrie, Leipzig, Berlin 1910, p. 71. T. Lalesco, La géométrie du triaagle, Paris 1937, p. 41. 4F 1254 ryP4ro2trgr> ee Equality holds if P coincides wis Lemoine's point. Encyklopidie der Mathematischn Wissenschaften, Bnd. III’, Heft 6, p. 1118, and Heft 7, p. 1185. T. Lalesco, La géometrie du triscgle, Paris 1937, p. 41. 0. Bottema, Hoofdstukken ui de elementaire meetkunde, Den Haag 1944, p. 91- 12.55 If no angle > $2, then epee 108 Rt Ree Raa(SP + 2Fv8) : If «> fx, then RrtRrtRi> be. Equality holds if P ‘coincides w=a Torricelli’s point. ~~ Encrklopidie der Mathematiscten Wissenschaften, Bnd. III’, Heft 6, p. 1118, and Heft 7, p. 1125. T. Lalesco, La géométrie du trizagle, Paris 1937, p. 41. 12.56 a Ri+bReteRs [fees +(x? —E. 12) p6t(a?tbs2—a4) = : +9FF;| 7 where'ay, by, 63, Fare sides and arza of a second triangle 1B. The ¢riangles ABC and 4,B,C- are interchangeable. 0. Bottema, Hoofdstukken v= de elementaire meetkunde, Den Haag 1944, p. 97-99,CONDITAONS FOR TEE EXISTENCE OF ATRIANGLE = 119. 13. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a triangle 13.1 A necessary and swZicient condition for a triangle to exist is max(a.b, ¢) < Ha-+b+0). 13.2 If a= mnax(a,b,c, then a necessary but insufficient condition for a, b, c to be she sides of a triangle is far < BY < 202, 13.3 Let f(x) ne any non-negative, non-decreasing, subadditive function on the domain x > 0; for instance’ f(x) = Vz (n a natural number). If a, 8, ¢ form a triangl:, then f(a), /(®), f(@) form a triangle. PRoor. From a pyc? for all p,q. Q) Proor. A triangle witt sides a, , c, exists if and only if . Then a at+-b—c>0, Pte-a>0, cta—b>0. @118 GEOMETRIC INE;UALITIES R. Sturm, Maxima und minima = der elementaren Geometrie, Leipzig, Berlin 1910, p. 71. T. Lalesco, La géométrie du triaagle, Paris 1937, p. 41. 4F 12.54 Pro? rt > eee Equality holds if P coincides wii Lemoine's point. Encyklopadie der Mathematischn Wissenschaften, Bnd. III’, Heft 6, p. 1118, and Heft 7, p. LIES. T. Lalesco, La géométrie du trizxgle, Paris 1937, p. 41. 0. Bottema, Hoofdstukken ui de elementaire meetkunde, Den Haag 1944, p. 91. 12.55 If no angle > 3x, then 8 12 Rp Rei Rao“ + 23) : If a> gx, then Rit Rt > Equality holds if P ‘coincides w=a Torricelli's point. Encrklopadie der Mathematiscten Wissenschaften, Bnd. III’, Heit 6, p. 1118, and Heft 7, p. 1125. T. Lalesco, La géométrie du trimgle, Paris 1937, p. 41. 12.56 a RitbRete:Ra >[Bcetentisn HOt!) +a ba?) 2 12 +0FF;| , where'ay, by, c1, Fy are sides and ara of a second triangle 41BiCs. The triangles ABC and 4,B,C- are interchangeable. 0. Bottema, Hoofdstukken c= de elementaire meetkunde, Den Haag 1944, p. 97-99,CONDIT#ONS FOR TEE EXISTENCE OF A TRIANGLE Wg 13. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a triangle 13-1 A necessary and suiicient condition for a triangle to exist is max(a.b, c) < Ha-+b+¢). 