Biot Savart Law

Sajit
Chandra
Shakya Hello: 4275803
Physics Educator Email: sajitcshakya@gmail.com
Swarnim Basti, Chagal, Kathmandu Web Address: http://sajitsir.tripod.com
BIOT SAVART LAW AND APPLICATIONS

Biot Savart Law
Let a certain conductor be carrying a current I in a direction on in the figure. Let P be the point
where the magnetic field due to the wire is to be studied. Let a small portion be considered which is
of length dl. Let the line joining dl and point P from an angle with the tangent to dl.
Since the portion considered is very small, the magnetic field given by it at point P will also be small.
By experimental observations and empirically also, dB is found to depend on several factors.
i) Here dB is the measurement of magnetic energy which arises from the electrical energy
represented by I which act respectively as output and input. Therefore they should have
direct dependency. i.e.
dB I
ii) In a certain length of a conductor, certain amount of charge is present at a moment and the
magnetic effect it can produce depend on the total number of charges, which in turn
depend on the length consider, i.e.
dB dl
iii) Any force or phenomena which spread out spherically have inverse proportionality to the
square of the distance between the source and point of observation.
1
dB
r2
iv) Similarly the magnetic field is found to be least when the angle between r and dl is the
smallest (00) and it is largest when the angle is 90o. So,
dB sin
Therefore overall,
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Idl sin
dB
r2
Idl sin
Or, dB = k
r2
o
In SI units, the value of k = = 10-7 Hm-1
4
Idl sin
Or, dB = o
4 r 2
This expression is called as Biot Savart Law or Laplace Law. It is the basic formula to find the
magnetic field due to any structures for which all the dBs along the length of the structure have to be
added to find out the total B.
MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT CARRYING CIRCULAR COIL AT ITS

CENTRE
Let a coil be considered which is bent in the form of

almost complete circle. Let a current I be supplied in
clockwise direction which will give the overall magnetic
field away from the observer at the centre O (according
to Flemings Right-Hand Thumb rule). Let a small portion
dl be considered somewhere and a radius be drawn from
+
dl to O. Then according to Biot Savart Law, a small

magnetic field dB given by dl can be expressed as:
Idl sin
dB = k , where is the angle between dl and
r2
r.
Here wherever dl is considered, the angle between it and r is always equal to 900. Therefore,
Idl sin 90 0 kIdl
dB = k 2
= 2
r r
The overall magnetic field will be equal to the sum of all these small magnetic fields.
kIdl
i.e. B= dB Or, B= r2
kI
r2
Or, B= dl
Here the variable is l. if all the small dls are added one by one, l will extend from l = 0 to l =
circumference (= 2 r ).
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kI 2 r kI 2 r kI
B = 2 dl Or, B= [l]0 Or, B= 2 r
r 0 r2 r2
kI 2 I 2I
Or, B= 2 Or, B= k Or, B= o
r r 4 r
o I
Or, B= , (r is the radius of the coil)
2r
If the number of coils is more than one, for example n, the magnetic field will be
o nI
B=
2r
Magnetic field due to a straight conductor

Let a straight wire be considered whose magnetic
field is to be determined at a certain point P which is
A
nearby the conductor at a distance a. Let a small
portion of length dl be considered whose distance

from P is r.
dl C
D Therefore the magnetic field at point P due to this
small length is given by,
B
kIdl sin
r dB =
r2
This magnetic field due to the whole wire is found

by adding all the magnetic fields due to all these
d
dBs of the whole wire for which the expression has
to be changed to integrable form. For this, the point
P is joined to A, B & C. Similarly a perpendicular
BD is drawn to AP at D.
Q P
'a'
Let CPQ = . Then APB is the small variation in
d due to the consideration of the angles at the two
ends of small length dl.
Since dl is very small, points A and C lie very close to each other.
Therefore BAD = BCP = .
So in triangle ABD,
BD
sinBAD =
AB
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BD
Or, sin = Or, AB sin = BD
AB
Or, dl sin = BD.(i)
BD
Similarly in triangle BDP, sinBPD =
BP
BD
Or, sin d =
BP
Since dl is very small, B & C also lie close together. So BP = CP = r. Similarly the angle d is also
very small. So, sin d = d .
BD
So, d =
r
Therefore,
r d = BD .. (ii)
Equations (i) and (ii) give dl sin =r d
kIdl sin kIrd

The expression for dB becomes, dB = or, dB =
r2 r2
kId
Or, dB =
r
PQ PQ
In triangle CPQ, cosCPQ = or, cos =
CP CP
a Cos 1
or, cos = or, =
r a r
kI cos
which means dB = d
a
The total magnetic field is given by summing up all these small dBs throughout the whole length of
the conductor.
kI cos
Total magnetic field (B) = dBd = a
d
Here the variable varies within certain given values 1 and 2 , where 1 is the angle formed by
the lower tip of the conductor at P and 2 is by the upper tip. But when the angle goes below PQ, its
value becomes negative, since 1 < 00.

