Bi 3 PHN TCH PHNG SAI MT NHN T

I- NI DUNG
Trong chng trc trnh by cch so snh hai trung bnh ca hai tng th, m
rng sang so snh trung bnh ca nhiu tng th chng ta c bi ton phn tch phng
sai mt nhn t (single factor anova).
Theo di nh hng ca a cng thc hay nghim thc th nghim (treatement)
n kt qu th nghim. Cng thc c th ch bao gm mt yu t (Ging, ch canh
tc, mt trng, loi thuc tr su bnh, phng php lm t, ch nc ... ), cng c
th bao gm nhiu yu t (ging x phn bn, ging x mt , mt x ch nc x
phn bn . . . ), nhng khng xt tc ng ring ca tng yu t m xt tc ng
chung ca cc yu t v gi l tc ng ca mt nhn t .
Trong ti liu ny nhn t A c coi l c nh (Fixed)
Vic b tr th nghim ( thit k th nghim) so snh cc trung bnh ca a cng
thc c gi l b tr th nghim mt nhn t, mi cng thc th nghim l mt mc
ca nhn t. Cc mc c coi l nh tnh v c tn, thng gi l nhn (label), n
gin gi a mc l A1, A2 . . . , Aa
Lm th nghim so snh nng sut ca 5 ging ng th nhn t y ch gm mt yu
t c 5 mc l 5 ging ng, hay cn gi l 5 cng thc. Mi ging ng c th nghim
trn mt s th nghim (hay n v th nghim), mi c coi l mt ln lp (repetition).
Th d nu mi ging lp li 3 ln th phi c 5 . 3 = 15 th nghim.
Th nghim 5 ging ng v 4 cng thc bn phn v ch xt tc ng chung ca t
hp Ging x Phn (Gi x Pj) th c th nghim mt nhn t vi 5. 4 = 20 cng thc th
nghim, mi cng thc c lp li 3 ln, nh vy phi c 5. 4. 3 = 60 th nghim.
V ch quan tm n mt nhn t nn cc d liu c sp thnh tng nhm, mi
nhm l cc ln lp ca mt mc ca nhn t do cn gi vic phn tch s liu nhm

N D Hien 24
tch bit cc phng sai theo hai ngun bin ng nhn t v sai s l bi ton phn
tch phng sai mt cch sp xp (one way anova).
Gi s cng thc Ai c thc hin trn ri th nghim, cc kt qu xij c coi
nh mt mu quan st i vi bin ngu nhin Xi v mc ch t ra l so snh cc
trung bnh mi ca cc bin Xi.
C nhiu kiu b tr th nghim gii quyt bi ton ny.
Gi s nhn t c a mc, mc i c lp li ri ln, nh vy tng s c n = ri
quan st, hay cn ni l c n th nghim.
Nu b tr n th nghim hon ton ngu nhin th kiu b tr c gi l kiu b
tr (thit k) hon ton ngu nhin (Completely randomized design).

a - KIU B TR HON TON NGU NHIN

(Completely randomized design CRD)
Khi tin hnh th nghim kiu ny phi dng n phiu ghi t 1 n n, rt thm ngu
nhin r1 phiu c cc th nghim i vi cng thc 1, rt tip r2 phiu c cc th
nghim i vi cng thc 2, . . . , ra cui cng l ca cng thc a.
Nh vy vic rt thm ngu nhin c thc hin trn ton b cc th nghim.
a1- M hnh ton hc
Vic tnh ton v kt lun da trn mt s gi thit th hin m hnh sau:
xi j = + i + ei j (i = 1,. . a; j =1,. . ri) (1)
xi j l kt qu ca ln lp th j ca mc i, l trung bnh chung, i l nh hng
ca mc i ca nhn t, cn ei j l sai s ngu nhin. x ij c trung bnh mi = +i
Cc sai s eij c gi thit c lp, phn phi chun, k vng 0, phng sai 2
Cc i tho mn iu kin rng buc i = 0
a2- Cc bc tnh
Gi s c a mc, mc Ai lp li r i ln.
Tng s th nghim (hay s s liu) n = ri = 24
Tng cc s liu ca cng thc i TAi = xi j , cc trung bnh xi
j

(xem bng)

N D Hien 25
 ST
Tng tt c cc s liu ST = x
i j
ij trung bnh chung x
n
..

