INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

ISSN: 2309-7892, Page: 155-160, Volume 01, Issue 03, April-June 2014

Review Paper
MILK NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION IN RELATION TO COW GENOTYPE
AND LOCATION OF BANGLADESH

M.M Rahman1, M.A.A. Mahmud1, M.A. Baset2, S.U. Mahfuz1, H. Mehraj3 and AFM Jamal Uddin3*1

M.M Rahman, M.A.A. Mahmud, M.A. Baset, S.U. Mahfuz, H. Mehraj and AFM Jamal Uddin (2014). Milk
Nutritional Composition in Relation to Cow Genotype and Location of Bangladesh. Int. J. Bus., Soc. and Sci. Res.
01(03): 155-160. Retrieve from http://www.ijbssr.com/currentissueview/14013027

Received Date: 18/04/2014 Acceptance Date: 13/06/2014 Published Date: 20/06/2014

Abstract
The present study was conducted at Dairy farm of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute,
Dhaka and Sathia Upazila of Pabna to investigate the milk composition in relation to region. For
this experiment milk samples feed samples and a total of 60 (20 of each genotype) dairy cows of
the genotypes of Pabna, Local and Cross bred were selected. Among the different genotypes of
cows maximum milk production was recorded in Crossbred cows (8.24 Lit.) and minimum in
Local cows (3.09 Lit.). Maximum fat (5.05%), protein (3.78%), lactose (5.37%), SNF (9.94%)
was found in milk from Local cows but maximum mineral was found in Crossbred cows milk
(0.56%).
Key words: Cows milk, composition and region
Introduction
Milk is one of the physiological products of cows, varies in composition depending on plane of nutrition
of cows, any relation between the composition of milk and the diets fed to cows. Nutrition is considered
as a major constraint to cattle production in Bangladesh (Shahjahan, 1983; Pharo, 1987; Mack et al.,
1987). In Pabna district on seasonality of cattle feed sources that the daily average DM available 7.1, 3.9
and 5.4 kg in monsoon, winter and summer respectively to a mature animal of 210 kg (Udo et al.,1992).
There is a pronounced seasonal pattern in cattle production and milk productions mainly occur outside
the monsoon season (Udo et al., 1990). Even with this faster growth the per capita milk was far below
the requirements as indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002). This means that in future
the dairy industry of Bangladesh will be demand or market-driven which corresponds to the doubling
of demand for milk and milk products in 2020 in all developing countries including Bangladesh (Ndambi
et al., 2007). Considering the above point the current study was undertaken to compare the composition
of cows milk in relation to region and to estimate the plane of nutrition of Local, Pabna and Holstein
Friesian Crossbred cows.
Materials and Methods
An experiment was conducted to investigate the milk composition in relation to region during the period
from June 2012 to December 2012. Sathia Upazila of Pabna and BLRI (Bangladesh Livestock Research
Institute), Savar, Dhaka has been selected for the study. Three types of cow (10 of each type) such as
Local cow, Pabna cow and Crossbred (Local x Holstein Friesian) cow were selected from BLRI, Savar,
Dhaka and Pabna district. Data were collected on live weight, nutrient intake (DM, CP, CF, EE), milk
yield, milk composition, fat, protein, lactose, SNF and mineral.
Live weight was measured by using formula: Live weight = (LG2) 300 pound
Body condition score (BCS) was assessed by palpating individual body parts, and an average score was
recorded on a 5-point scale, where 1 was emaciated and 5 was obese (Wildman et al., 1982).
Measurement of feed intake and chemical composition: Feed intake and refusals were recorded and
analyzed for proximate component following the method AOAC (2004). Energy values were also
adopted from Kearl (1982) and Singh and Oosting (1993).

