Innovative Power Distribution

for Airports
Cost-effective and reliable
power distribution

Totally Integrated Power

Answers for infrastructure.
 Requirements and trends

Requirements and
Trends in the
Airport Industry

All over the world, airport operators demand CO2-

neutral airport operation within the next ten years.
This demand leads to an entirely new approach to-
wards the power supply of airports. It is not only the
question whether energy is available and at which
price, but there are also the specific CO2 emissions that
have to be taken into consideration. New concepts of
power generation are required in which combined heat
and power, wind power, solar energy and geothermy
could have their share.

Growth of air traffic

Current studies forecast a passenger growth at German
airports by an annual 4.1%. This requires an appropri-
ate adjustment of the existing airport infrastructure.

If the current energy consumption is projected to the

year 2020, an energy consumption increased by 70% is
produced as compared to today. Under the assumption
that the energy mix with its current, specific CO2 emis-
sions is maintained, the absolute CO2 emissions of the
airport will rise accordingly. If an airport regularly uses
energy-efficient equipment to raise its efficiency by ~
1.6% per year, its energy consumption is still increased
by ca. 50%. By the year 2020, however, the current po-
litical discussion demands a reduction of CO2 emis-
sions in the overall economy by up to 40% as compared
to 1990.

If airport operators want to meet these political de-

mands, new strategies are needed.

2
 [%]
180
Without efficiency increase: + 4.1 % p.a.
160
With efficiency increase: + 2.5 % p.a.
Energy demand

140

120 + 50% + 70%

100

80

60 Target - 40%
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Source:
4.1 % p.a. growth of air traffic: Air travel initiative (German association)
1.6 % p.a. saving owing to energy efficiency: McKinsey, BDI (German association)

Efficiency improvements cannot balance the rise

in energy demand due to increased passenger
figures

Energy cost increase /

Comparison of electricity cost

In Central Europe, the total energy demand of airports

Energy cost in Germany is typically divided into ca. 50% electricity and 50%
heat. Electricity is normally obtained from the grid of
the interconnected power system operator and used
+ 42 % + 31 % for lighting, drives, air conditioning, refrigeration etc.
Heat is either produced within the airport by combust-
ing largely fossil energies, such as oil and gas, or re-
ceived from the district heating network.

The main energy consumers of an airport are the ter-

minals which need about 60% of the total energy de-
mand. The remaining 40% are required by airfield
lighting, the hangars, parking garages, workshops and
other adjoining buildings.

Electricity costs are operating costs; they are different

05 07 05 07
in every country and thus tied to the airport location.
Electricity Gas
However, a reduction of electricity consumption is de-
pendent on the airport operator. Large airports are air
Energy cost varies traffic hubs and they are faced with international com-
petition. A reduction of energy consumption and thus
operating costs would increase the competitive edge
[ct/kWh]
over other European air traffic hubs especially in Ger-
Electricity cost
10 many. Furthermore, this would reduce CO2 emission,
which would go in line with the political demands.

+ 100 %

0
FIN NL UK GER
4.81 6.41 7.28 9.63

3
 Requirements and trends
Energy saving potential
When saving potential is considered, the entire estate
of an airport must be screened.
Heat energy is dissipated through the building shell
and supplied by solar radiation. In this context, heat
insulation plays an essential part. The better the build-
ings insulation, the less energy must be used for heat-
ing and cooling the building. Heat energy sources,
such as light, motors and electronics must also be con-
sidered. In order to ensure a comfortable room climate
in view of energy saving, effective building manage-
ment technology and energy-saving equipment are
indispensable.
So far, airports have disposed of largely unused re-
sources biomass, e.g. grass cut, organic waste and
organic waste water substances which can be used for
power generation. Unused open ground on buildings
can be employed for solar power generation. Heat
pumps, heats exchangers and heat accumulators are
hardly utilized today and provide potential for opti-
mizing airports from an energy point of view.
4
In any case, the creation of a CO2-neutral airport re-
quires a holistic optimization of the estate. Besides the
electricity demand, it is necessary to consider the heat
and cold demand. Where the share of in-house power
generation is particularly high, energy management
adopts an important position, as a power plant must be
holistically optimized. The challenge is an intelligent
infrastructure for power supply, that features a high
adaptability to rapidly changing requirements which
integrates decentralized power generation into the
local power grid. The integration of decentralized
power generation, energy demand forecasts and plant
monitoring are becoming more and more important.
An aggravating factor is that heat energy must be
produced on site as energy transmission over long
distances is not profitable. The use of combined heat
and power plants (CHP) is becoming increasingly rea-
sonable, however, it must be taken into account that
CHP plants be operated heat-focused which means that
their design and operation is geared to the heat de-
mand. Simultaneously generated electricity is fed into
the power grid or used in-house. The new require-
ments to power distribution networks and power man-
agement software are part of the research focus on
Smart Grids.
Schematic view of an airport and its estates
Smart grids
Smart Grid, a focal point of research of ZVEI, the Ger-
man Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers Associa-
tion, is described as the development of an intelli-
gent infrastructure for power supply with a high
adaptability to rapidly changing requirements. In the
White Paper Smart Grids Draft Version 2007-03-27 -
ZVEI further specifies:
Decentralized power management at the distribution
network level (medium and low voltage). The EU
Commission has estimated the annual cost for non-
exhaustion of our energy saving potential in Europe at
100 billion euros in its Action Plan for Energy Effi-
ciency. The background for this assessment made in
spring 2006 is that an energy saving potential of
around 20% is slumbering in the EU until the year
2020.
In order to raise this potential, the Action Plan for
Energy Efficiency of the EU Commission among other
things earmarks as a core issue the promotion of ex-
tended decentralized capacities for the generation of
electricity, heat and and cold below the 20 MW thresh-
old. Starting from the fact that only 13% of the power
consumed is produced in a combined heat and power
generation process, the promotion of a process that is
closer to consumption shall in particular curb losses in
the power distribution network by employing this
technology.
Systematic approach
A systematic view on the estate is composed of the
three columns of reduction, provision and manage-
ment. Each column in itself has potential for energy
saving and a CO2 reduction, but only the meshed
interplay yields the optimum.
Reduction Provision
(electricity, heat, cold) (electricity, heat, cold)
[kWh] [kWh]
Purchase
In-house generation
[Time] [Time]
Optimizing the CHP combined heat and
existing installation power plants are highly
efficient
Retrofitting energy-
efficient technology Renewable energies
reduce CO2 output
Reduction
Reducing power consumption starts with the conscious
on- and off-switching of equipment. For example,
lighting neednt be switched on the whole day long.
Other possibilities are building insulation, the more
effective utilization of the air conditioning system and
the use of energy-saving motors or variable-speed
drives. Further potential for reduction lies in the re-
placement of heat-generating units, heat-distribution
units and the investment in heat accumulators in order
to optimally utilize the applied primary energy sources.
All equipment that offers energy efficiency contributes
in reducing the energy demand.
Provision
The different energy types can be obtained from the
interconnected grid or provided by in-house genera-
tion, i.e. power generation on the grounds of the air-
port.
As the heat demand of an airport is very high, com-
bined heat and power generation plants are ideal for
in-house power generation. Geothermy (deep drilling,
close to the surface), thermal solar plants and refriger-
ation are also used for in-house power generation.
Wind power and photovoltaic systems must be differ-
entiated. As the government has determined fixed feed-
in remunerations, it is not reasonable in many cases to
use the generated energy oneself. Owing to this subsi-
dized practice, it is more reasonable from a business
management point of view, first to feed the energy into
the interconnected power system and then procure it
from there.
Management
(electricity, heat, cold)
[kWh]
The three columns
of CO2 reduction
[Time]
Software-based
power management
Balancing
the power demand
5
 Requirements and trends

