BS5950:Part1:200

Design of Connections

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Connections BS5950:Part1:200
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Nominally pinned
transfer shear but able to rotate
Nominally rigid
transfer shear and moments
strength and stiffness

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Moment-rotation characteristic BS5950:Part1:200
0

Rotational stiffness
M
Moment resistance

Rotation capacity

is the beam-to-column relative rotation

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Semi-rigid concept for joints BS5950:Part1:200
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Classification of joints according to rotational

stiffness

Rigid Pinned Semi-rigid

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Semi-rigid concept for joints
BS5950:Part1:200

Modelling of joints (elastic design) 0

Mj Mj Mj

rigid joint pinned joint semi-rigid joint

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Semi-rigid concept for joints BS5950:Part1:200
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Influence on frame response in terms of
deflections, internal forces, collapse load, ...

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Why introduce semi-rigid concept?
BS5950:Part1:200
Possible decrease of the total weight of the structure
0

semi-rigid joints instead of pinned ones

Possible decrease of the fabrication and erection costs
semi-rigid joints instead of rigid ones
benefit results from simpler joint detailing
less stiffening - joint designed for easy erection and
fabrication and not to fulfil design requirements such as
rotational continuity

University of Sheffield
Joints in frame analysis and design BS5950:Part1:200
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Joint characterisation
how to define the joint properties

Joint classification
how to define the stiffness, resistance and ductility
class

University of Sheffield
Joints in frame analysis and design BS5950:Part1:200
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Joint modelling
how to physically represent the joint in the frame
analysis

Joint idealisation
how to idealise the moment-rotation curve

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Joint classification BS5950:Part1:200
by stiffness 0

Mj
Rigid
Boundaries for stiffness

Semi-rigid
Joint initial stiffness
Sj,ini
Pinned

University of Sheffield
Joint classification BS5950:Part1:200
0
by strength
Mj Boundaries for strength
Full-strength Joint strength

M j,Rd
Partial-strength

Pinned

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Joint classification BS5950:Part1:200
0

Classification by ductility

Mj
Brittle

"Semi-ductile"

Ductile

University of Sheffield
Joint modelling BS5950:Part1:200
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Traditional joint modellings

For rotational stiffness
rigid
pinned
For moment resistance
full-strength
partial-strength
pinned

University of Sheffield
Joint modelling BS5950:Part1:200
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Traditional joint modellings
rigid / full-strength
rigid / partial-strength
pinned

New available joint modellings

semi-rigid / full-strength
semi-rigid / partial-strength

University of Sheffield
Joint modelling BS5950:Part1:200
0
Types of joint modelling
simple
semi-continuous
continuous

University of Sheffield
Joint modelling BS5950:Part1:200
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Type of joint modelling and frame analysis

MODELLING TYPE OF FRAME ANALYSIS

Elastic Rigid-plastic Elastic-plastic or
elastoplastic
Continuous Rigid Full-strength Rigid/full-strength
Semi-continuous Semi-rigid Partial-strength Rigid/partial-strength
Semi-rigid/full-
strength
Semi-rigid/partial-
strength
Simple Pinned Pinned Pinned

University of Sheffield
Distribution of forces BS5950:Part1:200
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Connections may be designed on the basis of

any realistic assumption of the distribution of
forces
Elastic or plastic
Components strength/stiffness/ductility
T T T

C C C
Low loads High loads

In all cases the value of the compressive force must equal the sum of the tensile forces
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Detailing should ensure. BS5950:Part1:200
0

Connection is capable of resisting applied forces

acceptable limits of deformation
consistency with design assumptions
tolerance and accommodate lack of fit
rolling tolerances
fabrication variations

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Intersections BS5950:Part1:200
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Usual to minimise eccentricities

Must account for in design

Alignment of centroidal axis Alignment of bolt setting out lines

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Intersections BS5950:Part1:200
0

In hollow sections eccentricity may be intentional

e
e

Gap joint with negative eccenticity Overlap joint with positive eccentricity

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Economy BS5950:Part1:200
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Rigid connections are expensive

extra fabrication and cost of erection
Stiffening is expensive
consider increasing section size instead
Special jigs are expensive
Site welding is relatively expensive
special on-site facilities needed