*Corresponding Author: jamal4@yahoo.com

1
Department of Animal Nutrition, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
2
Department of Livestock Production and Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
3
Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
Rahman et al. 156

Available feeding system of dairy cows in different season on the study area
Seasons Available feeding systems Feeding Feeding frequency
Roughages Concentrates systems (av. no./d)
Dry Rice straw, Wheat bran, sesame oil cake, rice Grazing 2
Oat grass, bran, molasses, lentil bran, maize and stall
khesari grass, powder, matikali bran, anchor fed,
Napier grass bran and common salt.
Wet Rice straw, same to the dry season Stall fed 2
Pearl millet

Chemical composition of feed stuffs

DM % of fresh % of DM ME (MJ/kg
Feed ingredients
weight CP CF OM Ash DM)
Roughages
Rice straw 87.76 4.27 47.06 84.79 15.17 6.10
Oat grass 19.32 10.15 34.50 91.82 8.33 8.74
Kheshari grass 18.43 9.98 40.01 93.59 6.10 7.52
Napier grass 19.08 7.02 35.25 87.75 12.50 7.13
Weeds from paddy field 18.14 15.61 23.56 81.93 18.07 7.70
Concentrates
Rice bran 91.25 9.12 42.25 84.30 15.2 8.02
Wheat bran 90.30 15.13 11.87 93.01 5.12 10.25
Maize bran 85.98 8.50 7.55 93.40 6.94 13.34
Broken Rice 87.96 8.86 5.30 96.05 3.70 13.12
Mustard oil cake 90.00 34.27 26.10 82.26 11.13 13.10
Sesame cake 91.98 30.87 27.18 84.72 15.25 13.91
Molasses 65.12 5.65 - 84.07 15.95 15.20
Matikali bran 68.25 13.50 49.95 91.15 8.12 9.59
Anchor bran 90.00 13.86 27.45 95.28 5.05 10.55
Lentil bran 90.40 13.67 18.40 90.75 9.25 9.25
Gram bran 90.25 5.20 47.02 96.50 3.95 8.58
Methods of milking: Calves were separated from their mother in the night (9 pm) to morning (8 am) and
10.00 AM to 4.00 PM. The cows were milked 2 times per day by hand method at 08.00 AM and 04.00
PM. Before milking, udder was washed by using warm water and dried with damp cloth.
Milk collection, sampling and analysis: Before collection of milk, cows were allowed to nurse by calf
briefly for stimulating the process of milk let down. Milk was collected from all the four quarters. At
each time of collection, precaution was taken to prevent mixing and contamination of samples. Each
sample was leveled with an identification mark. Thus a total of 60 samples were collected on different
days. Milk yield was recorded after complete milking and Milk samples (250 ml each) in bottles were
transported in an ice box to Dairy Science Laboratory of Animal production Research Division (APRD),
Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka using a Milk Analyzer as soon as
possible for study of milk composition. The milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, total
solids, solids not fat (SNF) and mineral using lacto Star (model FUNKE GERBER Milk Analyzer,
Germany) according to manufacturer's instructions. It takes 45 minutes to ready for milk analysis and 1.5
minutes to analyze milk sample and each sample of milk was analyzed in duplicate.
All data were subjected to ANOVA following the principles of CRD using computer package
GENSTAT (Lawes Agricultural Trust, 1997) and LSD differentiated treatment means. Pearson
correlation and linear regression were done among the parameter where it was found appropriate.
Results and Discussion
Effect of different genotypes on nutrient intake of Pabna, Local and Crossbred cows: The live
weights of Crossbred cows (334.10 kg) were greater than Pabna (277.00 kg) and Local cows (136.90 kg)
(Table 1).

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Milk Nutritional Composition 157

Table 1. Effect of Breed on nutrient Intake of Pabna, Local and Cross cows
Parameter Pabna Local Cross LSD and Level of Significance
Live Weight (Kg) 277.00 136.90 334.10 7.67NS
Nutrient Intake
DM (Kg/day) 11.46 10.35 11.96 0.60NS
CP (g/day) 2.44 1.84 2.75 0.13NS
CF (Kg/day) 6.09 4.40 6.53 0.22NS
EE(Kg/day) 0.715 0.5665 0.833 0.04*
NS, Not Significant; *, (P<0.05)