13.2 If a= max(a,4,c’, then a necessary but insufficient condition for a, b, c to be the sides of a triangle is Far 4c < 202, 13.3 Let /(x) Ine any non-negative, non-decreasing, subadditive function on the domain x > 0; for instance’ f(x) = Wx (n a natural number). If a, 6, ¢ form a triangls, then (a), /(6), (c) form a triangle. Poor. From a pgc? for all p, 9. a) Proor. A triangle wit: sides a, }, c, exists if and only if at-d—c>0, Fe—a > 0, cha—b > 0, (2)220 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES We shall prove that (2) is equivalent to (1). Let K = pat+qb*—pge?. Since q = 1—p, we have K = paty(1—p)s*—p(—p)et = cpt (@2—8_chip +88, where a, 6, c are fixed and # is a variable. Therefore K is a quadratic trinomial in respect to . In order to have K > 0, < is necessary that D = (a®@—0—c2)2—4b?e? <0, (a+b-+0)(b+ce—a)(cHa—b)(a-+b—c) > 0. @) If the triangle exists, then (2) holds, so that D <0. There- ire if a, b,c are the sides of a triangle, then (1) is valid. Inversely, if D <0, then (3) holds, i.e. a, 6, ¢ are sides of a angle. _ V. B. Lidskil, L. V. Ovsjannikov, A. N. Tulaikov and M. Sabunin, Zadati po elementamnoi matematike, Moskva 1962, p.21- 735 Let «, B, y be the angles of a triangle. Then a triangle vith sides cos* a/2, cos? 8/2, cos? y/2 exists. T. P. Cerepanova, Matematika v tkole 1966, No. 6, 66. 3.6 Let a, B, y be the angles of a triangle. Then a triangle vhose sides are cos @/2, cos #2, cos y/2 exists. Mazematika v Skole 1963, No. 3, 89. REMARK. 13.6 follows from 13.5 by means of 13.3. 33.7 G. Petrov has given a series of the necessary and snfficient wnditions which must be satisfied by certain elements of a xangle: 1 O 0, a—26--Ig > 0, —a-+Tb+2Me > 0.MISCELLANEOUS INEQUALITIES FOR A TRIANGLE 121 3°. ar a?-+4ug? for a< Zire, aR>a for a> 2ra. SS aa, mR ee, TP. 1 > 0, 479-4-4(2a2-+282-+-7aBjr4 “£4 (at—a56—a62—ab8-+ 54)7?—a%{a— by? <0. G. Petrov, Casopis pro peftovani matematiky 77 (1952), 77-92. 13.8 A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a triangle with the elements R, r and s, is s#-2(2R2+10Rr—r°)s?-+r(4R=1}8 < 0. R. Sondat, Nouv. Ann. Math. (3} 10 (1892), 43*~-<7*. 14. Miscellaneous inequalities for the elements of a tri- angle IAL If 41, de, Zy are real numbers, then o (rpdo-+ie)2R? > iniga®+Aghb?= i a) RexaRK 1. Taking for Z1, 72, 2a special values we deduce from (1) the following inequalities: 44 for t= a2, ty = 8%, a= c2 4.7 for ty = a(4s?—a?—¥2—c2—2sa), Ja = DlAs?—a? B22 258), ig = o(45?—a?—22 S10 for A= 1» da = 0, i= 5.13 far 4, = 2s—3a, 2: y= 2s—Ze and for A122 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES 5.25 for 4; = 2s—a, 22 = 2s—b, As = 2s—c. 8.7 for &1 = a(s—a), 22 = B(s—B), Aa = sc). REMARK 2. 0. Bottema has given the folowing remarks: 1°, (y+ Aa-+2s)2R2— (Relga?-+Aghid?-+Ayi2c?) has a geometri- cal meaning: it is equal to 2GO® (2= dy-tis-+4s # 0) in which G is the centroid of the points 4, B, C if he weights 21, 22, Za are given to them. From this thre inequality (1) follows. 2°. Equality holds in (1) if and only if G and O coincide. If Jy, 2a, ag are given a triangle for which this occurs exists if and only if a triangle exists, the sides of which re il, [22!, \Zal- O. Kooi, Simon Stevin 32 (1958), 97-101. O. Bottema, Simon Stevin 33 1959), 97-100. 14.2 '2F 1, then - S$b>c, then 1°. jsb>c, then atha>b+hydithe. A. V. Aljaev, Matematika v &kole, 1963, No. 3, 88 and 1964, No. 2, 74. 