Acm Solid 030707

AMIE(I) STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.
)
A Focused Approach
Before taking printout of this chapter, please ensure that this material has not been covered
in the printed course material provided to you (by us).
Additional Course Material

Material Properties
Example (AMIE W2005, 20 marks)
An steel specimen is tested in a standard tension test to evaluate several mechanical

properties. The dimensions of the specimen and observations made during the test are given
as per below:
Diameter of the specimen = 12.5 mm
Gauge length = 62.5 mm
Load at upper yield point = 42.5 kN
Load at lower point = 41.0 kN
Maximum load = 72.5 kN
Fracture load = 51.25 kN
Gauge length at fracture = 80.5 mm
Diameter of the fracture section = 9.5 mm
Strain at a load of 20 kN = 776 x 10-6 mm/mm
Determine (i) the yield strength (ii) the ultimate tensile strength (iii) the % elongation (iv)
modulus of elasticity (v) modulus of resilience (vi) fracture stress (vii) % reduction in area
(viii) modulus of toughness
Solution
(i) Yield strength

Upper yield strength = Load at upper yield point/original cross sectional area
42.5
= = 0.346kN/mm 2

(12.5) 2
4
41
Lower yield strength = = 0.334kN/mm 2

(12.5) 2
4
(ii) Ultimate tensile strength
Ultimate tensile strength = maximum load/original cross sectional area
POST BOX NO.77, 2 ND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWERS, ROORKEE 247667 UTTARANCHAL PH: (01332) 266328 Email : pcourses@hotmail.com 1
TOTAL PAGES:
AMIE(I) STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.)
A Focused Approach
72.5
= = 0.59kN/mm 2

(12.5) 2
4
(iii) Percentage elongation
(L u L0 )x100 (80.5 62.5)x100
% elongation = = = 28.8%
L0 62.5
(iv) Modulus of elasticity
20

(12.5)2
stressatelesticlimit 4
E= = 6
= 210kN/mm 2
strain 776x10 mm/mm
(v) Modulus of resilience
2 (0.163) 2
Mod of resilience = = = 63x106 kN/mm 2
2E 2x210
(vi) Fracture stress
loadatfracture 51.25
f = = = 0.417kN/mm 2
Originalcrosssectionalarea 122.718
(vii) Percentage reduction in area