Daily feed intake of Crossbred cow was higher than the Pabna and Local cow due to its higher live
weight. The daily DM intake of Pabna, Local and Crossbred cow was 11.46 Kg, 10.35 Kg and 11.96 Kg
which were not significant. The daily CP, CF and EE intake of Crossbred cow is higher than the Pabna
and Local cows.
Effect of region on nutrient intake of Pabna, Local and Crossbred cows: The live weight of cows of
BLRI and cows of Pabna region were 252.10 kg and 247.00 kg respectively which were not significant
(Table 2). The DM, CP, CF and ME intakes of cow of BLRI were 8.20 Kg, 850.00 gm, 3.00 Kg, 71.91
MJ/day and Cows of Pabna were 7.90 Kg, 845.00 gm, 2.98 Kg, 69.01 MJ/day respectively which differs
non significantly due to genetical and environmental cause. The daily intake of ash of cow of BLRI and
Pabna region cows was 0.89 kg and 0.78 kg respectively which were no significant.

Table 2. Effect of region on nutrient intake of Pabna cow, local cow, crossbred cows
Parameters Cows of BLRI Cows of Pabna LSD and level of significance
Live Weight (Kg) 252.10 247.00 7.67NS
Feed Intake
DM (Kg/day) 8.20 7.90 0.49NS
CP (g/day) 850 845.00 0.11NS
CF (Kg/day) 3.00 2.98 0.19NS
EE (Kg/day) 0.89 0.78 0.04NS
ME (MJ/day) 71.91 69.01 2.80NS
NS, Not Significant; *, (P<0.05);
Effect of different region Live weight, milk yield and milk composition: The daily milk yield of cows
of BLRI region was 6.46 lit and Pabna region was 6.00 lit (Table 3). The fat% of cows of BLRI and of
cows of Pabna region was 4.64 and 4.07 respectively (Table 3). The protein % was 3.70 in cows of both
BLRI and Pabna region (Table 3). The lactose %, SNF % and mineral % in cows of BLRI and Pabna
region were 5.29, 9.76, 0.42 and 5.29, 9.75 and 0.42 (Table 3). Generally fat content ranged between
4.28 to 5.60% (Table 3).
Table 3. Effect of region on live weight, milk yield, and milk composition
Parameters Cows of BLRI Cows of Pabna LSD and level of significance
Live weight (Kg) 252.10 247.00 7.67NS
Milk yield (Litre/day) 6.46 6.00 0.6NS
Milk composition (%)
Fat 4.64 4.07 0.27NS
Protein 3.70 3.70 0.05*
Lactose 5.29 5.29 0.17NS
SNF 9.76 9.75 0.14NS
Mineral 0.42 0.42 0.27NS
NS, Not Significant; *, (P<0.05); **, (P<0.01)

Fat content of milk collected from different farmers was ranged from 3.60 to 5.70% (Uddin et al., 2003).
Milk fat of indigenous cows was 4.60%0.64 and Holstein crosses of high yielding animal, which reduce
the fat content of milk sample (Hossain, 1968).
Effect of different genotypes on live weight, milk yield and milk composition: Live weight of Pabna
cows, Local cows and Crossbred cows are 277.00 kg, 136.90 kg, and 334.10 kg (Table 4). The average
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Rahman et al. 158

milk yield of Pabna breed 7.31 kg, Local cows 3.09 kg and 8.24 kg (Table 4). Average milk yield of
Holstein x Local was 5.5 0.1 kg (Nahar et al., 1992) crossbred cows in summer, Autumn, Winter and
Spring season was 2.79 0.068, 3.58 0.390, 4.16 0.536, and 3.11 0.455 kg/day respectively
(Ahmed, 1995). Milk production of different genotypes of maintained at Dairy and Cattle Improvement
Farm, Savar, Dhaka was varied and average daily milk yield for local, Sindhi, Shahiwal, Jersey, Friesian
cross and Jersey cross were 2.56, 3.33, 3.60, 7.62, 9.30, 6.64, and 5.74 kg respectively (Ahmed and
Islam, 1987). Maximum SNF (Solid not fat) value was obtained from local cows (9.94) which were
statistically similar with both Pabna cows (9.69) and Crossbreed cows (9.64). Market milk of different
genotype and found that SNF content varies from 6.39 to 8.86% (Yadav and Saraswat, 1982), 8.5% (US
Public Health Services, 1965) and milk collected from farmers and local market of Trishal thana under
Mymensingh district were 8.61 and 7.13% respectively (Talukder, 1989).
Table 4. Effect of different genotypes on live weight, milk yield, and milk composition
LSD and Level of
Parameter Pabna cow Local cow Crossbred cow
Significance
Live weight (Kg) 277.00 136.90 334.10 7.67NS
Milk yield (Litre/day) 7.31 3.09 8.24 0.72NS
Milk composition (%)
Fat 3.85 5.05 4.70 0.48NS
Protein 3.67 3.78 3.68 0.13NS
Lactose 5.26 5.38 5.24 0.15NS
SNF 9.69 9.94 9.64 0.29NS
Mineral 0.23 0.44 0.56 0.06NS
NS, Not Significant; *, (P<0.05)