146 Ii b= med(a,b,c}, then 2 Ste em, for c--a$ 2b. S. G. Guba, Matematika v Skole, 265, No. 5,69 and 1966, No. 4, 77-78. 14.7 If ais the basis of an isoscelesriangle and w the angle- bisector of an angle on the basis, ther fa2hatga/2 ‘Matematika v Skole, 1955, No. 4, 72 14.9 Ofa triangle is one of the angle:4g, then FC 2tegtt st tg ¢ 0. Bottema, Wisk. Opgaven 20 (1 14.10 Let px, pe, pa be the radii of th circles which touch two sides and the circumcircle of a given ciangle. Then 4r < prtpe-tps <2R. Remsxx. The first inequality is duezo K. V. Vetrov and the second to S. T. Berkolaf&ko. See: K. *: Vetrov, Matematika v skole, 1966, No. 3, 59 and S. T. Berkoliko, Matematika v Skole, 1967, No. 2, 74. 14.11 If Ay, Bz, C) are points on th: les BC, CA, AB of a124 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES triangle, repectively, then reece 2s abte <2 Gaz. Mix. BB (1957), 163. 14.12 Lei bea positive number. Let X and ¥ denote given points on =ae sides of a triangle ABC, such that 4XAB BY = AC > BC, for 0 CX = AC > BC, for 0 BX = AC > BC, for O<3<4. <, Problem E 1626 Amer. Math. Monthly 70 ¢ i (1964), 684-686. 14.13 Let P be a point inside a triangle ABC. Let 4’, B’, C’ be the intersections of the lines AP, BP, CP with BC, C4, AB Tespectively. Then, if 4A‘ > BB’ and 4A’>CC’, we bave AA’ > PA'+PB'+-PC', with equlity only for 4a’ = BB’ = CC’. 1414 2H>IHY2. Equality holds if and only if the triangle is equilateral tba, Matematika v Skole, 1966, No. 3, 60. (yMISCELLANEOUS INEQUALITIES FORA TRIANGLE 125 Proor. By adding together the relations Ly? D Day and a2 py% = at+y2, we.get AxPe+y2) > (e-Ly)* Whence, for x+y > 0, ane: aty > a ie, ytis® | Phat xtty? was ee 2) 05 B, z= 147/R. Since cos B+cos 7 >0, etc. for x= cosa, y cos y, from (2) follows (1), because cos x-+-cos B+cos 7 Gaz. Mat. B13 (1962), 133-134, 14.16 If mp and me are perpendicular to each other, then : cotg B+-cotgy > 3. S, Reich, Problem E 1839, Amer. Math, Monthly 72 (198), 1123. 14.17 Let P bea point on the median mg of a triangle ABC. Let BP and CP meet the sides AC and AB in the points E and F respectively. Then, if AB > AC, we have BE > CF. K. Tan and N. Harrell, Math. Mag. 38 (1965), 57-58. 14:18 Let a square with the side a be inscribed in a triangle. Then WN2ID, BI>IE, CI>IF. Proof. Since the angle-bisectors are cevians, wehave Sea a ama aa cade b ¢ bte TD” FB' EC a'a a Tien-Hsung Lin, Math. Maz. 38 (1965), 158-159. Ch. W. Trigg, Math. Mag. 40 (1967), 28. 14.22 Let da< dp < de, where da, dy, de are the distances of the circumcentre of a triangle to its excentres. The R YF. Equality holds if and only if P is the centroid of the triangle ABC. S. I. Zetel’, Novaja geometrija treugol’nika, Moskva 1962, pp. 32-33. 1431 If ABC and 4’B'C’ are any two equilateral triangles in a plane, their vertices being taken in the same sense of rotation, of the three lines 44’, BB’, CC’, the sum of any two is not less chan the third. The same theorem holds for any pair of directly similar triangles. There is equality if and only if the centre of similitude lies on the circumcircle of one (and therefore of both) triangles. C. Tweedie, Edin. M.S. Proc. 22 (1904), 22-26. P. Pinkerton, Edin. M. S. Proc. 22 (1904), 27. -_— 15. Inequalities for quadrilaterals IL s pitt, where £ is a positive number. - REMARK. This is a generalization of the problem proposed in Gaz, Mat. 12 (1961), 175. 