Combined heat and power plants

In-house power generation using combined heat and

power plants has a better efficiency, increased by 40%,
compared to the separate generation of heat through
boilers and electrical energy from a power plant, when
this efficiency is related to the primary energy demand.
As the primary energy demand is also responsible for
CO2 emissions, a CHP plant produces about 40% less
CO2 emissions than conventional power generation.

If the primary energy is changed from fossil fuels to

renewable energies (biomass, biogas), we can speak of
CO2-neutral power generation.

Separate power generation versus

combined heat and power generation

Separate generation Combined heat & power generation

Losses
54%
Losses
Useful energy 12%

11 Boiler Heat
11
71 60

74 Power plant Electricity CHP 14

74 14
114 40 114

Efficiency 185 114 Efficiency

46 % Primary energy Primary energy 88 %

6
Power management
Power management coordinates the requirements of
the power consumers with those of the power genera-
tors. It includes power demand forecasts and operative
plans for the generating sets under the framework of
outdoor temperatures, solar radiation, plane traffic and
the expected passenger figures. In order to monitor
and analyze data, characteristic figures about power
generation and consumption are imperative.
As mentioned above, heat must be generated on site,
i.e. the heat demand must be covered under optimal
conditions (business management viewpoint, minimi-
zation of CO2 output). These considerations must also
be rounded off by aspects such as the operation of heat
and cold accumulators (replenishing and withdrawal)
and the use of absorbers.
Electrical energy can be generated on site, its purchase
from the interconnected power system is unproblema-
tic. All heat processes require more or less electrical
energy for operation. The generation of cold with com-
pressors also requires electrical energy at a large scale.
In order to achieve optimal operating conditions, in-
house generation and purchase from external sources
must be strictly distinguished. There are schedule
clauses in power procurement contracts. ... As far as
required, the contracting parties will prepare a sched-
ule based on the customers expected load curves in
good time prior to the delivery of electricity and update
it, if necessary.
In order to keep the required control energy as low as
possible, the customer is obliged to inform the power
supplier about deviations from normal consumption
schedule in writing in a weeks advance. ... In-house
generation requires a mission plan for the individual
systems, in which run-up and run-down times as well
as the performance quantities during the operating
phase are described.
When interdependencies between the different power
procurement and generation options, and the resulting
CO2 emissions are analyzed, a complex structure
emerges which must be balanced by a power manage-
ment system.

Purchase options and possibilities to generate

energy in-house at the airport

Electricity
Supplier
Heat
Primary energy

Purchase District Gas, oil Feed-in Feed-in Feed-in

heating

kWh kWh
qm Biomass
Biogas kWh kWh kWh
In-house generation CO2 CO2 CO2

CHP CHP Solar Wind Geothermy

fossil renewable thermal, heat pump
photovoltaics

Electricity
Accumulator

Heat

Accumulator Absorber Compressor

Cold

Emission
CO2

7
 TIP Totally Integrated Power
The Technology Platform:
Totally Integrated Power
Integrated power distribution from the
infeed to the consumer
Totally Integrated Power (TIP) refers to integrated
electrical power distribution in commercial and indus-
trial buildings; from the medium voltage supply fed in
by the utility company right up to the final electrical
consumer.
Totally Integrated Power is underpinned by an array of
helpful tools and support for accurate design, dimen-
sioning and configuration of electrical power distribu-
tion within buildings. A coordinated product and sys-
tems portfolio for the construction of these systems is
rounded off by standardized interfaces between the
system components and the higher-level human-
machine interface systems as well as for the connection
to control and management systems.
In this way considerable savings can be made across
the whole project cycle from the planning stage,
installation and start-up right through to operation
in both new buildings and renovations. The necessary
investments in the airports electrical infrastructure
can be optimized in line with demand and also with
subsequent operating costs. This optimization
potential represents significant added value for every-
one involved in the project.
8
Optimum planning for cost- and
time-effective solutions
An optimally dimensioned power distribution system
is a key economic factor for airports. Unused capacities
cost money. The tried-and-tested TV-certified
SIMARIS design dimensioning software by Siemens
provides electrical engineering consultants with an
indispensable tool for planning the electrical network
for a new or renovated airport building.
SIMARIS design brings many benefits, including sim-
pler network calculation and selectivity verification.
The software also recommends suitable coordinated
devices from the integrated Siemens power distribu-
tion product portfolio. Electrical network upgrade
reserves can be incorporated right from the planning
stage to allow for later changes of use or extensions of
an airport.
Electrical engineering consultants can make time
savings of up to 100 % by using SIMARIS design for the
various network planning stages. Thereafter, SIMARIS
configuration supports power distribution board ma-
nufacturers and installation contractors in the confi-
guration of low-voltage power distribution boards.
ALPHA SELECT, on the other hand, makes the selection
of suitable distribution boards fast, safe and easy.
In addition, Siemens also provides advice and support
for electrical engineering consultants through virtually
all the planning stages.
9
10
General planning Low-voltage distribution

