Kingdom of England

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Kingdom of England /lnd/ was a sovereign state on

the island of Great Britain from the 10th centurywhen it Kingdom of England
emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdomsuntil 1707,
when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great 10th century1649,
Britain. 16601707
164960: Commonwealth
In the early 10th century the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, united by
thelstan (r. 927939), became part of the North Sea Empire of
Cnut the Great, a personal union between England, Denmark
and Norway. The Norman conquest of England in 1066 led to
the transfer of the English capital city and chief royal residence
from the Anglo-Saxon one at Winchester to Westminster, and
the City of London quickly established itself as England's largest
and principal commercial centre.[1]
Royal Arms (1399
Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest Top: Flag (after 13th cent.) 1603)
of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after Bottom:
successive ruling dynasties: Norman 10661154, Plantagenet Royal Banner (14061603)
11541485, Tudor 14851603 and Stuart 16031714
(interrupted by the Interregnum (England) of 16491660).
Dynastically, all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim
descent from the Normans; the distinction of the Plantagenets is
merely conventional, beginning with Henry II (reigned 1154
1189) as from that time, the Angevin kings became "more
English in nature"; the houses of Lancaster and York are both
Plantagenet cadet branches, the Tudor dynasty claimed descent
from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the
House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret
Tudor.

The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284

put Wales under the control of the English crown. Edward III
(reigned 13271377) transformed the Kingdom of England into Location of the Kingdom of England in 1700
one of the most formidable military powers in Europe; his reign
also saw vital developments in legislation and governmentin Capital Winchester
(until 1066)
particular the evolution of the English parliament. From the
London (10661707)
1340s the kings of England also laid claim to the crown of
Westminster
France, but after the Hundred Years' War and the outbreak of the (administrative)
Wars of the Roses in 1455, the English were no longer in any City of London
position to pursue their French claims and lost all their land on (commercial)
the continent, except for Calais. After the turmoils of the Wars
Languages English[nb 1]
of the Roses, the Tudor dynasty ruled during the English
Renaissance and again extended English monarchical power Old Norse
(until 11th century)
beyond England proper, achieving the full union of England and
Welsh[nb 2]
the Principality of Wales in 1542. Henry VIII oversaw the
English Reformation, and his daughter Elizabeth I (reigned Cornish[nb 3]
15581603) the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, meanwhile Cumbric
(until 11th century)
establishing England as a great power and laying the Anglo-Norman
foundations of the British Empire by claiming possessions in the (11th15th century)
New World. Medieval Latin
(until 15th century)[nb 4]
From the accession of James VI and I in 1603, the Stuart
Religion Christianity
dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and
Ireland. Under the Stuarts, the kingdom plunged into civil war, Demonym English
which culminated in the execution of Charles I in 1649. The Government Absolute monarchy (10th
monarchy returned in 1660, but the Civil War had established century-1215)
the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without
the consent of Parliament. This concept became legally Unitary parliamentary
established as part of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. From monarchy (12151707)
this time the kingdom of England, as well as its successor state
the United Kingdom, functioned in effect as a constitutional Monarch
Until 939 thelstan (first)[a]
monarchy.[nb 5] On 1 May 1707, under the terms of the Acts of
Union 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland united to 17021707 Anne (last)[b]
form the Kingdom of Great Britain.[2][3] Legislature Parliament
Upper house House of Lords
Lower house House of Commons
Contents History
Unification 10th century
1 Name Battle of
2 History Hastings 14 October 1066
2.1 Anglo-Saxon England Conquered
2.2 Norman conquest Wales 12771283
2.3 High Middle Ages Incorporated
2.4 Late Middle Ages Wales 15351542
2.5 Tudor period Union of the
2.6 Early Modern history Crowns 24 March 1603
2.6.1 Civil War and Interregnum Glorious
2.6.2 Restoration and Glorious Revolution Revolution 11 December 1688
2.6.3 Union with Scotland Union with
3 Territorial divisions Scotland 1 May 1707
4 See also Area
5 Notes
6 References 12831542 est. 145,000 km2 (56,000 sq mi)
7 Bibliography 15421707 est. 151,000 km2 (58,000 sq mi)
Population
1283 est. 500,000
Name Density 3/km2 (9/sq mi)
1542 est. 3,000,000
The Anglo-Saxons referred to themselves as the Engle or the Density 21/km2 (54/sq mi)
Angelcynn, originally names of the Angles. They called their 1707 est. 5,750,000
land Engla land, meaning "land of the English", by thelweard Density 38/km2 (99/sq mi)
Latinized Anglia, from an original Anglia vetus, the purported
homeland of the Angles (called Angulus by Bede).[4] The name Currency Pound sterling
Engla land became England by haplology during the Middle
Preceded by Succeeded by
English period (Engle-land, Engelond).[5] The Latin name was
Wessex Great Britain
Sussex
Anglia or Anglorum terra, the Old French and Anglo-Norman Essex
one Angleterre.[6] By the 14th century, England was also used in Kent
reference to the entire island of Great Britain. Dumnonia
Mercia
The standard title for monarchs from thelstan until John was East Anglia
Rex Anglorum ("King of the English"). Canute the Great, a Northumbria
Dane, was the first to call himself "King of England". In the Welsh Marches
Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with Principality of
occasional use of Rex Anglie ("King of England"). From John's Wales
reign onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex or
Regina Anglie. In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English Today part of United Kingdom
throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered England
in English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The English Wales
and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title a. ^ Monarch of Wessex from 925.
until the Acts of Union of 1707. b. ^ Continued as monarch of Great Britain until her death
in 1714.
History
Anglo-Saxon England