S iu chnh G = ST2 / n
Tnh cc tng bnh phng:
Tng bnh phng ton b
a ri a ri
SSTO ( xij x.. ) xij2 G
2

i 1 j 1 i 1 j 1

Tng bnh phng do nhn t:

a ri a
TAi2
SSA ( xi. x.. ) 2 G
i 1 j 1 i 1 ri

Tng bnh phng do sai s:

SSE = SSTO- SSA = 260,2148 - 140,6471 = 119,5677
Tnh cc bc t do
Bc t do ca SSTO dfTO = n - 1
Bc t do ca SSA dfA = a -1
Bc t do ca SSE dfE = n - a
em cc tng bnh phng SSA v SSE chia cho cc bc t do tng ng c cc
bnh phng trung bnh msA, msE.
msA
Ftn = Gi tr ti hn Flt = F(,dfA,dfE)
msE
Sai s th nghim bnh phng l msE, k hiu se2 vi bc t do dfE = n - a
Tm tt cc kt qu vo bngsau:
Bng phn tch phng sai
Ngun bin Tng Bc Bnh phng Ftn Flt
ng BP t do trung bnh
Gia cc SSA dfA = a -1 msA= SSA/dfA msA/msE F(,dfA,
mc dfE)
Sai s SSE dfE = n - a msE =SSE / dfE
ngunhin = se2
Ton b SSTO dfTO= n-1

N D Hien 26
 a3-Kt lun
Dng bng phn tch phng sai kim nh gi thit H0: Khng c s khc nhau
gia cc trung bnh mi, i thit H1: C s khc nhau gia cc trung bnh mi.

C th vit li theo i v c gi thit H0:Cc i u bng 0 vi i thit H1:

Khng phi cc i u bng 0.

Quy tc kim nh:

So Ftn vi ngng Flt

Nu Ftn <= Flt chp nhn gi thit H0: Khng c s khc nhau gia cc
trung bnh mi ca cc mc ca nhn t.

Nu Ftn > Flt chp nhn H1: C s khc nhau gia cc trung bnh mi ca cc
mc ca nhn t .

se 2
Sai s ca trung bnh x.. se
n
Sai s ca trung bnh ca cc cng thc

se 2 se 2
seA = seC =
ra rc
se 2 se 2
seB = seD =
rb rD

b- KIU B TR KHI NGU NHIN Y

( Randomized complete block design RCBD hay RCB)
tin hnh th nghim gi s c a cng thc, mi cng thc lp li r ln. Tt c
c n = a x r th nghim.
Chn r khi, mi khi chia thnh a th nghim. Ly khi th nht v lm a phiu
bt thm xem a cng thc xp vo a no, sau bt thm cho khi th hai, th ba,
. . . , th a. Nh vy vic chn ngu nhin c lm ring cho tng khi.
Vic chia khi c th do khng c n th nghim ng u nn phi chia thnh
r khi sao cho a trong mi khi tng i ng u.Cng c khi do thi gian

N D Hien 27
hn ch mi ngy ch lm c a th nghim ch khng th lm tt c n = a x r th
nghim, nh vy y ngy l khi.
Cng c khi chia khi thng gc vi mt hng bin ng c nh hng n kt
qu th nghim th d hng gi, hng chy ca nc ngm, hng nng, hng dc,
hng thay i ca ph ca t . . . nhm loi tr nh hng ca bin ng v
mi cng thc c mt mt ln mt mc ca bin ng.
Mt ci li na l c th chn khi khc nhau v khng gian v khc nhau v thi
gian (nhng khng c khc nhau qu xa n mc c s thay i iu kin th nghim)
nn kt lun rt ra c tnh khi qut cao hn l tp trung ton b cc th nghim vo mt
ni hay cng mt thi gian nh th nghim kiu hon ton ngu nhin.
b1- M hnh ton hc
xi j = + i + j + ei j (i =1, a; j=1,r) (2)
Khi c coi l yu t hn ch v thng gi thit l ngu nhin, xi j l kt qu ca
mc i khi j, l trung bnh chung, i l nh hng ca mc i ca nhn t, j l nh
hng ca khi j
Cc sai s e ij c gi thit c lp, phn phi chun, k vng 0, phng sai 2.
Cc tham s tho mn iu kin: i
i = 0 j
j = 0

b2- Cc bc tnh
Tnh cc tng
Nhn t c a mc b tr thnh r khi.
Tng s th nghim (hay s s liu) n = a . r
Tng cc s liu ca cng thc i TAi xij , cc trung bnh x i .
j