General technical solutions should be considered at the
beginning of the planning process for a power supply
system, and the main components of the preferred so-
lution should be determined.
Medium-voltage switchgear
Medium-voltage switchgear can both be designed as a
gas-insulated and air-insulated version. As a rule, the
space requirements for gas-insulated switchgear are
lower than for air-insulated versions. Gas-insulated
switchgear requires no maintenance and thus has to be
rated better across its whole life cycle under cost
aspects.
When using fixed-mounted technology, the load feeder
consisting of protective and, if required, switching
components is fixed-installed in the low-voltage dis-
tribution system. In the event of a fault, the defective
device must be safety-isolated, mechanically disman-
tled and replaced, restarting is necessary.
When using withdrawable-unit technology, the load
feeder consisting of protective and, if required,
switching components is composed of an auxiliary
frame and the associated wiring. The connection to the
power supply and the control interface is made by
plug-in contacts. In the event of a fault, the entire aux-
iliary frame is pulled out of the switchgear cabinet and
replaced by an identical frame. Stand-still times are
thus reduced to a minimum.

Transformers
Connections
Transformers are available as cast-resin transformers
Owing to their construction, cables have a much higher
or oil-immersed transformers. Cast-resin transformers
fire load than busbars. But in airport terminals in par-
have a low fire load and can thus be operated inside
ticular, the fire load must be kept as low as possible.
buildings without any problems; medium voltage can
Another advantage of busbar systems is their flexible
thus be supplied directly to the load centers. By means
adaptation to changes in use. Busbar systems consist of
of a fan, the rated power of a cast-resin transformer can
copper or aluminum bars which are led in a metal cas-
be increased by 40%, which would enable emergency
ing by means of spacing bolts. Apart from those spac-
power supply under fault conditions.
ing bolts and the varnish of the metal casing, there is
Oil-immersed transformers are cheaper and have lower no flammable material.
no-load losses, however, they must be operated out-
doors.

Medium-voltage switchgear
gas air

Transformer
General decisions
dry-type oil at planning start

Low-voltage distribution
withdrawable-unit fixed-mounted

Connections
busbars cables

Communication
controlling / measuring

yes no

11
 TIP Totally Integrated Power

As the consumers are supplied from the busbar via tap Energy consumption characteristics
boxes that can also be moved during normal operation,
Technical and economic criteria will be more and more
it is easier to form power transmission routes, and wall
fine-tuned during the different planning stages of a
or floor openings can be made fire-safe more easily.
building ranging from the establishment of basic data
Maintenance and operating costs are more favorable,
and preliminary planning to competitive tendering of
as the protective components for the feeders are
different building contract sections, and they will be
housed in the tap boxes, when tap boxes are shifted,
mirrored, or respectively adjusted to the general re-
these protective and switching components are also
quirements.
moved.
On July 26, 2007, the German Federal Ministry of
Traffic, Building and City Development published rules
Communication for energy consumption characteristics and compar-
ison values for Germany in the non-residential building
Basically, conventional power distribution systems
stock. These values serve as a basis for the energy
merely offer the option to be checked and switched lo-
passport for buildings which is described in the EnEV
cally; measured values can only be acquired manually.
(Energy Saving Ordinance) of the Federal Government
Communication-capable power distribution systems in Germany.
can be connected to operator control and monitoring
As these values are unique in the world, they are suit-
systems at central control rooms. The status of the pro-
able as reference values for existing airports.
tective components can be acquired and visualized,
remote switching of the circuit-breakers from the con-
trol room is possible. Besides status acquisition and
control, the acquisition, display and archiving of mea-
sured values is also possible. Measured-value display
and archiving will be gaining more and more impor-
tance in the future, as energy characteristics are based
on these measurements kWh per passenger or per kg
of baggage, kWh per sq.m. terminal or hangar.

Energy consumption characteristics for

the user group of traffic infrastructure

Comparison
Values for Comparison
Use Values for
Heating and
Electricity
Hot Water

[kWh/(m2NGA a)]

Airport, terminal 125 290

Airport, freight terminal 130 85

Airport, 275 100

maintenance/hangar

Airport, workshops 195 139

NGA = Net ground area

12
Planning criteria
The planning of the power distribution system as part
of the whole airport must meet defined principles.
First the structure of the power distribution system is
outlined: Where are the load centers? Where shall the
transformers be placed? How shall the individual
supply networks normal supply, emergency supply
and uninterruptible power supply be designed?
When the availability and reliability of power supply
are considered, government requirements must, be-
sides operational aspects, also be taken into account.
Airfield lighting and the tower must never be without
electricity, an emergency power supply and an uninter-
ruptible power supply are imperative here. Inside the
terminals, the emergency lighting, selected conveyor
belts and elevators must at least be connected to the
emergency power supply.
Protection against overcurrents includes the rating and
setting of circuit-breakers / miniature circuit-breakers
and fuses. The basis for this rating are short-circuit cur-
rent calculations and load flow calculations.
Planning criteria
According to EN 61000-2-4, the operating voltage at the
consumer equipment in industrial plants must be in a
tolerance band of 10% around the normal voltage
(230V / 400V) within the electro-magnetic ambient class
2. The requirement may lead to a larger cross section of
the cable on long wiring routes.
Protection against electric shock implements the re-
quirements of personal protection. Protection against
electric shock is attained by a suitable grounding con-
cept (safety class I) or by insulation (safety class II).
If a fault occurs in the electric supply network (short
circuit, overload), only that device in the vicinity of
gatherings of people (VDE0100-718) or in other
building parts according to customer requirements
may trip which is immediately upstream of the fault
location.
This requirement is called selectivity. This criterion
ensures that a short circuit in a power outlet does not
completely interrupt the power supply of a whole
building corridor or even of the entire building.
The observance of limit values for electro-magnetic
compatibility (EMC) protects third-party systems
against electrical interference which may here result in
faults. Problems arise within 50Hz networks, when
wrong grounding concepts are used for power sources,
or when a 400Hz onboard power supply system is con-
figured. Such problems, for example, can be noticed by
crackling noise during announcements over the PA
system.