15.3 For any convex quadrilateral there exists at least one side which is smaller than the greater among its diagonals. 154 AC-BD< AD.BC—AB-CD.INEQUALITIES FOR QUADRILATERALS 129 Proor. EF the inversion with centre A and power 4B-AC-AD the points E C, D are transformed into By, Cy, Da so that Bi€, + = AD-BC ec. Theorem follows from the triangle inequality for By Cy, Di. 1 | Equality iolds if and only if 4, B, € and D are on a circle. 15.5 If 4.3, C and D are arbitrary points, BC = a, CA = 6, AB =o, AZ =, BD =q, CD =r, then (“up +bq+er) (ap—bq-+er)(ap-+-bq—cr) > 0. Equality «nly if the four points are on a circle. Corottsrr 1. If BC =CA = AB, then (—£+¢-")(—9+7)(6+9—7) 2 0 (Pompeiu’s theorem). Corottart 2. If the triangles ABC and PQR are given a point D exiss with the property AD:BD:CD = p:q:7 if, and -only if : : (—1p +b9q+07) (ap—bq+ cr) (ap +bq—cr) > 0. The two =angles may be interchanged. 0. Bowtern, Euclides 38(1963/64), 129-137. 1b, 644, Py mart by6d 29) ig 15.6 minic. b, ¢, , p,q) REMARK. This theorem has been a problem at the competition for secondaz; school students in Hungary in 1961. 187 2-1: F>0, Equality mly for a square. _ Remark. This is the isoperimetric inequality for quadri- Jaterals. See. or example, N. D. Kazarinoff, Geometric Inequali- ties, New York 1961, p. SI. ¢)(b+a). for a rectangle. 158 4F< Equality130 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES ProoF. Since 4F = ad-sin a-+-ab-sin B-+-be-sin y-+ed-sin 8, and sing, sing, siny, sind <1, we obtain 4F 2F, Ju. L. Gerasimov, Matematika v Skole 1967, Na. 1, 83. 15.10 If Pand Q denote the midpoints of the sides BC and 4D, then |AB—CD| <2PQ 2P0. Similarly, we have |AB—CD| = 2|PM—~QM| < 2PQ. Equality in (1) holds if and only if 4B is parallel to CD. J. 1. Nassar, Problem E 1617, Amer, Math, Monthly 70 (15:3), 758. bu 2 4+5> ota + sf hs unless c= a. C. V. Durell and 4. Robson, Advanced Trigonometry, Lon- don 1948, p. 281. 15.12 If AB+BD = AC+CD, then AB AB, PC-+PD>CD, because AB+-BD = AC+CD, we have AC+BD > AB+AB+BD—AC, ie, AC > AB. 15.13 If P be the intersection of diagonals and if the 12. Ju. I. Gerasimov and O. A. Koti, Matematika v Skole 1964, No. 1, 83. L, Carlitz, Math. Mag. 38 965), 33-35. 15.16 4F DA+DB+DC. Equality holds only if P coincides with D. 2. Ifno vertex is on or in-he triangle formed by the other three points, then PA+P!+PC+PD is minimal for the point of imersection of the diagonals of the convex quadrilateral defined ty the four points. H. W. Guggenbeimer, Plae Geometry and its Groups, San Francisco, Cambridge, Londor. Amsterdam 1967, p. 178. 15.19 Let 4a, Ba, Ca, D1 be-Be midpoints of the sides BC, CD, DA, AB respectively. If F; is the area of the quadrilateral enclosed by the lines 44s, B21, Ci, DD, thenINEQUAZTIES FOR QUADRILATERALS 133 Equality only for azarallelogram. T. Popoviciu, Problen 5897, Gaz. Mat. 49 (1943), 322. 