kI 2 kI
[sin ]12
a
B = cos d =
a
1
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kI
Or, B = [sin 2 sin 1 ]
a
This is the expression for the magnetic field at a certain point due to a straight conductor of finite
length at a distance a such that the angles formed at the two ends 1 and 2 .
Special case:
In most cases the wires are very long compared to the distance of the point of observation from the
wire in such cases, the angles will be 90 o at both sides.
kI kI kI
B = sin sin = 1 + sin = [1 + 1]
a 2 2 a 2 a
2kI
Or, B =
a
o 2 o I
Using the value of k as gives B =
4 4 a
o I
B=
2a
MAGNETIC FIELD AT THE AXIS OF A CIRCULAR COIL.
Let a circular coil be considered of radius R in which current is flowing as shown in the figure. Let P
be a point in the axis of the coil where the total magnetic field due to the coil is to be determined. For
this let two small position of the coil each of length dl be considered at the top & bottom, exactly
opposite of to each other.
The position dl at the top will give magnetic lines of force in the direction PQ at P and its value is
given by
IdlSin
dB = k
r2
Here is the angle between dl & r which is equal to 900 in this case Sin = Sin900 = 1, therefore,
kIdl
dB = .(i)
r2
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r Q
R
dB
I
P
x T
dBR
I dB
S
r
N'
kIdl
Similarly the magnetic field at P due to dl at the bottom is also given by dB = along PS.
r2
Because of these two dBs the resultant magnetic field will be along the direction PT. Let its value be
dBR.
Let the angle between r and OP is , then angle NPQ = NPS = i.e.
QPT = SPT = 900 -
QPS = 180 O 2
Therefore the resultant dBR is given by the relation,

(dBR)2 = (dB)2 + 2 (dB)(dB) cosQPS
= 2(dB)2 + 2(dB)2cos (180 O 2 )
= 2(dB)2 2(dB)2cos2
= 2(dB)2(1-cos2 )
= 2(dB)22sin2
or, dBR = {4(dB)2sin2 }1/2

= 2dB sin .(ii)
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The total magnetic field will be equal to the sum of all the dBRs due to all the pairs of dls considered
throughout the circle for which l will extend from 0 to R (i.e. half of circumference).
R R
B = dB R or, B = 2 sin dB
0 0
R
kIdl 2 sin kI R
or, B = 2 sin 2
or, B = dl
0 r r2 0
R
2 0 IR
r 4 o IR 2
or, B = or, B =
r2 2r 3
Since, r2 = R2 + x2 or, r3 = (R2 + x2)3/2
o IR 2
B =
(
2 R2 + x2 ) 3
2
If the point P is exactly at the centre, i.e. x = 0, in such case, R= r and the value of B would be given
by
o IR2 o IR2
B = =
( )
2 R2
3
2 2R 3
oI
B = , (R is the radius of the coil).
2R
This value is exactly same as the value of the magnetic field of a circular coil at its center.
MAGNETIC FIELD INSIDE A SOLENOID (AT A POINT IN THE AXIS)

Let the figure represent the linear cross section of a solenoid whose coiling is such that it has n
number of coils per unit length. Let P be a point where the magnetic field due to the whole solenoid
is to be determined. For this, let a small length dx of the solenoid be considered first and the
magnetic field at P due to the coils within this length be determined first.
The magnetic field due to one circular coil at a certain distance x from point P is,
2kIR2
B =
(R 2
+ x2 ) 3
2
Here the term R2 + x2 = r 2 denotes the square of the distance of the point P from each point of the
circumference of that single coil. The number of coils present in dx length is equal to ndx.
Therefore the magnetic field given by coils present in dx length or ndx number of coils is given by
2kIR 2
Bndx = (ndx)
(R 2
+x 2
) 3
2
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dx
A C B

D r r r
R
However compared to the magnetic field exerted by the whole solenoid, this magnetic field is very
small. So it is denoted by dBndx
2kIR 2
i.e. dBndx = (ndx)
(R 2
+x 2
) 3
2
Let P be connected to A, B as well as C, where C is the centre of AB. Let CPQ = , then BCP = .
Since AB is very short length, points A & C lie very close to each other. Therefore BQP = .
Similarly BPA denotes the small variation in , so, BPA = d
Let BD be drawn perpendicular to AP at P. In triangle BAD,

BD
sin = or, AB sin = BD
AB
or, sin dx = BD (i)
In triangle BDP,
BD
sin d = Or, BP sin d = BD
BP
Here, points B and c are very close to each other due to short length of AB. Therefore, BP = CP = r.
Similarly d is also a very small angle so, sin d d
Therefore, rd = BD. (ii)
Comparing (i) and (ii) gives,
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rd
sin dx = rd Or, dx =
sin
2kIR 2 n rd
Or, dBndx =
( 3
R 2 + x 2 2 sin )
2
2 kIR n rd
Or, dBndx = 3
(since, R2 + x2 = r 2)
r sin
d
Or, dBnd x = 2 knI sin 2
Sin
Or, dBnd x = 2 knI sin d
Therefore, the total magnetic field is given by, B = dB ndx