Tng cc s liu trong khi j TK j xij

i

Tng tt c cc s liu ST = x
i j
ij

S iu chnh G = ST2 / n
Tnh cc tng bnh phng:

N D Hien 28
 a

a r a r r TA i
2

( x x.. ) x G SSA ( xi. x.. ) 2

a
SSTO
2 2 i 1
ij ij G
i 1 j 1 i 1 j 1 i 1 j 1 r
r

a r TK 2
j

SSK ( x. j x.. ) 2 j 1
G
i 1 j 1 a

SSE = SSTO- SSA - SSK

Tnh cc bc t do:
Bc t do ca SSTO dfTO = n - 1 = a . r - 1
Bc t do ca SSA dfA = a - 1 Bc t do ca SSK dfK = r -1
Bc t do ca SSE dfE = (a - 1)( r -1) = dfTO - dfA - dfK
Tnh cc bnh phng trung bnh:
msK = SSK / dfK msA = SSA / dfA msE = SSE / dfE
Chia msK cho msE c F tnK. Tm gi tr ti hn FltK = F(,dfK,dfE)
Chia msA cho msE c F tnA . Tm gi tr ti hn FltA = F(,dfA,dfE)
Sai s th nghim se bng cn bc hai ca msE, bc t do dfE = (a-1)(r-1)
Tm tt cc kt qu vo bng phn tch phng sai
Phn tch phng sai khi ngu nhiny

Ngun Tng BTD Bnh phng Ftn Flt

bin ng BP Tbinh
Khi SSK dfK msK msK/msE F(,dfK,dfE)
a-1 SSK/dfK
Nhn t SSA dfA msA msA/msE F(,dfA,dfE)
k-1 SSA/dfA
Sai s SSE dfE MsE = se2
(a-1)(r-1) SSE/dfE
Ton b SSTO dfTO
a( r 1)
b3- Kt lun
Dng bng phn tch phng sai trn kim nh gi thit H 0:Khng c s khc
nhau gia cc trung bnh mi, i thit H1: C s khc nhau gia cc trung bnh mi.

Mun kt lun phi so FtnA vi FltA

N D Hien 29
 Nu FtnA <= FltA chp nhn H0 : Khng c s khc nhau gia cc trung bnh ca
cc mc ca nhn t .

Nu FtnA > FltA chp nhn H1:C s khc nhau gia cc trung bnh ca cc mc ca
nhn t .

Tnh sai s th nghim : se2 = msE = SSE / dfE

bc t do dfE = 9
Trung bnh ton b x.. = ST / n

H s bin ng CV = se * 100/ x ..
se 2
Sai s ca trung bnh x .. se =
n
Sai s ca trung bnh ca cc cng thc
se 2
seA = = seB = seC = seD
r
c- KIU B TR VUNG LA TINH (Latin square)
Nh trn thy khi c mt ngun bin ng nh hng n khu vc th nghim th
phi chia khi vung gc vi hng bin ng m bo ng u ca cc trong
mt khi.
Trng hp bn ngoi c 2 hng bin ng trc giao nhau tc ng n khu vc
th nghim(th nghim b tr sn ni va chu nh hng ca hng gi, va chu nh
hng ca cao hoc kt qu th nghim ph thuc vo cc dng c c cht lng khc
nhau v vo cc ngy khc nhau trong tun . . . ), gi hai tc ng ny l hai yu t hn
ch, chng ta phi b tr th nghim kiu vung La tinh.
Gi yu t th nht l hng, yu t th hai l ct (y ch l cch ni gin n ca b
tr th nghim, th d gi cc khi b tr trn cc cao khc nhau l hng, khi b tr
vung gc vi chiu gi l ct v gi thit hng gi thi trc giao vi dc. Gi cc
dng c l hng, cc ngy trong tun l ct trong qu trnh phn tch phng th nghim.
Trong kiu b tr vung La tinh s hng bng s ct v bng s mc a ca nhn t .
Mi mc uc b tr mt ln trn 1 hng v mt ln trn 1 ct. Mc 1(A1) c b tr