A0 A u (12.5) 2 (9.5) 2
It is x100 = 4 4 x100 = 42.24%
A0 2
(12.5)
4
(viii) Mod. of Toughness
2 f 2 1
IT IS + = (0.163) 2 + (0.417) 2 = 476x106 kN/mm 2
2E 2E 2x210
ASSIGNMENT
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Q.1.(AMIE S96, 2005, 6 marks): Explain the following properties: resilience, yield strength, secant modulus,
tangent modulus, ductility, toughness and hardness.
Q.2.(AMIE S2005, 6 marks): Distinguish between the following
(i) resilience and toughness
(ii) Malleability and ductility
(iii) Endurance life and endurance strength
Answer: (ii) Malleability is the property of metals and alloys to plastically deform under compression without
rupture whereas ductility is the ability of a material to deform plastically before fracture.
P.B. NO.77, 2 ND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWERS, ROORKEE 247667 UTTARANCHAL PH: (01332) 266328 Email : pcourses@hotmail.com 2
A Focused Approach
(iii) Endurance life can be stated as the number of cycles of stress that can be sustained prior to failure of an
specified nature for a stated stress condition whereas endurance strength is defined as the maximum stress
below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles.
Q.3. (AMIE S92, 93, 97, W2002, W95, S96, S2005, 4 marks): What is creep? Draw a typical creep curve and
label its important areas.
FRACTURE OF MATERIALS
Q.4.(AMIE W2006, 8 marks): What do you mean by brittle fracture and ductile fracture?
TESTING OF METALS
Q.5.(AMIE S2006, 10 marks): Describe in detail any two of the Material testings:
(i) Fatigue test to determine endurance strength
(ii) Izod impact test
Q.6.(AMIE W2006, 10 marks): The following data refers to a mild steel specimen tested in a labpratory
Diameter of the specimen = 25 mm
Length = 300 mm
Extension under a load of 15 kN = 0.045 mm
Load at yield point = 127.65 kN
Maximum load = 208.6 kN
Length of the specimen at failure = 375 mm
Neck diameter = 17.75 mm
Estimate (i) Youngs modulus (ii) yield point (iii) ultimate stress (iv) percentage elongation (v) percentage
reduction in area (vi) safe stress using a factor of safety 2.
Answer: 203.7 kN/mm2, 0.26 kN/mm2, 0.425 kN/mm2, 25%, 49.59%, 0.212 kN/mm2
Simple Stresses
Example
A uniform wheel 600 mm in diameter rests against a rigid rectangular block 150 mm thick as
shown in fig. Find the least pull through the centre of the wheel to just turn the wheel over
the corner of the block. All surfaces are smooth. Find also the reaction of the block. The
wheel weighs 900 N.
Solution
A Focused Approach
Let the wheel be about to turn over the over the block.
At this stage the wheel is in equilibrium under the following forces :
(i) Weight of the wheel W = 900 N
(ii) The pull P
(iii) The reaction R
There will be no reaction of the floor on the wheel.
In order the pull may be minimum, it must be applied normal to CO.
Taking moments of these forces about C, we have
P x 300 = 900 x CD
But CD2 = 3002 - (300 - 150)2 = 67500 mm2
CD = 150 3 mm
P x 300 = 900 x 1503
P = 779.4 N
Or Alternatively :
Applying Lami's theorem to the forces on the wheel, we have
Let ? be the inclination of OC with the vertical
P R W
= =
sin sin (90+ ) sin 90 o
P = W sin ? = 900 sin ?

300 - 150 1
But cos? = =
15 2
? = 60o
3
P = 900 x = 779.4 N
2
R = W sin(90+?) = 450 N Ans.
Example
A Focused Approach
Two identical rollers each of weight Q = 500 N are supported by an inclined plane and a
vertical wall (fig. below). Assuming smooth surfaces, find the reactions induced at the points
of support A, B and C.
Solution
Let R be the common reaction between the rollers. Consider the equilibrium of the upper
roller.
Applying Lami's theorem to the forces acting on this roller (fig. below)
R Ra 500
= =
sin( 90 o + 60 o) sin( 90 o + 30o ) sin 90 o
Ra = 500 cos 30 o = 433 N

and R = 500 cos 60o = 250 N
Now consider the equilibrium of the lower roller (fig.16)
Rb sin 60o = 500 + 250 sin 30o
1250
Rb = N = 721.7 N
3
Resolving horizontally,
1250
Hc = 250 cos 30 o + cos 60o
3
A Focused Approach
1000
= N = 577.4 N Ans.
3
Example
Two smooth spheres of weights W1 and W2 rest upon two smooth inclined planes and against
each other. If , be the inclinations of the planes of the horizontal and that of the line
joining the centres of the spheres, prove that
W1 cos W2 cot
tan =
W1 + W2
Solution
Let the spheres touch the planes AB and AC at G and H respectively, as shown in figure.
Let P be the pressure between the spheres at the point of contact O and R1 and R2 the normal
reactions at G and H respectively. Then for the sphere of weight W 1,
P W1
=
sin sin(900 + )
and for the sphere of weight W 2
P W2
=
sin sin(900 + + )
W1 sin W2 sin
Hence =
cos( ) cos( + )
W1 sin (cos cos sin sin ) = W2 sin (cos cos + sin sin )
i.e. cos (W1 sin cos W2 sin cos ) = sin (W2 sin sin + W1 sin sin )
W1 sin cos W2 sin cos W1 cot W2 cot

