PROPERTIES OF

SOLUTIONS
LECTURE 2

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II

1
 Chapter Outline
1. Definition and Properties of Solutions
2. Types of Solutions
3. The Solution Process
4. Concentration Units
5. Factors Affecting Solubility: Structure, Temperature,
& Pressure
6. Colligative Properties
- Nonelectrolytes
- Electrolytes
7. Colloids
Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 2
 Intended Learning Outcomes
Classify types of solutions
Explain how intermolecular forces, enthalpy and
entropy affect solution formation
Solve concentration of solutions in terms of molarity,
molality, mole fraction, percent composition and
ppm
Predict relative solubilities of substances
Describe the effect of temperature on the solubility
of solids and gases in liquids and the relationship of
pressure of a gas to its solubility
Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 3
 Intended Learning Outcomes
Solve for the vapor pressure lowering, boiling point
elevation, freezing point depression and osmotic
pressure of a solution
Discuss the effect of the type of solute (electrolytes
and nonelectrolytes) to the colligative properties of a
solution
Distinguish colloid from true solution and classify
them

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 4

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 5
 SOLUTIONS
SOLUTIONS are homogeneous mixtures composed of
two or more substances.
Solvent is the component that retains its state or does
not change in phase
Solute is the substance dissolved
In a solution, the solute is dispersed uniformly
throughout the solvent.
In case where the components have the same phase,
the
Solvent is the component in greater quantity
Solute is the component in lesser quantity
In aqueous solutions water is the solvent
Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 6
 Types of solutions
State of resulting
Component 1 Component 2 Examples
solution

Gas Gas Gas Air

Soda water
Gas Liquid Liquid
(CO2 in water)

Liquid Liquid Liquid Ethanol in water

Solid Liquid Liquid NaCl in water

Solid Solid Solid Brass (Cu/Zn)

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 7
MOTIVATION

Tang juice as a visual analogy for Concentration

What does Tang juice tastes like if you dont

put much powder?

What does Tang juice tastes like if you put too

much powder? Too little?

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 8

EXPRESSING CONCENTRATIONS

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 9

 EXAMPLES
1. Find the concentration of calcium (in ppm) in a 3.50 g
sample that contains 40.5 mg of Ca.

2. The label on a 0.750 L bottle of Italian chianti indicates

11.5% alcohol by volume. How many liters of alcohol
does the wine contain?

3. A sample of rubbing alcohol contains 142 g of isopropyl

alcohol (C3H7OH) and 58.0 g of water. What are the
mole fractions of alcohol and water?

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 10

 EXAMPLES
4. A sample of 0.892 g of potassium chloride (KCl) is
dissolved in 54.6 g of water. What is the percent by
mass of KCl in this solution?

5. Calculate the molality of a 35.4 percent (by mass)

aqueous solution of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The
molar mass of phosphoric acid is 98.00 g.

6. The density of a 2.45 M aqueous solution of methanol

(CH3OH) is 0.976 g/mL. What is the molality of the
solution? The molar mass of methanol is 32.04 g/mole.

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 11

 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

Colligative properties depend only on the number of

solute particles present, not on the identity of the
solute particles.

Four important colligative properties are:

Vapor pressure lowering
Boiling point elevation
Melting point depression
Osmotic pressure forms/increases

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 12

 VAPOR PRESSURE
Because of solute-
solvent intermolecular
attraction, higher
concentrations of
nonvolatile solutes make
it harder for solvent to
escape to the vapor
phase.
Therefore, the VAPOR
PRESSURE of a solution
is lower than that of the
pure solvent.
Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 13
 VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING
The extent to which a nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor
pressure is proportional to its concentration.

The vapor-pressure lowering, P, is directly proportional

to the mole fraction of the solute, Xsolute:

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 14

Problem:
What is the vapor pressure of an aqueous solution
containing 10% (by weight) ethylene glycol (62 g/mol)
at 25 oC. PoH2O= 24.3 torr at 25 oC.
 EXAMPLES
1. Glycerin (C3H8O3) is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte
with a density of 1.26 g/mL at 25oC. Calculate the
vapor pressure at 25oC of a solution made by
adding 50.0 mL of glycerin to 500.0 mL of water.
The vapor pressure of pure water at 25oC is 23.8
torr, and its density is 1.00 g/mL.
2. The vapor pressure of pure water at 110oC is 1070
torr. The solution of ethylene glycol and water has a
vapor pressure of 1.00 atm at 110oC. Assuming that
Raoults law is obeyed, what is the mole fraction of
ethylene glycol in the solution?
BOILING POINT ELEVATION

Chem 9 | General Inorganic Chemistry 17

 BOILING POINT ELEVATION

The boiling-point elevation (Tb) is defined as the

boiling point of the solution (Tb) minus the boiling
point of the pure solvent (Tb):
Tb > Tob , Tb is a positive quantity

The value of Tb is proportional to the vapor-

pressure lowering, and so it is also proportional to
the concentration (molality) of the solution
BOILING POINT ELEVATION

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 19

 FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
The freezing point depression (Tf) is defined as the freezing point of
the pure solvent (Tfo) minus the freezing point of the solution (Tf):

Tfo >Tf, Tf is a positive quantity

Tf is proportional to the concentration of the solution

where m is the concentration of the solute in molality units,

and Kf is the molal freezing-point depression constant
Like Kb, Kf has the units C/m
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 21

 EXAMPLES

1.

2. Calculate the boiling point and freezing point of

a solution containing 478 g of ethylene glycol in
3,202 g of water.

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 22

 OSMOSIS
Some substances form semipermeable membranes,
allowing some smaller particles to pass through,
but blocking other larger particles.

In biological systems, most semi-permeable

membranes allow water to pass through, but
solutes are not free to do so.

In osmosis, there is net movement of solvent from the

area of higher solvent concentration (lower solute
concentration) to the area of lower solvent
concentration (higher solute concentration).
Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 24
OSMOSIS

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 25

 OSMOTIC PRESSURE

D is the density
MW is the molecular weight
R is the gas constant (0.0821 L atm/K mol)
OSMOSIS AND CELLS

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 27

 EXAMPLE

1. What is the osmotic pressure (in atm) of

a 0.884 M sucrose solution at 16oC?

2. The average osmotic pressure of

seawater is about 30.0 atm at 25oC.
Calculate the molar concentration of an
aqueous solution of urea [(NH2)2CO]
that is isotonic with seawater.
Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 28
Reverse Osmosis:
Water Desalination

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 29

 COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS OR COLLOIDS
Suspensions of particles larger than individual ions
or molecules, but too small to be settled out by
gravity.
Can be considered somewhere in between
homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 30

TYNDALL EFFECT
Colloid particles are
large enough to scatter
light.
Most colloids appear
cloudy or opaque.

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 31

 Colloids In Biological Systems
Some molecules have a polar,
hydrophilic (waterloving) end
and a nonpolar, hydrophobic
(waterhating) end.

These molecules
can aid in the
emulsification of
fats and oils in
aqueous
solutions.
Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 32
End of Lecture 2

Chem 11 | General Chemistry II 33