University of Sheffield
Column web panel zone BS5950:Part1:200
0

University of Sheffield
Column web panel zone BS5950:Part1:200
0

Panel zone shear, Fvp in a welded single sided joint

Transferred
Fvp
moment Mtra

Fvp
Fvp = Mtra / (Db - Tb)

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Column web panel zone BS5950:Part1:200
0
Panel zone shear, Fvp in a bolted single sided joint
sum of the bolt forces
In joints with two beams
take account of net effect of moments
Verification
Bolted joint: Fvp < Pv

Welded joint: Fvp < Pv provided end moments < pyZx

High local shears do not reduce column capacity

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Splices BS5950:Part1:200
0

Should be positioned close to a restraint

If not, splice should be.
stiff enough to not reduce buckling resistance
strong enough to resist forces and moments
usually use flange and web cover plates
preloaded HSFG bolts

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Check splice connections for.. BS5950:Part1:200
0

Moment due to strut action (see C.3)

second order moment in a strut
Ms =(py/pc -1)fcS sin(180 Lz/LE)
Moments due to LTB (see B.3)
second-order minor axis moment arising from Mx
Mys = (py/pb -1)(Mcy/Mcx)mLTMx sin(180Lz/LE)
Moments due to amplification effects of applied
moments (J.5)
University of Sheffield
 Bolts in clearance holes BS5950:Part1:200
Bolts in bearing are the most widely 0
used and economic type of
structural fastener.
Transfer shear loading directly by
bearing between the bolt and
internal surfaces of the holes in the
connected parts - the bolt must
resist shear and bearing. Most frequently used bolts are
Generally used with clearance holes
which are 2mm oversize. black bolts or 4.6 - to BS
4190: Specification for ISO
Ordinary bolts may also be designed
metric black hexagon bolts
to resist static tensile loading.
precision or 8.8 - to BS 3692:
Specification for ISO metric
University of Sheffield precision hexagon bolts
 0.1*UTS in kgf/mm2
Bolts 10*UTS/Yield BS5950:Part1:200
0
Grade 4.6 Product = yield in kgf/mm2
strength and tolerance to BS4190
termed black bolts - not machined to tolerances
Grade 8.8
strength to BS3692
tolerance to BS4190 - may also be black!
High Strength Friction Grip
designed not to slip at working loads
transfers load by friction at the interfaces

University of Sheffield
 Friction grip fasteners BS5950:Part1:200
0
High-strength bolts clamp the parts together.
Called high-strength friction grip (HSFG)
fasteners.
Bolts are pretightened in order to induce a
specified pretension in the bolt which squeezes
the plates together and allows forces to be
transmitted by friction at the faying (interface)
surfaces.
Although useful, even essential in some
circumstances, the additional work associated
with installation and inspection makes HSFG
uneconomic for routine bolted joints.
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Bolts - detailing BS5950:Part1:200
0

See clause 6.2.1

Holes diameter (D) usually 2mm bigger than bolt
diameter (d)

University of Sheffield
 Minimum spacing BS5950:Part1:200
2.5d 2.5d 0

2.5d

Guards against crushing in wake of a bolt affecting next

Doesnt guarantee enough room to tighten bolt!

University of Sheffield D = hole diam d = bolt diam

 Max spacing in unstiffened plates BS5950:Part1:200
14t 14t 0

If exposed,
16t or 200mm

Based on buckling requirements to ensure plates remain flat

In exposed conditions, 16t or 200mm in any direction

University of Sheffield t = thinnest plate thickness

Minimum edge and end distance
Rolled, machined flame cut, planed BS5950:Part1:200
End distance 1.25D 0

Edge distance 1.25D

Ensure smooth flow of stress
Prevent edge and end splitting

University of Sheffield D = hole diam

Minimum edge and end distance
Sheared or hand flame cut BS5950:Part1:200
End distance 1.4D 0

Edge distance 1.4D

Note:
Minimum end distances does not permit full bearing capacity

University of Sheffield D = hole diam

 Maximum edge or end distance BS5950:Part1:200
End distance 11t 0

Edge distance 11t

If exposed to corrosive environment, 40mm + 4t
Prevent curling and lifting of the plate