Besides common standards, the special requirements

Requirements to Medium/Low Voltage
Planning criteria
Structure
Availability / reliability
Protection against overcurrent
(short circuit, overload)
Voltage drop
Protection against electric shock
(protection of persons)
Selectivity
EMC (electro-magnetic
compatibility)
Requirements of the aviation
safety agency
of the local aviation safety agency must be considered
in an airport environment.
Competitive tendering
Cabling
Manpower Planning ends with the competitive tendering of the
Cables
electrical power distribution system. This tendering
Busbars
Transformers
details all equipment, such as cables including dimen-
Switchgear cabinets sioning, length, design and type of installation, busbar
Protective devices systems including their lengths and current tap boxes,
transformers including their dimensioning and techni-
cal requirements, switchgear cabinets with the switches
and protective devices, recommendations for installa-
tion, technical requirements and the manpower needed
for the complete installation, testing and the accep-
tance test.

13
 TIP Totally Integrated Power

Schematic view of an airport-specific power An airport usually has two independent main feed-in
distribution concept systems. Depending on the power output and energy
demand, they can either be fed from the medium-
Reliability and availability of supply are the predomi-
voltage grid of the upstream supply network operator,
nant requirements on electrical power supply in all
from the airports own transformer substations ( 145
parts of an airport. All feed-in systems are generally
kV) or even from the ultra-high voltage grid ( 400 kV).
designed redundantly, starting from a simple change-
In-house generation of all kinds of electrical energy on
over reserve (standard safety; e.g. for the cargo center)
the airport grounds is summed up under the term
to an immediate reserve in the medium-voltage net-
power center. Depending on the reliability and the
work or substations with safety power supply (high
operating philosophy of the downstream medium-
safety; e.g. for the terminal; shopping area) up to sub-
voltage distribution network with its substations this
stations with safety power supply and uninterruptible
also applies to fault conditions the main feed-in sys-
power supply (ultra-high safety; e.g for the tower;
tems and/or power centers are designed as so-called
airfield lighting, see the diagram Basic design of elec-
single or double-busbar systems with several busbar
trical power distribution for an airport). National stan-
sections. With a central safety and redundant power
dards and standards on the erection of electrical instal-
supply, several medium-voltage rings or lines are set
lations, IACO standards (International Civil Aviation
up strictly separated according to their functions as
Organization) and customer/operator requirements
normal and redundant power supply, and as safety
must also be considered in this context.
power supply.

Besides the generators for safety supply, the power

center will also permit further necessary power gener-
ating systems such as block-type thermal power
plants with combined heat and power generation and
renewable energies, e.g. photovoltaics, wind power,
geothermy to be integrated in the future.

Basic design of electrical power

distribution for an airport

14
 Main feed-in system 1 Main feed-in system 2

Normal and redundant

power supply

Generators, CHP, ... Generators, CHP, ...

G G G G

Power center

Safety power supply

Example of a main feed-in system

with power center

Design example of a substation in the

category High Safety

15
 TIP Totally Integrated Power

The lower-level substations in the medium-voltage Operator control and monitoring

rings and lines are either laid out in switch-discon-
nector-with-fuse design or in circuit-breaker design de-
pending on their importance and the supply philoso-
phy of the network operator. How the medium-voltage
network is operated, depends on this philosophy:
as changeover reserve with open rings and lines if
switch-disconnectors are applied;
as immediate reserve with closed rings and lines if
circuit-breakers with appropriate protection are
applied.
The design of the substations themselves and their
spatial assignment, or respectively, separation must be
coordinated in terms of their reliability of supply and
relevance (see diagram Design example of a substa-
tion in the category High Safety.
Instrumentation and control
Depending on the airport size, its power supply system
reaches a dimension and level of power consumption
that corresponds to a small or medium-sized munici-
pality. But an airport places much higher requirements
on the safety and reliability of supply. The higher com-
plexity of the substations must not be neglected either.
For this reason, the tasks of network configuration are
much more diverse and complex, which inevitably
results in the necessity for a powerful instrumentation
and control system.
Besides the reliability of supply, measuring the energy
flow within the network at the medium and low-
voltage side will play a more and more important role
in the future in order to effect equipment utilization,
and carry out consumption analyses and cost center
allocations, for example.
The SICAM PAS / SAT 1703 substation control system is
the right solution for medium-sized and small airports.
Larger airports should be controlled and monitored
using SINAUT SPECTRUM Power CC, which commands
of the additional option of a forecast function. This
enables the drawing up of an energy demand forecast
as required by the energy suppliers.
Operator control and monitoring of the power distri-
bution system is performed within the framework of
the instrumentation and control system. The operator
control and monitoring software is based on standard
operating systems and standard applications and pro-
vides special features for the visualization and control
of the power distribution system including a display of
measured values and the status of switching
components. A fault and message log contains limit
value violations of measured values and a documenta-
tion of switching operations triggered from the central
control desk or switched locally. The graphic display of
measured values as curves is also part of the functional
scope. Automatic switching sequences can be kept
event-controlled, i.e. in case of a cable defect in open-
type ring systems, operation will be automatically
switched over to the other unaffected half of the ring.
Current is interrupted for a short time during the
switch-over process, meaning a switchover time of
several seconds. According to IEC 61850, this time
represents a short-time interruption.
In case of closed-type ring systems and the associated
protection (differential cable protection), a cable fault
does not automatically result in the interruption of
supply. A status message is issued so that repair mea-
sures can be quickly initiated.
All data is kept in archives and can be employed for
cost-center allocations, utilization profiles, the assess-
ment of reserves etc.; furthermore, characteristic val-
ues can be generated, such as the utilization as a mea-
sure for overload current IR related to the maximum
operating current.
The standards IEC 61850 or IEC 60870-5-103 define
special communication requirements of electrical
power distribution at the medium-voltage (high
voltage) level.