N D Hien 30
cc c k hiu A, Mc 2 (A2) b tr cc c k hiu B, mc 3 (A3) b tr cc c
k hiu C, mc 4 (A4) b tr cc k hiu D . . .
Cn c vo s mc a ta chn s vung La tinh a x a c sn trong cc ti liu
thng k, sau i ch ngu nhin cc hng, ri i ch ngu nhin cc ct, cui
cng c mt s vung La tinh c th b tr th nghim.
vung La tinh n gin, d tnh, loi tr c nh hng ca 2 hng bin ng,
nhng ch nn dng khi nm chc l hai hng bin ng trc giao nhau v c th
chp nhn m hnh cng tnh (xem phn di).
Nhc im ca vung La tinh l s bc t do cn li cho sai s qu t do
thng ch dng vung La tinh ti thiu l 4 x 4 v cng khng nn qu to v phc tp
v kh m bo cc iu kin ca m hnh.
c1- M hnh ton hc
M hnh c dng Xij l = + i + j + l + ei j (3)
(i i=1, a; j j =1, a ; l l = 1, a)

Hng, ct v cng thc u c coi l nhn t c nh

xi j l l kt qu ca mc l b tr hng i , ct j, i l nh hng ca hng i, j l
nh hng ca ct j, l l nh hng ca cng thc l.
Cc sai s e ij c gi thit c lp, phn phi chun, c k vng 0, phng 2
Cc tham s tho mn iu kin:

i
i = 0 j
j = 0 k
k = 0

Gi a l s mc ca nhn t. Tt c c n = a2 th nghim.
c2- Cc bc tnh

Tnh cc tng:
Tng s th nghim (hay s s liu) a = 4; n = a x a
a
Tng cc s liu ca hng i THi= x
j 1
i jl (tng cc xi j l trn hng i )

N D Hien 31
 a
Tng cc s liu trong ct j TCj = xi j l (tng cc x i j l trn ct j)
j 1

Tng ca cc s liu trong cng thc l

a
TAl = x
l 1
i jl ( tng cc xi j l ng vi cng thc l )

Tng tt c cc s liu ST= xi j l (tng tt c cc x i j l trong bng)

i j l

S iu chnh G = ST2 / n
Tnh cc tng bnh phng:
SSTO = xi j l
2
i jl - G SSH = TH
i
i
2
/a - G

SSC = TC
j
2
j /a- G SSA = TA
l
l
2
/a- G

SSE = SSTO - SSA - SSH - SSC

Tnh cc bc t do:
Bc t do ca SSTO dfTO = n -1 Bc t do ca SSA dfA = a -1
Bc t do ca SSH dfH = a -1 Bc t do ca SSC dfC = a -1
Bc t do ca SSE dfE = n - 3(a-1) = (a-1)(a-2)
Tnh cc bnh phng trung bnh:
msH =SSH/dfH ; msA = SSA/dfA; msC = SSC/dfC; msE = SSE/dfE = se2
Gi tr F thc nghim FtnA = msA / msE, gi tr ti hn FltA= F(, dfA, dfE)
Bng phn tch phng sai
Ngun bin ng TngBP BTD Tbnh Ftn Flt
Hng SSH a-1 msH
Ct SSC a-1 msC FltA
Nhn t SSA a-1 msA FtnA F(,dfA,dfE)

Sai s SSE dfE msE

Ton b SSTO dfTO

c3- Kt lun
So FtnA vi FltA mc ngha vi dfA v dfE bc t do

N D Hien 32
 Nu FtnA <= FltA kt lun: Khng c s khc nhau gia cc trung bnh ca
cc mc ca nhn t .

Nu FtnA > FltA kt lun: C s khc nhau gia cc trung bnh ca cc mc

ca nhn t.

Tnh sai s th nghim se:

se2 = msE = SSE / dfE
bc t do dfE = 6
Trung bnh ton b x . . = ST / n
H s bin ng CV = se * 100/ x
se 2
Sai s ca trung bnh x se =
n
Sai s ca trung bnh ca cc cng thc

se 2
seA = = seB = seC = seD
a
Trn y l 3 kiu b tr th nghim khi kho st mt nhn t.
kho st mt nhn t m cn phi chia thnh khi th ngoi kiu b tr khi y
cn kiu khi khng y (Randomized incomplete Block design) trong ng
ch l loi khng y cn i (Balanced incomplete block design) tip theo l li
vung (Lattice design, rt hay dng trong cc nghin cu ban u v ging).

kho st mt nhn t khi c hai yu t hn ch (hai ngun bin ng trc giao)

ngoi vung La tinh cn kiu vung La tinh thi (ch nht Youden )
Khi c 3 yu t hn ch th dng vung La tinh Hy lp(Graeco-Latin squares).