15.20 Suppose that “ie quadrilateral ABCD is convex and AD is not parallel to BC. E PQ|".AD (P-intersection of the diagonals AC and BD); Q on AB. QR" BC (R on AC), RS||AD (S on CD), and if F, is the area a PQRS, then Fi (14+V2) max PAct+min PAy, « @ equality taking place when P lies on the circumcircle of the square. PROOF. Without loss of generality we may assume PAg> (PAs, PAs) > PAx. Then, by Ptolemy's theorem (see: 15.4) (P-A3)(As44) +(PA3)(4144) > (PAa)(41.45), equality occurring if and only if 41, P, 4s, da are concyclic. Since A344 = 4144 = AyAs/V2, we infer that Ze PA, +PAg> PAwW2. Heace PAi+PAatPAg+PAs> PAWN24PAs+ PAs, equality holding when P lies on the circumcircle of the square. I. S, Gal-L. Bankoff, Problem E 1308, Amer. Math. Monthly 65 (1958), 205 and 710. 15.23 Let 4 BCD be a quadrilateral. It need noz be convex and may even possess 2 double-point. Let —atbte+d(a—b+e+da+b—e+d fa+b+ce—d) +bte+d)(—atb+e—d\(a—bt+o—d (a+b—c—d). If Pi >0, then Pos iéF? < Py. (ql)INEQUALITIES FOR QUADRILATERALS 135 Equality at the right side occurs if ABCD is a convex cyclic quadrilateral (Steiner's theorem). Such a quadrilateral exists always. If Pp > 0 there exists a non-convex cyclic quadrilateral the sides of which are (in a certain order) a, 8, c, d. In that case the equality sign at the left-hand side (1) holds for that quadsi- lateral. If Pz <0 no such quadrilateral exists, The inequalities (1) can be replaced by O<16F?0, es 5 0 0, pad a®—b24-c2@—d| if Pe <0, where Pp is defined in 15.23. Equality for the non-convex cyclic quadrilateral, resp». for that swith parallel diagonals. O. Bortema, Euclides 15 (1938), 1-13. 15.26 If @ is one of the angles between the diagonals, then sin? @ = 1 if a&@—b2=c?-g? = 0. In the other cases P: eect 6 ifs Pye 0. Mee ery fo if Pr <0, Sat136 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES where P; and Pz are defined in 1 O. Bottema, Euclides 15 (1938), 1-13. 16. Inequalities for polygons 16.1 For any pentagon AyAeAadits 5 5 Z (AAn2t Aided > LT 4dtee® (Aes=4d. (1) rt a Proor. Since AAuitAmdue > 4tAve @asi,..-,5) or (Att Auitise Adina > Sidtee® (FF = 1,..., 5), we have (1). 16.2 Let A’, BY, C’, D’, E’ be convex pentagon ABCDE. Then area A‘B'C"D'E' > } zza ABCDE. migpoints of sides of a 16.3 Let ABCDE be a convex ptagon inscribed within a unit circle with 4E as diameter, tha a 4 e2td?tabe—bed <4, where a = AB, 6 = BC, c=CD, ¢=DE. H. Demir, Problem 1877, Amer. Mich, Monthly 73 (1966), 410. 164 Consider a regular hexagon of area F, which contains non-intersecting circles of radii r1, ..., 72. Then nF v2" L. Fejes Toth, Lagerzngen in die: Sbene, auf der Kugel and im Raum, Berlin 1953, 2. 75. (ato. tre)? 16.5 Let (n—1)s be the perimeur of an x-gon with sides and Iet ar (n—2)s, so that 1 a which represents the right-han @) nt ~ nies” the left-hand side of (2) follow: This proof is dee to P.M. Ves M. Petrovié, Belletin Mat des Sciences 40 (I ité Romaine138 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES S. Pavlovi¢, Uvodjenje mladih u nautni rad, I, Matematitka bibli:teka, sv. 18, Beograd 1961, 139-142. 16.6 For every convex n-gon, with area F, BS ak > 4F tg =. Past ” Poor. We use the fact that of all n-gons with the same peri- meter, the regular -gon has greatest area. Thus nat 4tgajn F< wher na = 3) a The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, however, m1 : gives na? =n (Sa)? 