16
 Medium Voltage Instrumentation and Control

Substation control
- SICAM PAS
- SAT 1703

Power system control

Low Voltage - SINAUT SPECTRUM PowerCC

Operator Control & Monitoring

Main distribution

Status display
Measured value display
Curve display
Message lists
Subdistribution
Switching sequences
...

Subdistribution Acquisition and Control

Signal and measured-value

acquisition
Control
Consumer Characteristic values

Instrumentation and control of electrical power distribution

Measurements in the electrical

power distribution system I

Measurements Equipment Measured values

Multi-function Current IL1, IL2, IL3, IN
measuring
Voltage UL1-L2 , UL2-L3 , UL3-L1 ,
instruments UL1-N, , UL2-N , UL3-N
N L1 L2 L3

Current
Power P, Q, S, purchase, delivery
- Current Meters cos cosL1, cosL2, cosL3, cos
transformers

- Rogowski
coils Work W, WQ, WS, purchase, delivery
Motor protection
devices
Voltages
Voltage characteristics acc. to EN 50160
Transformers
Voltage dip,
Circuit-breakers
Voltage changes,
Short-, long-time interruptions,
Flicker,
Overvoltages,
Harmonic components

17
 TIP Totally Integrated Power

Measurements

Within an electrical power distribution system, it is Equipment such as

only possible to measure voltages and currents. At the
low-voltage level, voltages are directly fed to the mea-
suring instruments; if higher voltages are applied,
voltage transformers are used, which standardize the
voltages to be measured to a measuring range of 0V to
100V.
Currents are fed to measuring instruments via current
transformers, the currents to be measured are stan-
dardized to 1A or 5A.
Measuring instruments generate measured values
from this data. These measured values can be made
available as values to be read out and/or as an elec-
tronic interface in form of standardized signals (0-
20mA / 4-20mA / 10V / pulses or S0 interface).
SENTRON 3VL molded-case circuit-breakers with
communication interface COM 10
SENTRON 3WL air circuit-breakers with
communication interface COM 15
SIMEAS-P, SENTRON PAC 3200 multi-function
measuring instruments
Motor protection with SIMOCODE
Medium-voltage protection using SIPROTEC
provide measured values on a data interface. This data
interface can be designed as PROFIBUS, Industrial
ETHERNET, BAC-Net, or IEC81850 protocol depending
on the system.

Measurements in the electrical power distribution system II

Operator Control & Monitoring

Current- Voltage X
e.g.
Transformer Y
Voltage Current
X UL1-N IL1
X
X UL3-1 UL1-2 IN

Y
UL3-N UL2-3 UL2-N IL3 IL2

Power Factor Power, Work

cos j L1 PS
QS
SS
cos jS
Legend W S Purchase
X Current W S Delivery
cos j L3 cos j L2
Y Voltage

18
Status acquisition and control
Within the electrical power distribution system, there is
the option to operate the status acquisition and control
of switching devices from an operating and monitoring
system.
The auxiliary switches for the digital ON / OFF /
tripped signals can be ordered separately as an op-
tion or retrofitted in existing distribution systems. If
withdrawable switch units are used, there is the addi-
tional option of a signal indicating that the withdraw-
able unit is in ready position to operate.
A motorized operating mechanism can be used for the
remote switching of circuit-breakers. This drive enables
on- and off-switching and Reset after tripping.
In many cases there is also the option to actuate OFF by
means of voltage or undervoltage releases. This switch-
ing operation is faster, because the voltage-undervolt-
age coil directly operates on the release mechanism.
If voltage tripping is triggered, off-switching is effected
by applying a voltage. If undervoltage tripping is ap-
plied, the device switches, when the voltage is inter-
rupted. With this type of switching, the switch always
goes to OFF state in case of a voltage interruption.
Status acquisition and control of
electrical power distribution systems
Switch
] L1 L2 L3
U U<
\ M
Y Release
Z
Characteristic values
Characteristic energy values as well as other character-
istic values are an aid for assessing buildings, plants
and users. They provide a good basis for drawing
comparisons of different time periods or comparable
facilities.
The entire airports accumulated purchase of electrical
energy per year related to the amount of passengers
and cargo moved over the same period of time enables
a comparison with previous years or other airports. The
same calculation and analysis can also be carried out
for the heat consumed or for parts of the estate such as
the terminals and hangars.
The energy consumption characteristics (see the table
Energy consumption characteristics for the user group of
traffic infrastructure on page 12) plus the associated
areas provide a characteristic value which indicates the
energetic efficiency of the airport or its individual
buildings. The utilization period is a characteristic
value for the utilization of energy feed-in, but it can
also be used to characterize a generator unit.
The period of use is calculated from the quotient of
total work, e.g. over 12 months, and the highest load
during this period (Period of use: H = Work [kWh] /
Pmax [kW]).
Operator Control & Monitoring
Central Control Room
Monitoring
- ON / OFF
- Fault
- Withdrawable unit
Operating
OFF
- OFF
- OFF
X ON
- ON / OFF / Reset
[
Legend
X ON / OFF
Y Tripped / fuse monitoring
Z Withdrawable unit
q Data interface
r ON / OFF / RESET
] Voltage/undervoltage release
19
 TIP Totally Integrated Power

Selected examples

Outgoing low-voltage feeder at the double-busbar

network

Within airports, double-busbar networks are typ- Medium voltage

ical in the main feed-in systems and in the power
center. This redundancy, however, is not carried
on at the low-voltage level. The connection of the
outgoing low-voltage feeder is made by a combi-
nation of two disconnectors and a circuit-break-
er.

The two disconnectors (a and b) are interlocked

against each other in such a way (either/or), that
only one busbar can supply the circuit-breaker
(c) and thus the outgoing low-voltage feeder.
The circuit-breaker (c) is responsible for trans- Low voltage
former protection (also see the diagram Example
of a main feed-in system with power center on
page 15).