Effect of region different genotypes on live weight, milk yield and milk composition: Daily milk
yield of Crossbreed, Pabna and Local cows from BLRI was 8.65, 7.38 and 3.25 Lit. respectively whereas
2.93, 7.25 and 7.83 Lit. from cows of Sathia, Pabna (Table 5). The milk fat of Local cow, Pabna cow and
Crossbred cow from BLRI was 5.43 %, 3.86% and 4.65% and from Pabna was 5.4%, 3.85% & 4.75%
respectively (Table 5).
Table 5. Effect of region different genotypes on live weight, milk yield and milk composition
Region 1 Region 1 Region 1 Region 2 Region 2 Region 2 LSD and
Level of
Parameter
Pabna Local Crossbred Pabna Local Crossbreed Signific-
cow cow cow cow cow cow ance
Live weight
(Kg) 278.30 141.70 336.20 276.9 132.10 95.00 13.29NS
Milk yield
(Lit./day) 7.38 3.25 8.65 7.25 2.93 7.83 1.02NS
Milk Composition (%)
Fat 3.86 5.43 4.65 3.85 5.40 4.75 0.68NS
Protein 3.68 3.78 3.67 3.66 3.78 3.69 0.18NS
Lactose 5.25 5.38 5.25 3.25 5.37 5.29 0.21NS
SNF 9.70 9.95 9.63 6.00 9.92 9.66 0.41 NS
Mineral 0.24 0.44 0.57 0.23 0.43 0.56 0.09NS
NS, Not Significant; *, (P<0.05); **, (P<0.01),
Region 1, BLRI; Region 2, Sathia
In the lactating cow, region variations have been observed for milk protein content and to a lesser extent
for the milk fat content and might be ascribed a high light-to-dark ratio leading to a reduction in fat and
protein contents of milk, probably as a consequence of a greater secretion of prolactin whose
concentration in plasma is higher in the summer than in winter (Sevi et al., 2004). Regional patterns in
the production of milk, fat and protein have been described in different countries and under different
management practices. In the northern hemisphere, the lowest protein and fat percentages occur in
summer months (June- August) and highest percentage occurred between October and December
(Sargeant et al., 1998).
Fat percent of different genotypes of cows: The fat % of Pabna cows, Local cow and Crossbred cow
were 3.85, 5.05 and 4.7 respectively (Fig. 1). Fat of milk from Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy
farm was 4.88% (Islam et al., 1987). Mean percentage of fat from different villages of Maymensingh

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Milk Nutritional Composition 159

Sadar Thana was within the range of 2.9 to 5.6% (Alam, 1989). Average fat of indigenous cows milk of
different district varied from 4.4% to 6.8% (Ghani and Rahman, 1954) while individual cows milk of
Trishal thana of Maymensingh district contained 4.72% fat (Talukdar, 1989). Fat in milk found at
Japanese market varied from 2.85% to 3.6 % (Rahman et al., 1987).
Mineral percentage of different genotypes of cows: The Mineral of Pabna cow was 0.23% while Local
cow was 0.44 and Crossbred cow was 0.56 (Fig. 1).

6.00 Fat %
Mineral %
Percentage (%)

3.00

0.00
Local Cows Pabna Cows Crossbreed cows

Genotypes of cows
Fig. 1. Fat and mineral percentage of different genotypes of cows

Conclusion
From the above discussion it was observed that the highest milk yield was obtained from crossbred cows.
But in terms of composition the local cows were found superior to other genotypes of dairy cows used in
this study.
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