i.e. tan = =
W1 sin sin + W2 sin sin W1 + W2
Example
A Focused Approach
Two smooth spheres of weight W and radius r each are in
equilibrium in a horizontal channel of width ( b < 4r) and vertical
sides, as shown in figure. Find the three reactions from the sides of
the channel which are smooth. Also find the force exerted by each
sphere on the other. Calculate these values if r = 25 cm, b = 90 cm
and W = 100 N.
Solution
Let R1, R2 and R3 be the reactions at C, E and D respectively. Also let P be the force exerted
by one sphere on the other at the point of contact of contact O. Then
b 2r
cos =
2r
The forces acting at the point A are (R3 - W), R1 and P. Using Lamis theorem, we get
R3 W R1 P
= =
sin sin(90 ) sin90 0
0
R3 W
P=
sin
R1 = (R 3 W)cot
The forces acting at the point B are W, R2 and P. Again using Lamis theorem
R2 P W
= =
sin(90 ) sin90
0 0
sin
R 2 = Wcot
W
P=
sin
For r = 25 cm and b = 90 cm.
90 2x25 40
cos = = = 0.8
2x25 50
= 36.870
R2 = 100cot 36.87 0 = 133.33 N
100
P= = 166.66N
sin36.870
R 3 = Psin + W = 166.66sin36.870 + 100 = 200N
R1 = (200 100)cot36.870 = 133.33N
Problem
A Focused Approach
A heavy carriage wheel of weight W and radius r is to be dragged over an obstacle of height
h by a horizontal force F applied to the centre of wheel. Show that F must be slightly greater
than
W 2rh h 2
rh
Problem
A sphere of weight W rests on two smooth planes inclined to the horizontal at angle and .
Find the pressure on the planes.
Wsin Wsin
Answer: ,
sin( + ) sin( + )
Problem
A smooth circular cylinder of radius 2 m is lying in a triangular groove, one side of which
makes an angle of 100 and the other an angle of 30 0 with the horizontal, as shown in figure.
Find the reactions at the surface of contact if there is no friction and the weight of the
cylinder is 50 N.
Answer: R1 = 116.6 N, R2 = 40.52 N
Problem
A heavy wheel of weight W and radius r is to be dragged over an obstacle of height h by a

horizontal force applied to the centre of the wheel. Show that the horizontal force should be
W 2rh - h 2
at least > .
r-h
HOOKES LAW
For stress strain curve above, it is evident that the relation between stress and strain is linear
for comparatively small values of the strain. This linear relation between elongation and the
axial force causing it was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke and is called Hookes law.
= E, where E denotes the slope of the straight-line portion OP in the curve.
Generalised Hooks law to relate strain-stress for two dimensional state of stress is
A Focused Approach
x =
1
E
( x vy )
y =
1
E
( y vx )
where v is Poisson ratio.
For three dimensional state of stress, it is
( x v ) ( y + z )
1
x =
E
( y v ) ( x + z )
1
y =
E
( z v ) ( x + y )
1
z =
E
RELATION BETWEEN E AND K

2
E = 3K 1
m
Proof: Let a cube of side L be subjected to three mutually perpendicular like stresses of equal
intensity q. By the definition of bulk density
p
=K
ev
V p
or ev = = (i)
V K
The total linear strain of each side
p p p
e=
E mE mE
L p 2
= e = 1 (ii)
L E m
Now V = L3
V = 3L2 L
V 3L 3p 2
or = ev = = 3e = 1 (iii)
V L E m
Equating (i) and (iii)
p 3p 2
= 1
K E m
A Focused Approach
2
or E = 3K 1
m
RELATION BETWEEN E AND G