The kingdom of England emerged from the gradual unification of the early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
known as the Heptarchy: East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, Essex, Sussex, and Wessex. The Viking
invasions of the 9th century upset the balance of power between the English kingdoms, and native Anglo-Saxon
life in general. The English lands were unified in the 10th century in a reconquest completed by King thelstan in
927 CE.

During the Heptarchy, the most powerful king among the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms might become acknowledged as
Bretwalda, a high king over the other kings. The decline of Mercia allowed Wessex to become more powerful. It
absorbed the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex in 825. The kings of Wessex became increasingly dominant over the
other kingdoms of England during the 9th century. In 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore,
briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England.

In 886, Alfred the Great retook London, which he apparently regarded as a turning point in his reign. The Anglo-
Saxon Chronicle says that "all of the English people (all Angelcyn) not subject to the Danes submitted themselves
to King Alfred."[7] Asser added that "Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, restored the city of London splendidly ...
and made it habitable once more."[8] Alfred's "restoration" entailed reoccupying and refurbishing the nearly
deserted Roman walled city, building quays along the Thames, and laying a new city street plan.[9] It is probably at
this point that Alfred assumed the new royal style 'King of the Anglo-Saxons.'

During the following years Northumbria repeatedly changed hands between the English kings and the Norwegian
invaders, but was definitively brought under English control by Eadred in 954, completing the unification of
England. At about this time, Lothian, the northern part of Northumbria (Roman Bernicia), was ceded to the
Kingdom of Scotland. On 12 July 927 the monarchs of Britain gathered at Eamont in Cumbria to recognise
thelstan as king of the English. This can be considered England's 'foundation date', although the process of
unification had taken almost 100 years.

England has remained in political unity ever since. During the reign of thelred the Unready (9781016), a new
wave of Danish invasions was orchestrated by Sweyn I of Denmark, culminating after a quarter-century of warfare
in the Danish conquest of England in 1013. But Sweyn died on 2 February 1014, and thelred was restored to the
throne. In 1015, Sweyn's son Cnut the Great (commonly known as Canute) launched a new invasion. The ensuing
war ended with an agreement in 1016 between Canute and thelred's
successor, Edmund Ironside, to divide England between them, but
Edmund's death on 30 November of that year left England united under
Danish rule. This continued for 26 years until the death of Harthacnut in
June 1042. He was the son of Canute and Emma of Normandy (the widow
of thelred the Unready) and had no heirs of his own; he was succeeded
by his half-brother, thelred's son, Edward the Confessor. The Kingdom of
England was once again independent.