Outgoing low-voltage feeder

at the double-busbar network

Direct supply
of motors

Direct supply of motors

Main distribution
The power supply of conveyor belts is divided
into lines, each line has an outgoing feeder in
each main distribution. In the subdistribution
system which is installed locally, close to the
drive, each motor is supplied by its own protec-
tive switching device combination.
Subdistribution
Controlled soft starting of the drives is aban-
doned for small systems, their extra mechanical
load during starting operations is accepted.

This supply technology corresponds to the one

of a radial network. A cable must be laid from
the subdistribution system to every drive.
Drive
Geared motor
M

20
 Use of the ECOFAST power bus technology

ECOFAST power buses consist of a cable from which the

power consumer are supplied by means of T-pieces and
a power bus connector.

The power supply of the conveyor belts is divided into

lines; each line occupies one outgoing feeder with inte-
grated work measurement per main distribution sys-
tem. A baggage transportation system consists of sev-
eral power lines.

A soft starter is installed upstream of the drive. This

reduces the mechanical load during starting operations
substantially, thus increasing the service life of the belt
system.

This supply technology corresponds to a bus technol-

ogy, only one cable is laid for several drives from the
main distribution system. Cable costs are much lower
compared to a direct supply.

Motors supplied using power bus

technology (ECOFAST)

Main distribution

ECOFAST
Conveyor belts

n
M M M
o
n Geared motor p
o Soft starter
p Power bus connetor

21
 TIP Totally Integrated Power

Use of busbar systems

Busbar systems are supplied by an outgoing feeder

from the main distribution system, power consumers
in the busbar system by a tap box in which the protec-
tive components for feeder protection are placed.

This makes a simple and transparent network config-

uration. New requirements can be placed on the distri-
bution during use, new busbar tap boxes can be retro-
fitted or rearranged easily at any time.

Different sizes ranging from 25A to 6,300A, a high

degree of protection, and a low fire load make busbar
trunking systems the ideal supply systems for airports.

Lighting in the public area of a

terminal

Main distribution

o Tap box

n
o
o
n n Busbar
system

22
 Supply concept for shopping areas

Shopping areas, for example in the terminals, shall

have a high variability in their leasing structure. It
must be possible to adapt such areas to changing ten-
ancy sizes and power demands very quickly. A common
option is the division of these shopping areas into fixed
units which can be combined if necessary.

Each shop unit is equipped with an ALPHA distribution

board which is fitted with a feeder. Any further distri-
bution is under the responsibility of the tenant who can
carry out power distribution within the ALPHA distribu-
tion board as needed. For a new lease, the new leasing
structure can be implemented quickly.

The ALPHA distribution boards are supplied from sub-

distribution systems, a power meter is here provided as
standard. This measurement allows for user-oriented
power billing.

Supply concept for shopping areas

in the terminals

Main distribution

Subdistribution

ALPHA distribution board

One ALPHA distribution board
W
per shop unit

Shop Shop
unit unit
Corridor

ALPHA Shop unit Shop Shop

unit unit

Shop Shop
unit unit

23
 TIP Totally Integrated Power
Supply concept with power outlets in a floor tank
... with distribution cube
Each floor tank is power-supplied by distribution cubes
in the double floor via two independent supply cables
(3x2.5mm) cut to length which can be plugged from
one side. The cubes themselves are connected to cur-
rent tap boxes (in the double floor) with integrated
miniature circuit-breakers using supply lines. These
current tap boxes are installed on a busbar which is
centrally routed in the corridor. Each feeder line of the
cube is assigned to one 1-pole miniature circuit-
breaker.
Supply concept for power outlets in the floor
tank using distribution cubes
24
... with direct connection to the busbar system
Each floor tank is directly power-supplied by two inde-
pendent supply cables (3x2.5mm) cut to length which
can be plugged from one side. The supply lines are di-
rectly plugged into the tap boxes of the busbar in the
double floor which is centrally laid in the corridor.
Three plug connectors per busbar tap box are always
routed to one 1-pole miniature circuit-breaker.
Floor tank
BD01 tap box with miniature circuit-
breaker
BD01 tap box with miniature circuit-
breaker and plug connector block
Distribution cube with plug
connectors
Busbar tap box
Main supply busbar
in the rising duct
Supply concept with power
outlets in the floor tank
using a direct connection
 The supply concept of power out-
lets in floor tanks with a direct con-
nection to the busbar system in the
corridor has the following advan-
tages:

Selectivity evaluation between the power outlet fuse

of the floor tank and the higher-level feeder fuse of
the main supply busbar in the rising duct is facil-
itated.

The short-circuit withstand capacity of the protec-

tive devices in the tap box of the corridor busbar
may possibly be reduced partially compared to cen-
trally positioned protective devices in the central
distribution system close to the rising duct area.
The implementation of VDE 0100 Part 410: Use of
RCDs (residual-current-operated circuit-breakers)
in the power outlet circuit up to 20A, results in cost
savings, moreover, space problems are solved
which arise by the integration of RCDs in the busbar
tap box.

The selectivity in the event of ground faults is lim-

ited to few outgoing feeders, a back-up fuse for the
residual-current-operated circuit-breaker (RCD) is
omitted. If the RCD trips, the switched miniature
circuit-breaker can be located for reclosing directly
in the corridor at the height of the tripped floor
tank.

When operating personnel looks for the tripped

protective device, a shorter response time is
effected, because there is a fixed assignment of
floor tanks to tap boxes. An otherwise time-con-
suming search based on the electrical installation
plan and the circuit assignment to the distribution
board plan is omitted.

25
 Portfolio

Presentation of the
Portfolio Elements Applied

Siemens maintains a know-how of more than 125 years

in the field of electrical power generation as well as
power distribution.

Siemens commands of a broad product portfolio cover-

ing both power plants and the generators contained
therein, products for further distribution and the
switching and protective devices required therein, as
well as transformers, this portfolio ranges as far as
switches and power outlets.