9KG
E=
G + 3K
Proof. Let us consider a square block ABCD, subjected to a state of simple shear q. There
will be some distortion.
Linear strain e of the diagonal AC = q/2G. (i)
Now, linear strain e of the diagonal AC, due to these two mutually perpendicular direct
stresses, is given by
p p p 1
e= = 1 + (ii)
E mE E m
Equating (i) and (ii)
q q 1
= 1 +
2G E m
1
or E = 2G 1 +
m
which gives relation between E and G.
We have already proved that
2
E = 3K 1
m
Equating the two, we get
1 2
E = 2G 1 + = 3K 1
m m
Eliminating E, we get
1 3K 2N
=
m 6K + 2N
Eliminating m, we get
9KN
E=
N + 3K
A Focused Approach
ASSIGNMENT
Q.1. (AMIE W05, 06, S06, 6 marks): What is generalised Hooks law? Write the governing equations for two
dimensional stet of stress and three dimensional state of stress.
Q.2. (AMIE S06, 4 marks): For two dimensional stress system, show that
E
1 = ( 1 + v2 )
1 v2
E
and 2 = ( v1 + 2 )
1 v2
where v is Poisson ratio.
Q.3. (AMIE W06, 10 marks): Define (i) Modulus of elasticity (ii) Modulus of rigidity (iii) Bulk modulus and
establish the relationship among them.
Q.4. (AMIE S06, 8 marks): A specimen of 15 mm diameter and 200 mm long is subjected to tensile test and
data at proportional and elastic limits were recorded as below:
Stress Increase in length Reduction in diameter

Limit
(MPa) (mm) (mm)
Proportional 340 00.90 ?
Elastic 350 01.00 0.0225
Find modulus of elasticity, Poissons ratio and reduction in diameter.

Answer: 70 GPa, 0.3, 0.02025 mm
Hint: E = stress/strain = 350 x 10 6/0.005 = 70 GPa

Q.5. (AMIE S05, 10 marks): The aluminium bar with a cross section area of 160 mm 2 carries the axial loads at
the positions shown in following figure.
Given that E = 70 GPa, compute total change in length of the bar.

Answer: 4.227 mm
Q.6. (AMIE S06, 10 marks): A structural member 5 m long is made up of two materials. The first 1.7 m of its
length is of brass and is 7.5 cm2 in cross section and the remainder of its length is of steel and is 6.0 cm2 in cross
section. The bar is in tension under load P Newton and the total elongation of the bar is 0.1 cm. Determine (i)
magnitude of load (ii) work done in elongation of the bar. Take Es = 210 GPa and Eb = 84 GPa.
Answer: 18.8 kN, 940 N-cm

Q.7. (AMIE S06, 10 marks): An steel tube 7.5 cm external diameter and 5 cm internal diameter houses within
it a copper bar 5 cm in diameter of exactly the same length. The two pieces are rigidly fixed together by two
pins 18 mm in diameter, one at each end passing through both bar and the tube. Calculate the stresses induced in
the copper bar, steel tube and the pins if the temperature of the combination is raised by 50 0C. Take
Es = 210 GPa, s = 11.5 x 10-6 per 0C
Ec = 105 GPa, c = 17 x 10-6 per 0C

A Focused Approach
Answer: c = 20.625 x 10 N/cm ; s = 16.5 x 10 N/cm
6 2 6 2
Q.8. (AMIE W06, 10 marks): An steel tube 24 mm external diameter and 18 mm internal diameter encloses a
copper rod 15 mm diameter to which it is rigidly joined at each end. If at a temperature of 100C there is no
longitudinal stress, calculate the stresses in the rod and the tube when the temperature is raised to 200 0C.
Given Es = 2.1 x 105 N/mm 2, Ec = 1 x 105 N/mm2, s = 11 x 10 -6/0C and c = 18 x 10 -6/0C.
Answer: cu = 93.32 N/mm2; s = 83.33 N/mm2

Q.9. (AMIE S05, 10 marks): A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as shown in figure. If W = 80 kN,
compute the temperature change of the assembly that will cause a tensile stress of 55 MPa in the steel rod.
Use the following data:

Area (mm) 2 (/0C) E (GPa)
Steel rod 320 11.7 x 10 -6 200

Bronze rod 1300 18.9 x 10 -6 83
Answer: 11.580C
Q.10. (AMIE W05, 10 marks): Two equal cylinders, each weighing 900 N are pla ced in a box as shown in
figure. Neglecting friction between the cylinders and the box, estimate the reactions at A, B and C.
Answer: 900 N, 1800 N, 900 N

Q.11. (AMIE W06, 10 marks): The figure below shows a smooth cylinder of radius 0.2 m supporting a rod AB
0.6 m long weighing 100 N. The end A of the rod is hinged to the horizontal surface AD. The cylinder is also
attached to the hinge by a string of length 0.2 m. Find the tension in the string.
A Focused Approach
Answer: 113.394 N
Q.12. (AMIE W06, 10 ma rks): Show that the major and minor principal stresses are given by
1
( x + y )
1
( y ) + 4 xy 2
2
1,2 = x
2 2
Q.13. (AMIE S05, 6 marks): Draw Mohrs circles for the following state of stress:
(i) x = 0; y = 0; xy 0 (ii) x 0; y = 0; xy = 0
Q.14. (AMIE S05, 10 marks): The maximum shear stress at a point in a stressed body is given as 1.58 MPa.
The direct stress on the plane of maximum shear stress is 1.5 MPa and the principal plane makes an angle of 280
from x axis. Find the state of stress at that point.
Answer: x = 2.383 MPa (tensile); y = 0.617 MPa (tensile); xy = 1.3 MPa

Q.15. (AMIE W05, 12 marks): At a point in a stressed body the normal stresses are 83 N/mm2 (tensile) on a
vertical plane and 27.5 N/mm 2 (compressive) on a horizontal plane. Complimentary shearing stresses of 41.4
N/mm2 act on these planes. Determine the principal stresses and maximum shearing stress at this point.
Answer: 1 = 96.79 N/mm2 (tensile); 2 = 41.29 N/mm2 (compressive)

Q.16. (AMIE S06, 8 marks): The state of stress at a point in a loaded machine member is given by x = 40
MPa, y = 55 MPa and xy = 30 MPa
Determine the principal stresses and the maximum shearing stress at the point. Find out the planes on which
they act.
Answer: 78.42 MPa (tensile), 16.58 MPa (tensile), 36.92 MPa

Q.17. (AMIE W06, 10 marks): The principal stresses at a point in a bar are 200 N/mm2 (tensile) and 100
N/mm2 (compressive). Determine the resultant stress in magnitude and direction on a plane inclined at 600 to the
axis of the major principal stress and also the maximum shear stress in the material at the point.
Answer: 175 N/mm2, 150 N/mm 2
Statically Determinate and Indeterminate Beams

Example (AMIE S05, 06, W05, 10 marks)
Distinguish between statically determinate and statically indeterminate beams. Explain in

detail.
Answer
Statically indeterminate
In statics, a structure is statically indeterminate when the static equilibrium equations are
not sufficient for determining the internal forces and reactions on that structure.
Based on Newton's laws of motion, the equilibrium equations available for a two-dimensional
body are
F = 0: the vectorial sum of the forces acting on the body equals zero. This translates
to
S H = 0: the sum of the horizontal components of the forces equals zero;
A Focused Approach
S V = 0: the sum of the vertical components of forces equals zero;
M = 0: the sum of the moments (about an arbitrary point) of all forces equals zero.
Free body diagram of a statically indeterminate beam.