3 and deduced the following stronger inequality (om 3) E Ree z we m}imr eon where wy is the segment of the bisector of the angle AyP4z+i = 2p; from P to its intersaction with the side Andra. Lenhard proved also that the following inequality holds: VRiResi 005 9; > we > re L. Fejes Téth, Lagerungen in der Ebene, auf der Kugel und im Raum, Berlin 1953, p. 33. A. Florian, Elem. Math. 13 (1958), 55-58. H.C. Lenhard, Arch. Math. 12 (1961), 311-314. 16.10 Let Ay, A, be the vertices of a regular polygon and let P be an point in its interior. Then at least one of the angles APA; satisties the following inequalities 1 (! - ) <4, ket This result is the best possible. I. S. Gal, Bull. Ecole Polytech. Jassy 3 (1948), Resark. This inequality is a generalization of 15.22. 16.12 Let Ay, ..., 4p be the vertices of a cons=x n-gon and P an internal point. Then L 2 LZ z 2 < @-)> where L is perimeter of the n-gon. A. Natucci, Periodico Mat. (4) 29 (1951), 9-102. 16.13 Let P be an internal point of the co-ex polygon Ay, .--4y. Let Ry denote the distance from P = the vertex Axand ryits distance totheside AA ret. Let z2= Dn. a) kL 2° xen Equality holds if and only if all sides of the poly toa circle with centre P. ProoF. Let fy= ... Dona a) - vey C2) Inequality holds in (2) if ancl only if a: least one inequality occurs in (1). S. Bilinski, Glesnik matematitko-fisitti i astronumski, 16 (1961), 195-201. 16.16 Let a polygon contain «a circle witt radius r. Then142 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES 16.17 Let a1, ...,@n be the distances of any point on the circle, circumscrited with radius R about a regular x-gon, to its vertices. Ther RV2n Sart... +a < mV, (1) Prov. Since a+... pan? = 2Rn, tn) 73 fork Kayo. tan? < (at... fen)® inequality (1) is deed true. M. Petrovié, ZaCunanje sa brojnim razmacima, Beograd 1932, p- 82. 16.18 With the notation of 16.17, we have 2R cote cebae 4. cote F< art... Han < 2R cosee 5 P. M. Vasié ani Z. Zivanovié, Univ. Beograd. Publ. Elektro- tehn, Fak. Ser, Mit. Fiz, No. 181~No. 196 (1967), 67-68. 16.19 About a =rele is circumscribed a regular polygon of n sides each of lene ap, and within this circle is inscribed a regu- lar polygon of F sides each of length b. Then the following inequalities hold: ant > bn (=3,4), On < bn (§=5,6,...), Zane > batbasr (n= 3, 2ay+ R.INEQUALITIES FOR POLYGONS 143 16.21 Given a circle C of circumference U. Let pn be the peri- meter of te regular #-gon inscribed in C and Py the perimeter of the cizumscribed regular n-gon (n > 3). Then 1°, The squence (fq) is monotonously increasing, and the seuence (Py) is monotonously decreasing; 2. HatiPa > U. A proc: of this inequality, due to D. D. Adamovié, can be found in: D. S. Mitrinovié, Elementary Inequalities, Groningen 1964, pp. 215-117. 16.22 Gven a circle C with radius R. Let 6, be the perimeter of the regilar n-gon inscribed in C and Oy the perimeter of the circumscrised regular #-gon. Then OntOn > 4aR. Q) PRooF. We shall first prove that sing tg x > 2x for o0 for O 0, 22., (2). Since o, = 2Rnsina/n and On = 2Rn tgajn, we have ont Ox = 2Rn (3 4tg 2), ae For 2 3, we get 0 < a/n < 2/2 and consequently in 4tg 2525 sin tg S22. Therefor: (1). Matemetka v tkole, 1965, No. 3, 76.144 GEOMETRIC INEQUALITIES 16.23 Let F, L, r, R be area, perimeter, radius of incirle, radius of circumeircle respectively of a convex n-gon. Then wttg