University of Sheffield t = thinnest plate thickness

Effect of holes on shear capacity BS5950:Part1:200
0

Ignored where
Av.net >0.85 Av / Ke
net area coefficient
If Av.net < 0.85 Av / Ke 1.2 for S275
1.1 for S355

Pv = 0.7pyKe Av.net 1.0 for S460

University of Sheffield
 Block shear BS5950:Part1:200
0
Fr LV = length shear face
Lv

Lv Lt
Fr

Lt
0.5 for single row bolts

Lt = length tension face 2.5 for two lines

Fr < block shear capacity Pr
Pr = 0.6 py t [Lv + Ke (Lt - kDt)]
University of Sheffield Dt = Hole or slot size
 Shear capacity - non preloaded BS5950:Part1:200
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Shear capacity of bolt, Ps

Ps = p s As

Effective shear area, As

Bolt shear strength, ps tensile stress area, At or
4.6 160 N/mm2 shank area A
8.8 375 N/mm2

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 Effect of splice length on bolt
force distribution BS5950:Part1:200
0

Ps = ps As (5500 - Lj)/5000
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Load partition in a long joint BS5950:Part1:200
0

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Effect of joint length on strength BS5950:Part1:200
0

Ps = ps As (5500 - Lj)/5000

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Shear capacity - large grips BS5950:Part1:200
0

Tg>5d

Ps = ps As (8d) / (3d + Tg)

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Bearing capacity of bolt, Pbb BS5950:Part1:200
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Bearing strength
Pbb= d tp pbb
of bolt, pbb
Plate thickness 4.6 460 N/mm2
8.8 1000 N/mm2

University of Sheffield
 Bearing capacity of ply, Pbs BS5950:Part1:200
0
Pbs = kbs d tp pbs S275 460 N/mm 2

S355 550 N/mm2

but 0.5 kbs e tp pbs
1.0 for standard holes 33
e
bl
0.7 for short slots a
T s
e e
Se r siz
0.5 for long slots fo
Bearing strength governed by movement
With small (<2d) end distance, danger of splitting
capacity reduced if end distance < 2d
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 BS5950:Part1:200
0

Notice how load capacity

and ductility increases as
threaded length reduces

Typical load
deformation graphs
for 20mm bolts in
bearing and shear
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 Non preloaded subject to tension BS5950:Part1:200
0

F F

F/2 F/2
Q

Bolt force = F/2 + Q

Q is Prying Force

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T stub failure modes BS5950:Part1:200
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Simple method BS5950:Part1:200
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Tensile capacity of bolt reduced to

Pnom = 0.8 pt At
pt, bolt tension strength : 4.6 240; 8.8 560 N/mm2
Cross-centre spacing of bolts < 0.55 plate width
If connected part has double curvature bending,
resistance of plate limited to elastic capacity

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More exact method BS5950:Part1:200
0

Clause 6.3.4.3
Calculates the value of the prying force
Include prying force in bolt load
Requires understanding of the mode of failure
Check each potential mode and find the
minimum value
Based on method in BCSA/SCI Green Guide

University of Sheffield
Failure Modes BS5950:Part1:200
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First plastic hinge at the T-stub flange

Yielding and fracture of the bolts

Failure mode 2
First plastic hinge at the T-stub flange
Second plastic hinge at the T-stub flange
Yielding and fracture of the bolts

Failure mode 1
Yielding and fracture
of the bolts

University of Sheffield Failure mode 3

Failure mode 1
BS5950:Part1:200
0

First plastic hinge

at the T-stub flange

Second plastic hinge

at the T-stub flange

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Failure mode 2
BS5950:Part1:200
0

First plastic hinge

at the T-stub flange

Yielding and fracture

of the bolts

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Failure mode 3 BS5950:Part1:200
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Yielding and fracture

of the bolts

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Combined shear and tension BS5950:Part1:200
0

For simple method: Ft/Pt

1.0
Fs Ft
1.4 0.8
Ps Pnom

For more exact approach:

Fs Ftot
1.4
Ps Pt

University of Sheffield 0.6 Fs/Pt 1.0

Preloaded bolts BS5950:Part1:200
0

May be designed as:

1. normal bearing type connection
2. non-slip in service
3. non-slip under factored loads

Note: Slip resistance in service is a SLS

For convenience, code presents this as a check
using factored loads
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Slip resistance BS5950:Part1:200
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Designed to be non-slip in service
PsL = 1.1 KsPo

Designed to be non-slip under factored loads

PsL = 0.9 KsPo
Po = minimum shank tension
= slip factor - depends on surface roughness
Long slotted holes
Ks = coefficient to allow for shape of hole (1.0..0.7)
Waisted shank HSFG

University of Sheffield
Capacity after slipping BS5950:Part1:200
0

Preloaded bolts designed to be non-slip in service

Shear capacity
Ps = p s A s

Bearing capacity
Pbg = 1.5 d tp pbs but < 0.5 e tp pbs

University of Sheffield
Combined shear and tension BS5950:Part1:200
0

designed to be non-slip in service

PsL = 1.1 Ks Po
Fs Ftot Ftot Atpt
1 but
PsL 1.1Po
designed to be non-slip under factored loads
PsL = 0.9 Ks Po
Fs Ftot
1
PsL 0.9Po
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Details of fillet welds BS5950:Part1:200
0

>2s
Tw
>2s

fillet welds should be returned continuously around the corners

for a distance of not less than twice the leg length(s).
ensures that the defect prone regions at the stop and start
positions are not included in the weld design.
University of Sheffield
Details of fillet welds BS5950:Part1:200
0

L s

Tw

Minimum lap L should not be less than four times the thickness of
thinner plate.
Longitudinal fillet weld L should not be less than the transverse
spacing
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 BS5950:Part1:200
Produce additional
0

stresses in welds
Stress
concentrates
at end of
weld

If weld strength If plate

critical, tears here strength
critical, may
tear in HAZ
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 BS5950:Part1:200
100% 0

Efficiency B/L > 1 is generally prohibited

50

1 2 3 4 5 6
B/L

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Details of fillet welds BS5950:Part1:200
0

Single fillet welds should not be subject to bending

about the longitudinal axis of the weld, as bending
stresses normal to throat severely reduce the strength

X
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 Not OK OK

Details of fillet welds BS5950:Part1:200

0
intermittent fillet welds should not be used in fatigue situations where rust pockets could develop.
limit longitudinal spacing between effective lengths
Spacing limited to > 300mmor 16t for compressio
requirements ensure parts are held sufficiently close to allow the paint film to bridge the gap and members
back to back struts should space welds in accordance with 4.7.13 to prevent buckling of compression
5 or 300mm or 24t for tension

Spacing between effective lengths

> 300mm or 16t for compression
> 300mm or 24t for tension

t = thickness of
University of Sheffield thinner part
 Welds in hollow sections BS5950:Part1:200
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A weld connecting two structural hollow sections end to end should be a
full penetration butt weld
A weld connecting the end of one hollow section to the surface of
another should be continuous and may be a butt weld or a fillet weld.
Joints should be overlap joints with sufficient overlap to transfer the
forces between the members or gap joints with sufficient clearance.

e
e

Gap joint with negative eccenticity Overlap joint with positive eccentricity

University of Sheffield
Design of fillet welds BS5950:Part1:200
0

Two methods of checking the adequacy of a fillet

weld:
1. simple method - clause 6.8.7.2
2. directional method - clause 6.8.7.8
This method recognizes the fact that the transverse
capacity of the fillet weld is greater than the
longitudinal shear capacity of the weld

University of Sheffield
Design of fillet welds BS5950:Part1:200
0

Usually specified by the leg length (s). e.g a 6mm fillet weld
Effective length should be taken as equal
overall length less one leg length (s) which does not return around a
corner to allow for poor welding at the stop and start positions.
Effective length should not be less than 4s.
Resistance of the weld is based on the throat size (a )
taken as the perpendicular distance from the root of the weld to a straight
line joining the fusion faces
generally not taken as greater than 0.7 times the leg length (s).