In the beam construction on the right, the four unknown reactions are VA, V B, VC and HA. The
equillibrium equations are:
S V = 0:
VA - Fv + VB + VC = 0
S H = 0:
HA - Fh = 0
S MA = 0:
Fv a - VB (a + b) - VC (a + b + c) = 0.
Since there are four unknown forces (or variables) (VA , VB, VC and HA) but only three
equillibrium equations, this system of simultaneous equations cannot be solved. The structure
is therefore classified statically indeterminate. Considerations in the material properties and
compatibility in deformations are taken to solve statically indeterminate systems or
structures.
Statically determinate
If the support at B or C is removed, the reactions VB or VC cannot occur, and the system
becomes statically determinate. If the support at A is designed as a roller support, the
number of reactions are reduced to three (without HA), but then the system becomes unstable.
A Focused Approach
Static indeterminacy
A system can be statically indeterminate even though its reactions are determinate as shown
in Fig.(a) on the right. On the other hand, the system in Fig.(b) has indeterminate reactions,
and yet, the system is determinate because its member forces, and subsequently the reactions,
can be found by statics. Thus, in general, the static indeterminacy of structural systems
depends on the internal structure as well as on the external supports.
The degree of static indeterminacy of a system is M-N where
M is the number of unknown member forces, and optionally, reactions in the system;
N is the number of independent, non-trivial equilibrium equations available for

determining these M unknown forces.
If M includes reaction components, then N must include equilibrium equations along these
reaction components, one for one. Thus, we may, in fact, choose to exclude reactions from
the above relation.
SF and BM Diagrams
ASSIGNMENT
Q.1. (AMIE W05, 8 marks): Define shear force and bending moment at a section of a beam. Explain the utility
of drawing shear force and bending moment diagrams for a beam.
Q.2. (AMIE W05, 12 marks): A simply supported beam as shown in figure is 2.5 m long between the supports.
It carries two concentrated loads of 70 N and 40 N at 1.5 m and 20 m respectively to the right of left support.
Calculate the reactions R1 and R2 and draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams.
A Focused Approach
Q.3. (AMIE S06, 8 marks): A beam 10 m long is simply supported at its ends and carries concentrated loads of
40 kN and 50 kN at distances of 3 m from each end. Draw the shearing force and bending moment diagrams.
Show the maximum values in the diagrams.
Q.4. (AMIE S06, 8 marks): Draw the shearing fo rce and bending moment diagram for a simply supported
beam carrying a uniformly distributed load. Show that the bending moment becomes maximum when the
shearing force changes its sign.
Q.5. (AMIE S06, 12 marks): A beam of 10 m length is simply supported at its ends. It carries a uniformly
distributed load of 20 kN/m run over the length of left half of its span together with concentrated loads of 20, 40
and 20 kN situated at 1.5, 2.5 and 5 m respectively from the right hand support. Draw the bending moment and
shear force diagrams and find out the magnitude and position of the maximum bending moment taking place in
the beam.
A Focused Approach
Thin and Thick Cylinders