Energy
Connecting Switching and protecting automation

High voltage Overhead line

> 60 kV GIL*
Transformers Power
transformer
Oil

8DA / 8DB
Gas-insulated NXPLUS..
8DH / 8DJ
Medium
Overhead line

Switchgear
voltage
Cables

SIPROTEC & SICAM, Spectrum Power CC

NXAIR..
Air-insulated
Protection, control and monitoring

SIMOSEC
11kV - 33 kV

Cast-resin GEAFOL

Transformers
Oil- TUMETIC
immersed TUNORMA
GEAFOL

Switchgear
SIVACON S8 / S4
SIVACON 8PS..

Low
Busbars
Cables

voltage
Switchgear cabinets

< 1 kV
Distribution boards ALPHA

SINAMICS
Drives SIMOTION

Products within electrical

power distribution * GIL: gas-insulated transmission

26
Electrical power distribution

High-voltage transformers Medium-voltage switchgear

Power transformers as a link between high- and
medium-voltage networks are standardized oil-insulat-
ed transformers. Operating voltages up to 145kV and
transmissions up to 63MVA, with forced-air cooling up
to 100MVA are feasible.
Gas-insulated (SF6) medium-voltage switchgear is type-
tested and requires no maintenance. The gas tank is
fully welded, designed without sealings and thus gas-
tight for decades.

Type series Operating voltage Rated current Short-circuit current

8DA / 8DB 40.5 kV 4,000 A 40 kA

NXPLUS 40 kV 2,500 A 31.5 kA

NXPLUSC 24 kV 2,500 A 31.5 kA

8DH 24 kV 630 A 25 kA

8DJ (block-type 24 kV 630 A 25 kA

design)

Air-insulated medium-voltage switchgear is type-tested The individual type series are distinguished by their
and has maintenance intervals of more than a decade. type of partitioning, the option for lining them up and
block-type design.

Type series Operating voltage Rated current Short-circuit current

8BT1 24 kV 2,000 A 25 kA

NX AIR M 24 kV 2,500 A 25 kA

NX AIR 12 kV 2,500 A 31.5 kA

SIMOSEC 24 kV 1,250 A 25 kA

SIMOPRIME 17.5 kV 3,600 A 40 kA

Ring-main cable

Small transformer feed-in units of the supply network

operator are supplied by ring-main cable panels. They
are a combination of switchgear units consisting of two
ring-main cable branches and a transformer branch. If
this transformer feeder is used as load transfer point
Transformer

from the supply network operator to the customer, the

branch

transformer feeder is expanded by a metering panel at

the medium-voltage side. This metering panel then
contains the current and voltage transformers and the
meter for work measurements.

Ring-main cable panel

27
 Portfolio

Medium-voltage transformers Low-voltage subdistribution boards

GEAFOL dry-type transformers are cast-resin-insulated
and thus flame-retardant and self-extinguishing. They
do not emit any toxic gases in case of fire and thus
meet the highest safety level. Their high quality stan-
dard is also demonstrated by their partial freedom
from discharge up to twice the rated voltage, which
substantially contributes to a long service life. If exter-
nal ventilation (cross-flow fan) is applied, the power
rating of the GEAFOL transformer can be increased by
40% without any impairments of its service life. In case
of plant faults, emergency supply can thus be provided
from the existing equipment pool.
The ALPHA product range comprises small distribution
boards, meter cabinets, wall-mounted and floor-
mounted distribution boards as well as insulated distri-
bution boards. ALPHA distribution boards are designed
for operating voltages up to 690V and for a maximum
rated current of 1,600A.
BETA low-voltage circuit protection technology pro-
vides a well-matched device range in the ALPHA distri-
bution boards for line protection, personal and fire pro-
tection, lightning current and overvoltage protection
and for equipment and plant protection.

GEAFOL transformers are available up to an operating

voltage of 36kV and a transmission capacity of 16MVA. Low-voltage busbar trunking systems

SIVACON 8PS as a type-tested busbar trunking system

that requires no maintenance is flame-retardant and
Oil-immersed transformers of the TUNORMA series
self-extinguishing, thus demonstrating maximum
have a tank with conservator, transformers of the
safety. These systems are designed for an operating
TUMETIC series have a hermetically sealed tank with-
voltage of 690V and a maximum rated current of
out conservator.
6,300A.

TUNORMA and TUMETIC transformers are available up Type

to an operating voltage of 36kV and a transmission Rated current Comment
series
capacity of 2.5MVA .
CD-K 25 - 40 A

Low-voltage switchgear and switchgear cabinets BD01 40 - 160 A

SIVACON switchgear is type-tested, arcing-fault-tested BD2 160 1,250 A

for maximum personal safety, resistant to earthquakes
LD 1,100 5,000 A ventilated
and available up to the degree of protection IP 54 in
compliance with IEC 60529. Within the system, feed-in LX 800 6,300 A sandwich
panels, couplings and outgoing feeders can be imple-
mented in fixed-mounted, plug-in or withdrawable- PEC 800 6,000 A compound-
unit design, if necessary, these designs can be mixed. filled

The SIVACON S8 type series can either be supplied

directly by Siemens or delivered in Siemens quality by
certified franchise partners. The SIVACON S4 type
series is a pure product business, this means that parts
are supplied by Siemens and assembled in any work-
shop.

SIVACON switchgear is designed for an operating

voltage of 690V and for a maximum rated current of
7,000A.

SIVACON switchgear is equipped with SENTRON

switches. They ensure safe switching and protection of
the branch circuits and power consumers.

28
Protection, control and monitoring (energy automation)
SIPROTEC protection devices are the basis for energy
automation. They cover the functions of overcurrent-
time protection, differential protection, distance pro-
tection, machine protection, differential transformer
protection and differential busbar protection. Besides
protective functions SIPROTEC protection devices also
perform measurements of electrical values and control
tasks of the switchgear.
Energy optimization
Building installations
Building installations are responsible for the profitabil-
ity, safety and comfort within a building. The GAMMA
instabus building management system controls light-
ing, shading and room temperature.