Norman conquest

The peace lasted until the death of the childless Edward in January 1066.
His brother-in-law was crowned King Harold, but his cousin William the The dominions of Cnut the Great
Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, immediately claimed the throne for (10141035)
himself. William launched an invasion of England and landed in Sussex on
28 September 1066. Harold and his army were in York following their victory against the Norwegians at the Battle
of Stamford Bridge (25 September 1066) when the news reached him. He decided to set out without delay and
confront the Norman army in Sussex so marched southwards at once, despite the army not being properly rested
following the battle with the Norwegians. The armies of Harold and William faced each other at the Battle of
Hastings (14 October 1066), in which the English army, or Fyrd, was defeated, Harold and his two brothers were
slain, and William emerged as victor. William was then able to conquer England with little further opposition. He
was not, however, planning to absorb the Kingdom into the Duchy of Normandy. As a mere duke, William owed
allegiance to Philip I of France, whereas in the independent Kingdom of England he could rule without
interference. He was crowned on 25 December 1066 in Westminster Abbey, London.

High Middle Ages

In 1092, William II led an invasion of Strathclyde, a Celtic kingdom in what is now southwest Scotland and
Cumbria. In doing so, he annexed what is now the county of Cumbria to England. In 1124, Henry I ceded what is
now southeast Scotland (called Lothian) to the Kingdom of Scotland, in return for the King of Scotland's loyalty.
This final cession established what would become the traditional borders of England which have remained largely
unchanged since then (except for occasional and temporary changes). This area of land had previously been a part
of the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria. Lothian contained what later became the Scottish capital, Edinburgh.
This arrangement was later finalised in 1237 by the Treaty of York.

The Duchy of Aquitaine came into personal union with the Kingdom of England upon the accession of Henry II,
who had married Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine. The Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy remained
in personal union until John Lackland, Henry II's son and fifth-generation descendant of William I, lost the
continental possessions of the Duchy to Philip II of France in 1204. A few remnants of Normandy, including the
Channel Islands, remained in John's possession, together with most of the Duchy of Aquitaine.

Up until the Norman conquest of England, Wales had remained for the most part independent of the Anglo-Saxon
kingdoms, although some Welsh kings did sometimes acknowledge the Bretwalda. Soon after the Norman
conquest of England, however, some Norman lords began to attack Wales. They conquered and ruled parts of it,
acknowledging the overlordship of the Norman kings of England but with considerable local independence. Over
many years these "Marcher Lords" conquered more and more of Wales, against considerable resistance led by
various Welsh princes, who also often acknowledged the overlordship of the Norman kings of England.

Edward I defeated Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, and so effectively conquered Wales, in 1282. He created the title Prince
of Wales for his heir, the future Edward II, in 1301. Edward I's conquest was brutal and the subsequent repression
considerable, as the magnificent Welsh castles such as Conwy, Harlech, and Caernarfon attest; but this event re-
united under a single ruler the lands of Roman Britain for the first time
since the establishment of the Kingdom of the Jutes in Kent in the 5th
century, some 700 years before. Accordingly, this was a highly significant
moment in the history of medieval England, as it re-established links with
the pre-Saxon past. These links were exploited for political purposes to
unite the peoples of the kingdom, including the Anglo-Normans, by
popularising Welsh legends.

The Welsh languagederived from the British language, with significant

Latin influencescontinued to be spoken by the majority of the population
of Wales for at least another 500 years, and is still a majority language in
parts of the country.

Late Middle Ages

Edward III was the first English king to have a claim to the throne of
France. His pursuit of the claim resulted in the Hundred Years' War (1337
1453), which pitted five kings of England of the House of Plantagenet King John signs Magna Carta at
against five kings of France of the Capetian House of Valois. Though the Runnymede in 1215, surrounded by
English won numerous victories, they were unable to overcome the his baronage. Illustration from
numerical superiority of the French and their strategic use of gunpowder Cassell's History of England, 1902.
weapons. England was defeated at the Battle of Formigny in 1450 and
finally at the Battle of Castillon in 1453, retaining only a single town in
France, Calais.