a a
a

University of Sheffield s s s
 Design of butt welds BS5950:Part1:200
0

Design strength should be taken as equal to that of the parent

metal providing suitable electrodes are used.
Throat thickness of a partial penetration butt weld should be
taken as equal to the minimum depth of penetration

V or bevel weld J or U weld

depth of penetration taken as the depth of penetration taken as
depth of preparation - 3mm depth of preparation
specified preparation should not be
University of Sheffield less than 2t
Baseplates BS5950:Part1:200
0

Distribution of pressure beneath a baseplate is

extremely complex
BS 5950 assumes a uniform distribution of pressure
beneath the effective area of the baseplate and a
nominal bearing strength equal to 0.6fcu where fcu is the
concrete strength at 28 days.
Effective area of a baseplate subject to compression
(Fc) is given by:
Area = F/(0.6fcu)

University of Sheffield
 Baseplates BS5950:Part1:200
0
Plate sized to limit bearing pressure to w
Projection of plate limited to c

0.5
pyp
c c c t
T 3 w
c
c
Resistance moment of plate
t
c mRd = pyp t2 / 6
c

University of Sheffield
Example design of a baseplate BS5950:Part1:200
0
Design a baseplate for a 254x89UC and 1720kN
Assume w = 13.3N/mm2
Area required = 1720x103 / 13.3 = 129 323mm2
Increase 25% to allow for ineffective areas = 161 653mm 2
try 400 x400 plate; c = (400 - 260.4)/2 = 69.8mm
t reqd = c [3w / pyp]0.5 = 69.8 [3x13.3x1.0/265]0.5 = 27.1mm
try t = 30mm c = 77.3mm
Aeff = 145 000mm2 Resistance = w Aeff =1930 kN OK

University of Sheffield
 Holding down bolts BS5950:Part1:200
0
Where they are required to resist tension
they should be properly anchored into
the foundation by a washer plate or
other means:
bent bar with a bend or hook Shear key if required

expanding and resin grouted anchors if

required performance can be achieved
Indented foundation bolts grouted into
pockets cast into a concrete foundation
should not be used to resist tension.
Tension capacity of a holding down bolt
should be taken as Pt=0.8ptAt
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 Shear resistance provided by.. BS5950:Part1:200
0
frictional resistance at the interface
shear resistance of holding down
bolts allowing for the resistance of
the concrete around them Shear key if required

shear resistance of part of the

foundation surrounding the
baseplate
Special elements for resisting shear
force such as block or shear
connectors.
University of Sheffield
 Connection design
Realistic distribution of bolt forces to be assumed BS5950:Part1:200
0
Webs, flanges and endplates to have adequate local strength
Centroidal axes should meet at a point
Ductility is required for redistribution of local stresses
Bolts subject to vibration? use locking nuts or HSFG bolts
Stress reversal or no slip? use HSFG
Splices should provide adequate strength and stiffness
In Simple construction
joints should not develop significant moments
In Rigid construction joints require
strength and rigidity (elastic analysis)
moment and rotation capacity (plastic analysis)
University of Sheffield
 Failure modes BS5950:Part1:200
Connection design requires that forces be safely 0
transmitted through a variety of components
(bolts, plates, welds). Need to identify potential
failure modes and design against them.

Failure modes in an
extended enplate

Failure modes in a simple lap splice

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Economic design and the importance
of standardised connections BS5950:Part1:200
0

Fewster Gardier Owens

New Steel Construction Feb 1993
Value of a typical frame comprises:
Basic materials 40
Connections 30
Handling Connections account
for a minimum of 50%
Basic 10 of the total value
Connections dependent 20
University of Sheffield
Suggestions for economic design BS5950:Part1:200
0
Rationalise number of different sections and plates used for
making fittings
Use fully threaded bolts of 1 grade per diameter
Design for minimum erection hook time
Minimum weight does not result in minimum cost - avoid local
stiffening
Do not combine bolting and welding in the same member and
concentrate any necessary fabrication in selected members
Connection design should be carried out at the same time as
the member design
Connection designer needs full design information
Make use of standard connection designs
University of Sheffield