Here from one end to the other end of the solenoid, varies from a minimum value 1, to a
maximum value 2
2
= 2 knI[ cos ]21

B

= 2 knI sin d
1
i.e. B = 2 knI(cos 1 cos 2 )
Generally solenoids are designed in such a way that the radius is very-very small compared to the
length. In such case angles 1 and 2 will range from the minimum 00 through the maximum 1800. In
such case,
B
0
[
= 2 knI cos 0 cos 180
0
]
Or, B = 2 knI[1 ( 1)]
Or, B = 4knI
o
Using k = gives
4
B = o nI
Helmholtz Coil Arrangement

It is a special arrangement of coils which have a uniform magnetic field within an appreciable region
in between them. The simplest of them is made by two circular coils separated by a particular
distance. The distance is determined mathematically, as follows:
The magnetic field due to the circular coil at its axis is given by
2kIR2 2 2
3
2 2
B = = 2kIR (R + x )
(R 2
+ x2 ) 3
2
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32
dB d(R2 + x 2 )
2 2 3 2 2
5
Or, = 2kIR = 2kIR (R + x ) 2 (2x )
dx dx 2
5
2 2 2 2
= 6 kIR x(R + x )
d2 B d2 5
Or, = 6 kIR [x (R2 + x 2 ) 2 ]
dx 2 dx
2 d 5 5 dx
= 6 kIR x (R2 + x 2 ) 2 + (R2 + x 2 ) 2
dx dx
2 5 2 7 5
2 2 2
= 6 kIR x (R + x ) 2 (2x) + (R + x ) 2
2
= 6 kIR 5x (R + x ) 2 + (R + x ) 2
7 5
2 2 2 2 2 2

5x 2 1
2
= 6 kIR 7
+ 5

(R2 + x 2 ) 2 (R 2 + x 2 ) 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 5x + (R + x ) 2 (R 4 x )
= 6 kIR 7
= 6 kIR 7

(R2 + x 2 ) 2 (R2 + x 2 ) 2
d2 B
The quantity =0, when R2 4x2 = 0,
dx 2
dB R
i.e. = constant when R2 = 4x2 , or x =
dx 2
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R
R
R R
R
This means in the regions where the distance of a point from the coil is around , i.e. it is at a
2
R
distance of at both the sides, the magnetic field would be decreasing at a constant rate, i.e. it will
2
decrease by the same amount for the same distance from the coil if taken away from the coil and
increase by the same amount for the same distance from the coil if brought near.
R
So if a point is at the specified distance of a coil and another similar coil is placed at a further
2
R R
distance of , it will be at the right of one coil and left of the other, i.e. the distance will be
2 2
R
from one coil and from the other. So, first coil is causing reduction in the magnetic field at a
2
constant rate if an object is taken from left to right at that region but at the same time, the coil at the
right will be increasing the value of the magnetic field there by the same rate. That means the value
of the magnetic field will be constant in that region. So in order to have uniform magnetic field, the
R R
overall distance between two identical coils will be + = R . This is the Helmholtz Coil
2 2
Arrangement.
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R
The total magnetic field at those regions (x= ) is given by
2
2 kIR 2 R
BHelmholtz = 2 , where x=
(R 2
+ x2 ) 3
2 2
2 kIR 2 4 kIR 2 4 kIR 2 4 kIR 2
i.e. BHelmholtz = 2 3
= 3
= 3
= 3
2 R 2 2
2 R2 2
4R 2 + R 2 2
5R 2 2
R + R + 4 4
2 4
o
Since k = , 4 k = o . Therefore,
4
32 32
2 4 2 43 2 4 3 2 o IR 2 4 oI
BHelmholtz = o IR 2
= o IR = =
5R (5R ) 2 32 53 2 R 3 5 R
32
4 o I 0.7155 o I
Or, B Helmholtz = =
5 R R
12

Biot Savart Law

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Sajit

BIOT SAVART LAW AND APPLICATIONS

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT CARRYING CIRCULAR COIL AT ITS

Let a coil be considered which is bent in the form of

dl to O. Then according to Biot Savart Law, a small

Magnetic field due to a straight conductor

This magnetic field due to the whole wire is found

Therefore BAD = BCP = .

Equations (i) and (ii) give dl sin =r d

kIdl sin kIrd

MAGNETIC FIELD AT THE AXIS OF A CIRCULAR COIL.

Therefore the resultant dBR is given by the relation,

or, dBR = {4(dB)2sin2 }1/2

Since, r2 = R2 + x2 or, r3 = (R2 + x2)3/2

MAGNETIC FIELD INSIDE A SOLENOID (AT A POINT IN THE AXIS)

Let BD be drawn perpendicular to AP at P. In triangle BAD,

Therefore, rd = BD. (ii)

Comparing (i) and (ii) gives,

Therefore, the total magnetic field is given by, B = dB ndx

i.e. B = 2 knI(cos 1 cos 2 )

Helmholtz Coil Arrangement

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