During the Hundred Years' War an English identity began to develop in

place of the previous division between the Norman lords and their Anglo-
Saxon subjects. This was a consequence of sustained hostility to the
increasingly nationalist French, whose kings and other leaders (notably the
charismatic Joan of Arc) used a developing sense of French identity to help
draw people to their cause. The Anglo-Normans became separate from
their cousins who held lands mainly in France and mocked the former for
their archaic and bastardised spoken French. English also became the
language of the law courts during this period. Fifteenth-century miniature depicting
the English victory over France at the
The kingdom had little time to recover before entering the Wars of the Battle of Agincourt.
Roses (14551487), a series of civil wars over possession of the throne
between the House of Lancaster (whose heraldic symbol was the red rose) and the House of York (whose symbol
was the white rose), each led by different branches of the descendants of Edward III. The end of these wars found
the throne held by the descendant of an initially illegitimate member of the House of Lancaster, married to the
eldest daughter of the House of York: Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. They were the founders of the Tudor
dynasty, which ruled the kingdom from 1485 to 1603.

Tudor period

Wales had retained a separate legal and administrative system, which had been established by Edward I in the late
13th century. The country was divided between the Marcher Lords, who gave feudal allegiance to the crown, and
the Principality of Wales. Under the Tudor monarchy, Henry VIII replaced the laws of Wales with those of England
(under the Laws in Wales Acts 15351542). Wales now was incorporated into the Kingdom of England, and
henceforth was represented in the Parliament of England.
During the 1530s, Henry VIII overthrew the power of the Roman Catholic
Church within the kingdom, replacing the pope as head of the English
Church and seizing the Church's lands, thereby facilitating the creation of a
variation of Catholicism that became more Protestant over time. This had
the effect of aligning England with Scotland, which also gradually adopted
a Protestant religion, whereas the most important continental powers,
France and Spain, remained Roman Catholic.

In 1541, during Henry VIII's reign, the Parliament of Ireland proclaimed

him king of Ireland, thereby bringing the Kingdom of Ireland into personal
union with the Kingdom of England. Portrait of Elizabeth I made to
commemorate the defeat of the
Calais, the last remaining continental possession of the Kingdom, was lost
Spanish Armada (1588), depicted in
in 1558, during the reign of Philip and Mary I. Their successor, Elizabeth I,
the background. Elizabeth's
consolidated the new and increasingly Protestant Church of England. She
international power is symbolised by
also began to build up the kingdom's naval strength, on the foundations
the hand resting on the globe.
Henry VIII had laid down. By 1588, her new navy was strong enough to
defeat the Spanish Armada, which had sought to invade England to put a
Catholic monarch on the throne in her place.

Early Modern history

The House of Tudor ended with the death of Elizabeth I on 24 March 1603. James I ascended the throne of
England and brought it into personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland. Despite the Union of the Crowns, the
kingdoms remained separate and independent states: a state of affairs which lasted for more than a century.

Civil War and Interregnum

The Stuart kings overestimated the power of the English monarchy, and
were cast down by Parliament in 1645 and 1688. In the first instance,
Charles I's introduction of new forms of taxation in defiance of Parliament
led to the English Civil War (164145), in which the king was defeated,
and to the abolition of the monarchy under Oliver Cromwell during the
interregnum of 16491660. Henceforth, the monarch could reign only at
the will of Parliament.

After the trial and execution of Charles I in January 1649, the Rump
Parliament passed an act declaring England to be a Commonwealth on 19
May 1649. The monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished, and so Cromwell at Dunbar. Oliver
the House of Commons became a unitary legislative chamber with a new Cromwell united the whole of the
body, the Council of State becoming the executive. However the Army British Isles by force and created the
remain the dominant institution in the new republic and the most prominent Commonwealth of England.
general was Oliver Cromwell. The Commonwealth fought wars in Ireland
and Scotland which were subdued and placed under Commonwealth
military occupation.

In April 1653 Cromwell and the other Grandees of the New Model Army, frustrated with the members of the
Rump Parliament who would not pass legislation to dissolve the Rump and to allow a new more representative
parliament to be elected, stopped the Rumps session by force of arms and declared the Rump dissolved.
After an experiment with a Nominated Assembly (Barebone's Parliament), the Grandees in the Army, through the
Council of State imposed a new constitutional arrangement under a written constitution called the Instrument of
Government. Under the Instrument of Government executive power lay with a Lord Protector (an office be held for
life of the incumbent) and there were to be triennial Parliaments, with each sitting for at least five months. Article
23 of the Instrument of Government stated that Oliver Cromwell was to be the first Lord Protector. The Instrument
of Government was replaced by a second constitution (the Humble Petition and Advice) under which the Lord
Protector could nominate his successor. Cromwell nominated his son Richard who became Lord Protector on the
death of Oliver on 3 September 1658.

