1.

population increase and/or vertical and/or lateral

expansion of the built environment of an urban or
urbanization
metropolitan area;
2. increase in the urban proportion of a region's population
unauthorized area where impoverished people (usually from
the countryside) build improvised dwellings from scrap
squatter settlement materials; called various things: "shanty towns" (Africa and
the Caribbean); "barrios" and "barriadas" (Latin America);
"favelas" (Brazil)
world city a city with a population of at least 10 million
Karl Wittfogel's theory for the rise of early city-states in
which it is thought that centralized rule, a privileged class of
technical specialists (scientists and engineers), and large
amounts of manual labor were responsible for developing
Hydraulic Civilization Model large-scale irrigation systems that produced spectacular
agricultural surpluses. A feedback loop resulted in ever
greater food surpluses that allowed ever greater labor
specialization, including rising military power, conquest,
and expansion of the city-state.
Paul Wheatley's theory for the rise of early city-states in
which religious belief led to urbanization because some
places were designated as sacred spaces where temples
Theocratic City-State Model
were erected, ceremonies took place, and a privileged
priestly class collected tribute from a much larger, but
fearful, rural populace.
city or part of a city in which the streets and buildings
appear haphazardly packed together; result of the effect of
organic urban form
slow development over a very long pre-modern transport
era
a city or part of a city in which the streets and buildings are
rectilinear urban form
laid out in a rectangular plan
a fortress or castle around which ancient cities developed;
citadel or Acropolis
located at the highest elevation so as to protect a town
geographical explanation for the number, size, and location
Central Place Theory of human settlements in a regional urban system based on
retailing principles
site in which freight moving by water must temporarily
cross land to get to another body of water and therefore is
portage site
an ideal site for warehousing and industry and thus city
locations; a classic example is New Orleans, Louisiana
 site in which one or more rivers converge, making a natural
river crossroads of freight movement, and thus an excellent
confluence site
urban location; a classic example is Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
site in which upriver transport ends and downriver transport
begins, usually below a section of cascades or a fall line; an
head-of-navigation site excellent location for settlement based on transport and
trade; numerous U.S. examples exist, such as Minneapolis,
Minnesota
settlement site of a river crossing; Tulsa, Oklahoma, where
bridge-point site a bridge across the Arkansas River encouraged oil
companies to build offices there, is a good example
rural-to-urban migration migration of people from the countryside to cities
phenomenon in which urban settlements remain
urban heat island significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas
throughout the year
defined by Joel Garreau (1991) as any place that:
1. contains at least 5 million sq. feet of leasable office
space; 2. contains at least 600,000 sq. feet of leasable retail
edge city
space; 3. contains more more than bedrooms; 4. is locally
perceived as one place; 5. was nothing like a city as recently
as 30 years ago
the leading city in its country or region, disproportionately
larger than any others in the urban hierarchy; according to
geographer Mark Jefferson (1939), it must be "at least twice
as large as the next largest city and more than twice as
primate city significant"
-especially applies to certain national capitals (e.g., London,
Paris) and colonial cities in the developing world that have
long been the focus of exporting goods and rural-to-urban
migration (e.g., Bangkok, Jakarta, Lagos)
describes the remarkable regularity in many phenomena
including the distribution of city sizes around the world,
Rank-Size Rule sizes of businesses, particle sizes (such as sand), lengths of
rivers, frequencies of word usage, wealth among
individuals, etc.
In the discipline of urban geography, this refers to the
specific local setting and environment of a city; for
site
example, San Francisco's is on peninsula, is exceptionally
hilly, and is prone to severe earthquakes.