6 Equality holds only for squares. Remark. This inequality wes conjectured by P. Szdsz and has been proved by: J. Aczél and L. Fuchs, Composio Math. 8 (1950), 61-67. 17, Inequalities for a circle 17.1 Let P be a point inside the circle K of sR: arc AF = arc FB, with arcdBB, then ~ => APF > FPB. Remark. This theorem was given to be proved br secondary school students at the competion in Hungary in 1%). 17.2 Let A and B be two points outside a circle X and let the straight line segment 4B not intersect this circ If C and D are the points of contact of zangent Zines drawn nm A and B wich opposite orientation to the circle K, then th: following inequalities hold |AC—BD| < 4B 28 > |AM—BM|, Since AC > AM, BD> BM, MC = MD, we get AC+BD > 23 > |AC—BD). If the straight line AB cuts ue circle we shall have two cases: 1°. the points of intersectia of the straight line AB and the circle lie between A and B; 2°. the points of intersectim of the straight line AB and the circle do not lie between 4 ani B. If I° holds, we Bave AB > AE+3B > AC+BD, where E and F are the intersction segment AB with OC and OD respectively. If 2° holds, the segment .4? lies in the angle CAC’, where C’ is the point of contact of th: second tangent line drawn from point A. Let us draw anothe circle, concentric to given circle, through point B. Let this nev circle cut AC and AC’ in poizts E and E’, Then AB < AE = Al-EC = AC—BD. V.B. Lidskii, L. V. Ovsjanmikov, A. N. Twatkov, M. I Sabu- nin, Problem 362, Zadaéi po dsmentarnof matematike, Moskva 1962, p. 62. 17.3. A circle is inscribed it.a right angle with vertex in 4 soch that it touches the legs vf the angle in points A and C. Ifa tangent line cuts the Jeg: 4B and AC in the points M and N (AM < AB, AN < AC), ten HAB+AC) < MI-NC < (AB+AC). ProoF. If K is the point a’ sontact of the tangent ALN and circle, then we have MB = iK and NK = NC, whence MN =UB-NC. re)INEQUALITIES FOR A CIRCLE 147 Since MN < AM+ N, we get 2MN AM and MN > AN, ie, 2MN > AM+AN, and because of (1) we obtain (3MN > AM+MB4AN+NC = AB+AC. 17.4 Consider two circles of radii R with centres in points Cx and C2, Let A bea point on the first circle, and By a point on the second. If point Be is symmetrical to point B, in respect to the straight line C\Co «and if CyC2 = R, then ABY+ABz? > 2R2, ' Proor. From triangles 4BB, and 4BBz, where B is midpoint of the straight line BjBs, we have =~ AB,? = 4B24BB,2—2 4B BB, cos ABB, (1) > -ABy? = AB? +BBy?—2 4B BBo cos ABBs. 2) — mS Since 4BBi+ABBo and. (2), we obtain ABy?+ABg? = 2(4B?+BB,?). Q) From (3) and inequality AB > BCe, we get AB 3?+ ABs? > 2(BC2? + BB;?) = 2-BiC2? = 2-R®. 17.5 If AC and BD are two mutually perpendicular chords of a circle with radius R, then 2R

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