Restoration and Glorious Revolution

Richard proved to ineffectual and unable to maintain his rule. He resigned his title and retired into obscurity. The
Rump Parliament was recalled and there was a second period where the executive power lay with the Council of
state. But this restoration of Commonwealth rule similar to that before the Protectorate, proved to be unstable, and
the exiled claimant, Charles II, was restored to the throne in 1660.

Following the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, an attempt by James II to reintroduce Roman Catholicisma
century after its suppression by the Tudorsled to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, in which he was deposed by
Parliament. The Crown was then offered by Parliament to James II's Protestant daughter and son-in-law/nephew,
William III and Mary II.

Union with Scotland

In the Scottish case, the attractions were partly financial and partly to do with removing English trade sanctions put
in place through the Alien Act 1705. The English were more anxious about the royal succession. The death of
William III in 1702 had led to the accession of his sister-in-law Anne to the thrones of England and Scotland, but
her only surviving child had died in 1700, and the English Act of Settlement 1701 had given the succession to the
English crown to the Protestant House of Hanover. Securing the same succession in Scotland became the primary
object of English strategic thinking towards Scotland. By 1704, the Union of the Crowns was in crisis, with the
Scottish Act of Security allowing for the Scottish Parliament to choose a different monarch, which could in turn
lead to an independent foreign policy during a major European war. The English establishment did not wish to risk
a Stuart on the Scottish throne, nor the possibility of a Scottish military alliance with another power.

A Treaty of Union was agreed on 22 July 1706, and following the Acts of Union of 1707, which created the
Kingdom of Great Britain, the independence of the kingdoms of England and Scotland came to an end on 1 May
1707. The Acts of Union created a customs union and monetary union and provided that any "laws and statutes"
that were "contrary to or inconsistent with the terms" of the Acts would "cease and become void."

The English and Scottish Parliaments were merged into the Parliament of Great Britain, located in Westminster,
London. At this point England ceased to exist as a separate political entity, and since then has had no national
government. The laws of England were unaffected, with the legal jurisdiction continuing to be that of England and
Wales, while Scotland continued to have its own laws and law courts. This continued after the 1801 union between
the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the
Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Territorial divisions
The counties of England were established for administration by the Normans, in most cases based on earlier shires
established by the Anglo-Saxons. They ceased to be used for administration only with the creation of the
administrative counties in 1889.[10][11]

Unlike the partly self-governing boroughs that covered urban areas, the counties of medieval England existed
primarily as a means of enforcing central government power, enabling monarchs to exercise control over local
areas through their chosen representatives originally Sheriffs and later the Lord Lieutenants and their
subordinate Justices of the Peace.[12] Counties were used initially for the administration of justice, collection of
taxes and organisation of the military, and later for local government and electing parliamentary
representation.[13][14]

Although all of England was divided into shires by the time of the Norman conquest, some counties were formed
considerably later, up to the 16th century. Because of their differing origins the counties varied considerably in
size. The county boundaries were fairly static between the 16th century Laws in Wales acts and the Local
Government Act 1888.[15] Each shire was responsible for gathering taxes for the central government; for local
defence; and for justice, through assize courts.[16]

The power of the feudal barons to control their landholding was considerably weakened in 1290 by the statute of
Quia Emptores. Feudal baronies became perhaps obsolete (but not extinct) on the abolition of feudal tenure during
the Civil War, as confirmed by the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 passed under the Restoration which took away
Knights service and other legal rights. Tenure by knight-service was abolished and discharged and the lands
covered by such tenures, including once-feudal baronies, were henceforth held by socage (i.e. in exchange for
monetary rents). The English Fitzwalter Case in 1670 ruled that barony by tenure had been discontinued for many
years and any claims to a peerage on such basis, meaning a right to sit in the House of Lords, were not to be
revived, nor any right of succession based on them.

The Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 followed the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England. It assumed the lands
held by the Princes of Gwynedd under the title "Prince of Wales" as legally part of the lands of England, and
established shire counties on the English model over those areas. The Marcher Lords were progressively tied to the
English kings by the grants of lands and lordships in England. The Council of Wales and the Marches,
administered from Ludlow Castle, was initially established in 1472 by Edward IV of England to govern the lands
held under the Principality of Wales.[17] Under the Laws in Wales Acts 15351542 introduced under Henry VIII,
the jurisdiction of the marcher lords was abolished in 1536. The Acts had the effect of annexing Wales to England
and creating a single state and legal jurisdiction, commonly referred to as England and Wales.

See also
List of English monarchs
English colonial empire
English Army
Royal Navy
Privy Council of England
Crown Jewels of England
England and Wales
Anglo-Norman language
Middle English language

Notes
1. Old English (until 1066)
 Middle English (10661550)
Modern English (15501707)
2. Old Welsh (until 12th century)
Middle Welsh (12th14th century)
Modern Welsh (14th century1707)
3. Old Cornish (until 12th century)
Middle Cornish (12th16th century)
Late Cornish (16th century1707)
4. Widely used for administrative and liturgical purposes.
5. The Constitution of the United Kingdom, with the reservation that it is "uncodified", is taken to be based in the Bill of
Rights 1689.

References

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y%20of%20London&pg=PA363#v=onepage&q&f=false), "...rivalry between City and government, between a
commercial capital in the City and the political capital of quite a different empire in Westminster.", accessed November
2013.
2. Acts of Union 1707 (http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/)
parliament.uk, accessed 27 January 2011
3. Making the Act of Union 1707 (http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf)
scottish.parliament.uk, accessed 27 January 2011 Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110511140052/http://www.sc
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4. Stephen Harris, Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature, Studies in Medieval History and Culture, Routledge,
2004, 139f.
5. A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat, A Concise Dictionary of Middle English From A.D. 1150 To 1580 (1888)
6. " Anglia " (par L. Favre, 18831887), dans du Cange, et al., Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis, d. augm., Niort :
L. Favre, 18831887, t. 1, col. 251c. http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/ANGLIA
7. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/657/657.txt) Freely licensed version at Gutenberg Project.
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primarily the translation of Rev. James Ingram, as published in the Everyman edition.
8. Asser's Life of King Alfred, ch. 83, trans. Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge, Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King
Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources (Penguin Classics) (1984), pp. 978.
9. Vince, Alan, Saxon London: An Archaeological Investigation, The Archaeology of London series (1990).
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ancient county. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
11. Youngs, Frederic A, Jr. (1979). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.I: Southern England. London:
Royal Historical Society. pp. xiixiii. ISBN 0-901050-67-9. "Ancient County: Counties are geographic entities whose
origins reach back into the pre-Conquest period. They were derived either from Anglo-Saxon kingdoms whose size
made them suitable administrative units when England was unified in the tenth century, or as artificial creations formed
from larger kingdoms. The number of 'shires' (the Anglo-Saxon term) or 'counties' (Norman term) varied in the medieval
period, particularly in the north of England."
12. Chandler, J. A. (2007). "Local government before 1832" (https://books.google.com/books?id=b0glBHiU9oAC&pg=PA
2). Explaining Local Government: Local Government in Britain Since 1800 (https://books.google.com/books?id=b0glB
HiU9oAC). Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0719067065.
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Institutions (https://archive.org/download/storyofshirebein00hackuoft/storyofshirebein00hackuoft_bw.pdf) (PDF).
London: Heath Cranton Limited.
14. Byrne, Tony (1994). Local Government in Britain. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-017663-2.
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16. Winchester, Angus J L (1990). Discovering Parish Boundaries. Oxford: Shire Publications. ISBN 0-7478-0060-X.
17. William Searle Holdsworth, "A History of English Law," Little, Brown, and Company, 1912, pg. 502
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Preceded by Succeeded by
Kingdom of England
The Heptarchy English Interregnum
c. 927 1649
c. 500 c. 927 16491660
Preceded by Succeeded by
Kingdom of England
English Interregnum Kingdom of Great Britain
16601707
16491660 17071800

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&oldid=791457025"

Categories: Former countries in the British Isles Former state unions

States and territories established in the 10th century States and territories disestablished in 1707
Kingdom of England 1707 disestablishments in Great Britain Former kingdoms
Former monarchies of Europe 10th-century establishments in England History of the Germanic peoples
States and territories established in 927

This page was last edited on 20 July 2017, at 11:31.

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