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Relative Velocity
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Relative Velocity
In spite of our best efforts we could not find a fixed point with respect to which we should study
absolute rest and absolute motion. So, the study of relative rest and relative motion assumes
importance.
Consider two cars A and B running parallel to each other on same road with same velocities. No
doubt the speedo meter of each indicates motion but the two drivers will always find themselves
facing each other.
Relative velocity of a body A with respect to another body B, when both are in motion, is the
velocity with which A appears to move to B.
The position, velocity and acceleration of a particle depend on the reference frame chosen.
A particle P is moving and is observed from two frames S and S'. The frame S is stationary and the
frame S' is in motion.
Let at any time position vector of the particle P with respect to S is,
Let two cars move unidirectional. Two persons A and B are sitting in the vehicles as shown in figure.
Assume, VA = 10 m/s & VB = 4 m/s. The person A notices person B to be moving towards him with a
speed of (10-4) m/s = 6 m/sec. That is the velocity of B with respect to (or relative to) A. That means
is directed from B to A.
Similarly A seems to move towards B with a speed 6 m/sec. That means the velocity of A relative to
B( ) has the magnitude 6 m/sec & directed from A to B as shown in the figure.
Therefore,
In general,
So,
... (1)
... (2)
... (3)
or
Thus from the above observation we conclude that, option (d) is correct.
Illustration:
A stationary person observes that rain is falling vertically down at 30 km/hr. A cyclist is moving on
the level road, at 10 km/hr. In which direction should the cyclist hold his umbrella to project himself
from rain?
Solution:
Relative to stationary frame, velocity of rain is 30 km/hr downward. Take horizontal axis as x-axis
and vertical axis as y-axis and i,j are the unit vectors along x and y axes respectively.
= 0-30j, = 10
BC = x
x = (vm)x (t) (1)
where t = AB/((vm )y cos) = d/(vmw cos) (2)
and (vm)x = vw vmw sin (3)
Using (1), (2) & (3), we obtain
x = (vw- vmw sin d/(vmw cos))
The analytical method for determination of relative velocity of one body with respect to another which is discussed here is to
general nature. This treatment is valid for motion in two dimensions and in three dimensions also.
Relative velocity of a body A with respect to another body B, when both are in motion, is the velocity with which A appears to
move to B.
Relative velocity of a body B w.r.t. a body A, when both are in motion, is the velocity with which B appears to move to A.
Question 1
A body dropped from a height h with initial velocity zero, strikes the ground with a velocity 3 m/s.
Another body of same mass dropped from the same height h with an initial velocity of 4 m/s. Find the
final velocity of second mass, with which it strikes the ground:
Question 2
From building two balls A and B are thrown such that A is thrown upwards and B downwards (both
vertically). If VA and VB are their respective velocities on reaching the ground, then:
(a) VB > VA (b) VA = VB
Question 3
If a car at rest accelerates uniformly to a speed of 144 km/h in 20 sec, it covers a distance of:
(a) 20 cm (b) 400 cm
Question 4
A car, moving with a speed of 50 km/hr, can be stopped by brakes after atleast 6 m. If the same car
is moving at a speed of 100 km/hr, the minimum stopping distance is:
(a) 12 m (b) 18 m
(c) 24 m (d) 6 m
c b b c
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