Building substation control systems

The DIGSI software package is used for configuring and
Siemens provides a comprehensive product and sys-
parameterizing SIPROTEC protection devices. All pro-
tems portfolio for the entire building substation con-
tection settings, device settings, routing matrixes,
trol, starting from the control of heating, ventilation
IEC61850 system configurations and display contents
and air conditioning systems with their components
are thus adapted to the current demand. The CFC logic
for signal acquisition and automation to safety tech-
program for switch control is programmed with the aid
nology with fire alarm and surveillance systems, this
of DIGSI and adjusts the values to customer-specific
portfolio ranges as far as building contracting.
requirements for energy automation.

Fault record evaluations, pointer and locus diagram

representations as well as the data export are support-
ed by the SIGRA software package, thus facilitating the
assessment of operational failures.
The SICAM system is available for substation control,
and SPECTRUM PowerCC for power system control.
Both control technologies are operator control and
monitoring systems that include data archiving and
special functions for energy automation: the manage-
ment of switching sequences/interlocking, monitoring
of power quality, load management, generator man-
agement, synchronizations and busbar coupling are
some of the functions included. All data acquired has a
time resolution of one millisecond, all devices comply
with the IEC standard and provide a dielectric strength
of 2.5kV.
Energy automation as a control and monitoring system
with an incorporated forecast option is imperative for
large airports which exceed the complexity of small
towns.
Lighting
The use of modern luminaires with effective materials
in building, apron and airfield lighting provides con-
siderable saving potential. Airfield lighting may exem-
plify this: luminaires with LED lights need 65% less
energy than halogen lights; with thousands of lumi-
naires this is a saving potential which must not be
underestimated.
Drives
Energy-saving motors of efficiency class EFF1/2 are
available in process automation, for example for bag-
gage transportation, soft starters provide jerk-free
starting. If volumes shall not be transported or moved
continuously but in variable quantities, variable-speed
drives are an absolute must for energy-efficient
operation.

29
 Portfolio

Engineering tools
Engineering tools support the electrical engineering
consultant in the design of electrical power distribution
and in the observance of legal regulations.

SINCAL

(Ultra-) high
High voltage
voltage > 60 kV

x x

Medium voltage rings

x x x x x x x

Medium voltage

11kV - 33 kV
SIMARIS design

Outgoing medium-voltage feeders

Low voltage
Low-voltage distribution x x x x x x x
< 1 kV

Engineering tools

SINCAL SIMARIS design

SINCAL is a power system calculation tool that boasts
a wealth of more than 40 years of experience, it can
not only calculate radial networks but also ring and
meshed networks. Besides the analysis of symmetri-
cal loads, the program can also handle asymmetrical
loads.
SIMARIS design is a network dimen-
sioning software for radial networks
that covers the range of medium
voltage feed-in to final consumers.

The use of SINCAL is mainly focused on the electric

high-voltage level and medium-voltage networks, but
gas, water and heat networks can also be calculated.

30
 References

Dsseldorf Airport, Germany

Stuttgart Airport, Germany

Antalya Airport, Turkey

31
 References
Integration is Key
Siemens works together with electrical engineering
consultants to develop solutions for power distribution
in airports that take into account all the operators
requirements from the outset. The coordinated
products and systems that make up the integrated
solution all come from a single source.
The following are a few examples of successful
implementation and use of Totally Integrated Power for
power distribution within Sports Arenas:
Dsseldorf Airport, Germany
Retrofit of the airport facilities
Dimensioning of power distribution systems with
SIMARIS design
Redundant supply via four medium-voltage rings
plus the most modern protection and control
technology
Thus ensuring high availability of the power supply
System installations with maximum preventive fire
protection
32
Stuttgart Airport, Germany
Construction of a new airport terminal
New terminal building equipped with safety and fire
protection technology and a powerful electricity
supply
Energy and cost savings owing to an intelligent
control of the main power consumers
Safety of electricity supply thanks to optimally
matched technology being used throughout from
the medium-voltage level to the final low-voltage
circuits
Safety lighting controlled by GAMMA building
management system
Antalya Airport, Turkey
New terminal no. AYT2
Entire power distribution system from the medium-
voltage to the sub-distribution boards
High efficiency in operation by power management
High safety requirements fulfilled for plane traffic
and passengers
Package supply with adapted interfaces, delivery
and terminal opening on schedule
Planning aids for power distribution

Professional
Planning Aids

Planning electrical power distribution for commercial

and industrial buildings has never been as complex as
it is today. The planning process demands a great deal
of specialized knowledge and experience. With an expe-
rienced partner at their side, electrical engineering
consultants can implement their conceptual expertise
more quickly and easily and concentrate on the impor-
tant things. SIMARIS design and technical manuals
from Siemens offer comprehensive support, from the
preliminary planning stage right through to implemen-
tation planning.

SIMARIS design

The SIMARIS design dimensioning software supports

our complete, integrated and high-quality portfolio
from medium voltage technology through to wall out-
lets. The user-friendly TV-certified tool also generates
the necessary selectivity verification, for instance for
emergency power supply systems. It also lightens the
load enormously in routine work such as implement-
ing changes and considering variants.

Application manuals

Siemens application manuals offer electrical engineer-

ing consultants a wide knowledge and information
base to draw on when designing electrical power dis-
tribution systems.

There are three volumes, available from regional

Siemens contact partners (www.siemens.com/tip/
support):

The application manual Basic Data and Preliminary

Planning of Power Distribution Systems provides
electrical designers with in-depth information to
support them in their work during these two
phases.

The application manual Draft Planning of Power

Distribution Systems provides useful information
on this project phase.

The application manual Planning a High-Rise

Building documents concrete applications of the
power distribution products and systems using the
example of an office tower.

33
Further information

You can find more information on

Totally Integrated Power on the Internet at:
www.siemens.com/tip

The information provided in this brochure contains merely

Siemens AG general descriptions or characteristics of performance which in
Industry Sector actual case of use do not always apply as described or which
Low-Voltage Controls and Distribution may change as a result of further development of the products.
P.O. Box 48 48 An obligation to provide the respective characteristics shall only
90327 NUREMBERG exist if expressly agreed in the terms of contract.
GERMANY All product designations may be trademarks or product names
of Siemens AG or supplier companies whose use by third parties
Subject to change without prior notice 03/09 for their own purposes could violate the rights of the owners.
www.siemens.com/tip Siemens AG 2009