ASSIGNMENT
THIN CYLINDER
Q.6. (AMIE S06, 10 marks): Derive the expressions for hoop and longitudinal stresses induced in a thin
cylindrical shell of internal diameter d and wall thickness t subjected to an internal fluid pressure p.
Q.7. (AMIE S05, 8 marks): A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plate and has thickness of 20
mm. The inner diameter of the vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2 m. Determine the maximum internal pressure
that can be applied if the longitudinal stress is limited to 140 MPa and circumferential stress is limited to 60
MPa.
Answer: 16.67 N/mm 2
Q.8. (AMIE W05, 14 marks): What largest internal pressure can be applied to a cylindrical tank 1.8 m in
diameter and 14 mm wall thickness if the ultimate tensile strength of steel used is 540 MPa and a factor of safety
of 3 is desired?
Answer: 2.8 MPa
THICK CYLINDER
Q.9. (AMIE W05, 10 marks): An steel cylinder with an inside diameter of 200 mm and an outside diameter of
300 mm is subjected to an internal pressure of 70 MPa. Determine the maximum tensile stress in the cylinder.
Answer: 182 MP a
Q.10. (AMIE S06, 10 marks): In a hydraulic press, the cylinder has an internal diameter of 30 cm. The cylinder
has to withstand an internal pressure of 10 MPa, without the material being stresses beyond 20 MPa. Determine
A Focused Approach
the thickness of the meta l and the stress on the outer surface of the thick cylinder. Sketch the diagram showing
the variation of radial and hoop stresses across the wall thickness.
Answer: 10.98 cm; stress on outer surface = 1000 N/mm 2; hoop stress = 2000 N/mm2; radial stress at 15 cm =
1000 N/mm 2, at 20 cm, 343.75 N/mm 2, at 25 cm, 40 N/mm2, at 25.98 cm, 0 N/mm2
ROTATING DISKS
Q.11. (AMIE S05, 8 marks): A disk of uniform thickness is 915 mm in diameter and has a pinhole in the
centre. If the density of material of the disk is 7800 kg/m 3 and Poissons ratio is 0.3. Find maximum hoop stress
developed if the disc rotates at 3000 rpm.
Answer: 274 MPa
Stresses in Beams
ASSIGNMENT
Q.12. (AMIE W06, 10 marks): Give a derivation of the flexure formula for pure bending of a beam given
below:
M E
= =
y I R
What is section modulus?
Q.13. (AMIE W06, 10 marks): A cantilever beam 3 m long is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 30
kN/m. The allowable working stress in either tension or compression is 120 MN/m2. The cross section is to be
rectangular, determine the dimensions if the height is twice as that of the width.
Q.14. (AMIE W05): A rectangular beam 6 cm x 4 cm is 2 m long and is simply supported at the ends. It carries
a load of 1 kN at mid span. Determine the maximum bending stress induced in the beam.
Answer: 3.125 kN/cm2
Q.15. (AMIE S06, 6 marks): A cantilever beam of rectangular cross section (10 cm breadth x 20 cm depth) is
subjected to a concentrated load of 1000 N at the free end. The length of the beam is 3 m. Find the maximum
bending stress induced in the beam.
Answer: 450 N/cm2
Torsion of Shafts
Example (AMIE Winter 2006, 10 marks)
Show that the maximum shear stress for a shaft subjected to both bending and twisting is
given by
16
max = M2 + T 2
d 3
Solution
M
We know b = y
I
Now for circular shaft of diameter d
A Focused Approach
4 d
I= d ;y =
64 2
32M
Hence b =
d 3
We have already proved that
16T
=
d 3
Also we know that in the maximum shear stress, max is given as
2 2
1 2 2 1 32M 16T 16
max = b + = 3 + 3 = 3 M +T
2 2
2 2 d d d
This is the required expression.
Example (AMIE Summer 2005, 12 marks)
An 8 m shaft, 100 mm is diameter is made of a brittle material for which the allowable stress
in tension or compression is 40 MPa. The shaft carries simultaneously the axial compressive
load P = 200 kN and the torque T. Calculate the maximum allowable value of T using theory
suitable for brittle material.
Solution
Given that
l = 8 m; d = 100 mm
Allowable stress = t or c = 40 MPa
Load = 200 kN
Now direct compressive stress
d = 200 x 4/(0.1)2 = 80,000/ kN/m2 = 80/ MPa
Let T kNm be the torque,
3
T= d
16
16T 16T
i.e. = k N / m2 = MPa
(0.1) 3

Let 1, 2, 3 be the principal stresses.

