990 Series II Wheel Loader 4FR00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3412 Engin...

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Product:WHEELLOADER
Model:990IIWHEELLOADER4FR
Configuration:990SeriesIIWheelLoader4FR00001-UP(MACHINE)POWEREDBY3412Engine

Systems Operation
3408E and 3412E Engines for Caterpillar Built Machines
Media Number -SENR1018-16 Publication Date -01/06/2013 Date Updated -17/06/2013


i01981951

Basic Engine
SMCS - 1200

Cylinder Block Assembly

The cylinders in the left side of the block form a 65 degree angle with the cylinders in the right
side. The main bearing caps are fastened to the block with two bolts for each bearing cap.

The cylinder liners can be removed for replacement. The top surface of the block is the seat for the
cylinder liner flange. Engine coolant flows around the liners in order to keep the liners cool. Three
O-ring seals around the bottom of the liner make a seal between the liner and the cylinder block. A
filler band goes under the liner flange. This makes a seal between the top of the liner and the
cylinder block. A steel spacer plate is used between the cylinder head and the block. A thin gasket
is used between the plate and the block. This thin gasket seals water and oil. A thick gasket of
metal and asbestos is used between the plate and the head. This thick gasket seals the combustion
gases, water and oil.

Cylinder Head Assembly

The cylinder heads are a one-piece cast iron head. Two inlet valves and two exhaust valves, which
are controlled by a pushrod valve system, are used for each cylinder. Valve guides without
shoulders are pressed into the cylinder heads. The opening for the direct injection adapter is
located between the four valves. Series ports are used for both inlet and exhaust valves.

The valve lifters can be removed without the removal of the head. The removal can be made
because of the size of the pushrod openings through the head.

Pistons, Rings And Connecting Rods

The type of pistons that are in the 3408 or 3412 engine depends on the engine's application. These
engines will have pistons that are made from aluminum or pistons that are made from steel. The
crown of the piston carries all three piston rings. Oil from the piston cooling jets flows through a
chamber which is located directly behind the rings. The oil cools the piston which improves the
life of the rings. The pistons have three rings which include two compression rings and one oil
ring. All the rings are located above the piston pin bore. The oil ring is a standard ring. Oil returns

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to the crankcase through holes in the oil ring groove. The top ring is a Keystone ring, which is
tapered. The intermediate ring will be a Keystone ring for the aluminum piston, or a standard ring
that is not tapered for the steel piston.

The piston is designed for a direct injection engine. The piston has a cardioid design on the top
surface. This piston design helps to improve combustion efficiency. The piston pin is held in place
by two snap rings. These snap rings fit in grooves in the pin bore of the piston.

The connecting rod has a taper on the pin bore end. This taper gives the rod and the piston more
strength in the areas with the most load.

Crankshaft
The crankshaft changes the combustion forces in the cylinder into usable rotating torque which
powers the equipment. A vibration damper is used at the front of the crankshaft in order to reduce
torsional vibrations (twist) that can cause damage to the engine.

The crankshaft drives a group of gears (front gear train) on the front of the engine. The front gear
train provides power for the following components: timing gears and oil pump. Seals and wear
sleeves are used at both ends of the crankshaft. The seals and wear sleeves are used for easy
replacement and reduction of maintenance cost. Pressure oil is supplied to all bearing surfaces
through drilled holes in the webs of the cylinder block. The oil then flows through drilled holes in
the crankshaft in order to provide oil to the connecting rod bearings. The crankshaft of the 3408
engine is held in place by five main bearings. The crankshaft of the 3412 engine is held in place
by seven main bearings. A thrust plate at either side of the center main bearing controls the end
play of the crankshaft.

Camshaft
The engine has a single camshaft that is driven at the front end. The camshaft is supported by five
bearings for the 3408. The camshaft is supported by seven bearings for the 3412. As the camshaft
turns, the camshaft lobes move a lifter assembly. The camshaft lobe moves either two inlet valves
or two exhaust valves for each cylinder. The camshaft must be in time with the crankshaft. The
relation of the camshaft lobes to the crankshaft position causes the valves and injectors in each
cylinder to operate at the correct time.

Vibration Damper
The twisting of the camshaft is called torsional vibration. The torsional vibration is caused by the
regular power impacts along the length of the crankshaft. The vibration damper is installed on the
front end of the crankshaft. This vibration damper is used to reduce the torsional vibrations. This
eliminates any damage that could occur to the crankshaft.

There are two types of vibration dampers that are used on the 3408 and 3412 engine. The type of
damper that is used will depend on the engine's application.

The rubber damper is made of an outer hub connected to an inner hub by a rubber ring. The rubber
makes a flexible coupling between the outer hub and the inner hub.

The viscous damper consists of a casing that is welded to the inner hub. The casing contains a
steel weight that is suspended in a viscous silicone lubricant. The silicone lubricant acts as a
flexible coupling between the weight and the inner hub.

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