II- X L TRONG SPSS

a- Phn tch phng sai mt nhn t kiu CRD
M tp Baitap3 Vo Analyse Compare means One way anova
Chn Tluong (trng lng) vo Dependent list (danh sch bin ph thuc),
Factor (nhn t) chn diet (thc n)

N D Hien 33
 Trong Options chn Descriptive Homogeneity of variance test v Means plot

Trong Post hoc (kim nh sau phn tch phng sai) chn LSD, Tukey v
Duncan

N D Hien 34
 Kt qu
Descriptives

tluong
Std. Std. 95% Confidence Mini Maxi
N Mean Deviation Error Interval for Mean mum mum
Lower Upper
Bound Bound
1 5 79.00 24.474 10.945 48.61 109.39 38 99
2 5 71.00 31.024 13.874 32.48 109.52 30 112
3 5 81.40 22.876 10.230 53.00 109.80 42 97
4 5 142.80 34.903 15.609 99.46 186.14 85 169
Total 20 93.55 39.523 8.838 75.05 112.05 30 169

Tluong Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Levene
Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
.386 3 16 .765

Tluong ANOVA

Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 16466.950 3 5488.983 6.647 .004
Within Groups 13212.000 16 825.750
Total 29678.950 19

N D Hien 35
 Phn chia nhm theo Tukey v Duncan

V cc trung bnh

C th phn tch phng sai bng General linear model

Vo General linear model Univariate sau lm ging nh one way anova
Chn Dependent variable Tluong, fixed factor diet

N D Hien 36
 Trong Model chn Full factorial, nu chn Custom th phi a diet sang khung
model, nhy include intercept in model hoc khng nhy u c. SPSS chn
sn cch phn tch theo kiu phn tch Sum of squares type III .

Trong options c th chn Descriptives Statistics v Homogeneity tests kim

tra m hnh

N D Hien 37
 Trong Post hoc chn LSD, Tukey v Duncan nh one way anova

Kt qu ging nh one way anova

b- Phn tch phng sai mt nhn t kiu khi ngu nhin (RCBD)
Vo General linear model univariate
Chn bin tluong2 vo Dependent variable, chn khoi v congthuc vo Fixed factor

N D Hien 38
 Trong Model chn Custom ri a khoi v congthuc sang khung model,
nhy include intercept in model hoc khng nhy u c. SPSS chn sn
cch phn tch theo kiu phn tch Sum of squares type III .Trong post hoc chn
Post hoc tets for Congthuc sau chn LSD, Tukey, Duncan.

N D Hien 39
 Kt qu:
Dependent Variable: tluong2 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Type III Sum

Source of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Corrected Model 8.249(a) 7 1.178 22.198 .000
Intercept 711.625 1 711.625 13405.799 .000
congthuc 1.846 3 .615 11.589 .001
olon 6.403 4 1.601 30.155 .000
Error .637 12 .053
Total 720.510 20
Corrected Total 8.886 19

a R Squared = .928 (Adjusted R Squared = .886)

N D Hien 40
 Nu sau khi vo General model Univariate khai bo Congthuc vo Fixed factor
cn khoi vo Random factor th c kt qu tng t.
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: tluong2

Type III Sum
Source of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Intercept Hypothesis 711.625 1 711.625 444.557 .000
Error 6.403 4 1.601(a)
congthuc Hypothesis 1.846 3 .615 11.589 .001
Error .637 12 .053(b)
o_lon Hypothesis 6.403 4 1.601 30.155 .000
Error .637 12 .053(b)
a MS(o_lon)
b MS(Error)

c- Phn tch phng sai mt nhn t kiu vung La tinh (LS)

Analyse General linear model Univariate
a Yield vo Dependent variable, a trset, row, column vo Fixed factor

Trong Model chn Custom ri a Row, Column, treat sang model

Trong Post hoc chn Post hoc test for Treat.

N D Hien 41
 Dependent Variable: Yield Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Type III Sum

Source of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Model 113372.675(a
13 8720.975 517.936 .000
)
Row 2326.386 4 581.597 34.541 .000
Col 901.374 4 225.344 13.383 .000
Treat 1284.510 4 321.128 19.072 .000
Error 202.055 12 16.838
Total 113574.730 25

a R Squared = .998 (Adjusted R Squared = .996)

N D Hien 42
N D Hien 43