situation
agricultural surplus
Institution of Kingship Model powerful leader, is the key to the redistribution of
urban hearth area
Cosmomagical City
axis mundi
urban morphology
functional zonation
global city
In urban geography, this refers to the relative location of a
city to the larger region or world at large; for example, San
Francisco's position relative to the California gold fields and
its break-of-bulk point location between the U.S. railroad
network and Pacific shipping
a key prerequisite to the rise of village settlement in the
Middle East around 10,000 years ago
Lewis Mumford's theory for the rise of early city-states in
which political power, focused on a single, charismatic and
agricultural surpluses and the development of urban
civilization
one of six known areas where the earliest cities arose; they
include Mesopotamia, the Nile River valley, the Indus River
valley (Pakistan), the Huang Ho Valley (China),
Mesoamerica, and the Andean highlands and coastal areas
of Peru
term referring to the sacred "city within a city" found in
certain early urban places and containing three spatial
characteristics:
(1) axis mundi (2) directional alignment (3)
microcosmological layout
symbolic and sacred center of the cosmomagical city
reflecting the center of the particular urban culture's world;
marked by monumental vertical structure in which access is
restricted to the ruling classes
Examples: palaces, pyramids, ziggurats, temples
in urban geography, the study of the physical form of cities,
including street patterns, building architecture, and
settlement density
in urban geography, the recognition and study of the distinct
patterns of land uses within cities, including residential,
industrial, commercial, and governmental uses
one of only three centers (Tokyo, New York, London) of
global economic power where headquarters of multinational
corporations are clustered and major decisions regarding
commercial networks and world financial markets are made
 - by 600 B.C., about 500 existed;
- most contained fewer than 5000 people; - designed to be
aesthetically pleasing to the eye - great influence on western
The Greek City urban culture' - contained two functional zones: (a)
acropolis (analogous to a citadel) (b) agora (open "place of
assembly") Athens (pop. 300,000 in 500 B.C.) was a
primate city in this urban culture's system
-type of urban form to diffuse throughout Europe;
-influence from 200 B.C. to A.D. 400 -initially
The Roman City military/trade outposts called "castra" -use of gridiron street
pattern -contained a "forum" where civic life was centered -
located at sites with excellent transportation accessibility
A.D. 1000 to about 1500 in Europe; era of European city
growth beyond old Roman Europe; organized by districts;
residential segregation by ethnicity and type of work;
Causes: (a) farm surpluses from land clearance, technology;
The Medieval City (b) population growth; (c) rise of a merchant class Four
Urban Characteristics: 1. Charter (grant of autonomy and
freedom to urbanites) 2. Wall (security and social boundary)
3. Marketplace (trade center) 4. Cathedral (symbol of
Church power and wealth)
-limited to select urban places, ca. 1500-1800 in Europe and
European colonies; concurrent with the rise of the much
more common "Capitalist City";
-focus on the primate cities (mainly national capitals); -
The Renaissance-Baroque
associated with the development of nation-states; - included
City
the imposition of grand architectural designs upon old
Medieval cities (e.g., Paris), as well as the creation of
entirely new cities (e.g., Philadelphia and Washington,
D.C.) as colonial and national showcases
-urban development following the rise of capitalism
(concurrent with the rise of the showcase "Renaissance-
Baroque City");
Hallmarks: -urban land utilized as a profit-generating
investment; -location = land value, initiating emergence of
The Capitalist City
functional zones -separation of workplace and home, rise of
mass transit; -rising distinctions between public space and
private space -residential segregation by class and income; -
upper class clusters in exclusive residential squares
(enclaves)
 Essentially, this is a Renaissance-Baroque City exported by
European powers to their overseas domains, (as early as the
1500s, but mostly ca. 1700-1900);
The Colonial City -this type of city was expressly designed or redesigned to
impose the mother country's authority, will, and civilization
upon non-Europeans; -involves replacing of older cultural
symbols with newer ones of the mother country
term coined by Jean Gottmann to mean an extensive
metropolitan area or a series of nearly contiguous
Megalopolis
metropolitan areas (e.g., Tokyo-Yokohama, the Ruhr
region, and the Boston-to-Washington, D.C. corridor)