1
We know, 1,3 = d ( d )2 + 4 2
2
2 2
1 80 1 80 16T
= + 4
2 2
A Focused Approach
40 1
= 802 + (32T)2
2
and 2 = 0
According to maximum principal stress theory
1 = = 40 MPa
40 1
Hence + 802 + (32T)2 = 40
2
Solving T = 10.05 kNm
ASSIGNMENT
Q.16. (AMIE S05, 6 marks): State the assumptions made for developing torsion equations.
Q.17. (AMIE W06, 2 marks): What are compound shafts?
Q.18. (AMIE S05, 6 marks): A 10 m long solid steel shaft transmit, 20 kW of power at 2 Hz. Determine the
smallest safe diameter of the shaft if the shear stress is not to exceed 40 MPa and the angle of twist is limited to
6 0 in a length of 3 m. Use G = 80 MPa.
Answer: 58 mm
Q.19. (AMIE W05, 10 marks): Compare the weighs of equal lengths of hollow and solid shafts to transmit a
given torque for the same maximum shear stress if the inside diameter is 2/3 of the outside.
Answer: weight ratio is 0.642.
Q.20. (AMIE S06, 10 marks): The internal diameter of a hollow shaft is two thirds of its external diameter.
Compare its resistance to torsion with that of a solid shaft of the same density and allowable strength of the
material. The total weight of the two shafts are identical.
Answer: torque ratio 1.94; Hint: As the shafts are of the same material, length and weight, their cross sectional
area must be same.
Q.21. (AMIE W06, 10 marks): Explain why hollow shafts are recommended for transmitting heavy torques. If
the external radius of a hollow shaft is twice the internal radius, show that a hollow shaft is 1.443 times stronger
than the solid shaft.
Q.22. (AMIE W06, 10 marks): A solid circular shaft is to transmit 300 kW at 100 rpm. If the shear stress is not
to exceed 80 kN/mm2. Find the diameter of the shaft. What percentage saving in weight would be obtained if the
shaft is replaced by a hollow one whose internal diameter is equal to 0.6 of the external diameter, if the material,
the length and the maximum shear stress remain the same?
Answer: d o = 12.798 x 10-2 m; di = 7.679 x 10-2 m; saving = 29.804%

Acm Solid 030707

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Acm Solid 030707

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

AMIE(I) STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.

Additional Course Material

An steel specimen is tested in a standard tension test to evaluate several mechanical

(i) Yield strength

(vii) Percentage reduction in area

P = W sin ? = 900 sin ?

Ra = 500 cos 30 o = 433 N

W1 sin cos W2 sin cos W1 cot W2 cot

R1 = (200 100)cot36.870 = 133.33N

Answer: R1 = 116.6 N, R2 = 40.52 N

A heavy wheel of weight W and radius r is to be dragged over an obstacle of height h by a

RELATION BETWEEN E AND K

RELATION BETWEEN E AND G

Stress Increase in length Reduction in diameter

Proportional 340 00.90 ?

Elastic 350 01.00 0.0225

Find modulus of elasticity, Poissons ratio and reduction in diameter.

Hint: E = stress/strain = 350 x 10 6/0.005 = 70 GPa

Given that E = 70 GPa, compute total change in length of the bar.

Answer: 18.8 kN, 940 N-cm

Es = 210 GPa, s = 11.5 x 10-6 per 0C

Ec = 105 GPa, c = 17 x 10-6 per 0C

Given Es = 2.1 x 105 N/mm 2, Ec = 1 x 105 N/mm2, s = 11 x 10 -6/0C and c = 18 x 10 -6/0C.

Answer: cu = 93.32 N/mm2; s = 83.33 N/mm2

Use the following data:

Steel rod 320 11.7 x 10 -6 200

Answer: 900 N, 1800 N, 900 N

Answer: x = 2.383 MPa (tensile); y = 0.617 MPa (tensile); xy = 1.3 MPa

Answer: 1 = 96.79 N/mm2 (tensile); 2 = 41.29 N/mm2 (compressive)

Answer: 78.42 MPa (tensile), 16.58 MPa (tensile), 36.92 MPa

Statically Determinate and Indeterminate Beams

Distinguish between statically determinate and statically indeterminate beams. Explain in

Free body diagram of a statically indeterminate beam.

N is the number of independent, non-trivial equilibrium equations available for

Thin and Thick Cylinders

This is the required expression.

Example (AMIE Summer 2005, 12 marks)

Let 1, 2, 3 be the principal stresses.

Você também pode gostar