Contents

No. Topic Name Page No.

1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1

2 States of Matter 17

3 Structure of Atom 37

4 Periodic Table 71

5 Redox Reactions 91

6 Chemical Equilibrium 109

7 Surface Chemistry 148

8 Nature of Chemical Bond 171

9 Hydrogen 211

10 s-Block Elements 230

11 p-Block Elements (Groups 13 and 14) 250

Basic Principles and Techniques in

12 270
Organic Chemistry

13 Alkanes 292

14 Alkenes 309

15 Alkynes 326

16 Aromatic Compounds 338

17 Environmental Chemistry 355

 01 Solid State
Formulae
1. Density of unit cell:
z.M
d= 3
a .NA
where, a is edge of unit cell
NA = Avogadro number (6.023 1023)
M = Molar mass
z = number of atoms per unit cell
For fcc, z = 4
for bcc, z = 2
for simple cubic, z = 1
2. Radius rule and co-ordination number for ionic crystals:
In simple ionic crystals, the cations commonly occupy the voids or holes. The voids are empty spaces left
between anionic spheres.
r+
i. Radius Ratio :
r
The critical radius ratio of the void (cation) and sphere (anion), is calculated by solid geometry.
r+ Cation radius
Radius ratio = =
r Anion radius

ii. Co-ordination Number (CN) :

The number of spheres (atoms, molecules or ions) directly surrounding a single sphere in a crystal, is
called co-ordination number.
3. Crystal structures of some elements and their coordination numbers (CN):
Crystal structure Example Coordination No.
bcc Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ba 8
fcc or ccp Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt 12
hcp (Hexagonal closed packed) Zn, Mo, Cd, V, Be, Mg 21
4. Relation between radius ratio, co-ordination number and geometry :
r+ Co-ordination Geometry Examples
Radius ratio number
r
0.155 to 0.225 3 Planar triangular B2O3
0.225 to 0.414 4 Tetrahedral ZnS
0.414 to 0.732 6 Octahedral NaCl
0.731 to 1.0 8 Cubic CsCl
5. Characteristics of some typical crystal structure :
Crystal Type of unit Examples Radius CN
cell ratio Cation Anion
CsCl bcc CsCl, CsBr, TiCl 0.93 8 8
NaCl fcc AgCl, MgO 0.52 6 6
ZnS fcc ZnS 0.40 4 4
CaF2 fcc CaF2, SrF2, CdF2 0.73 8 4
1
Solid State
 9. Amorphous solids
SECTION - 1
(A) Possess sharp melting points.
1.0 Introduction (B) Undergo clean cleavage when cut with
1. Who received the Nobel prize for Chemistry knife.
in the year 1976 ? (C) Do not undergo clean cleavage when cut
(A) W. H. Bragg with knife.
(B) William Lipscomb (D) Possess orderly arrangement over long
(C) Isabella Karle distances.
(D) Ernst Otto 1.2 Classification of Crystalline Solids
2. In solid, the constituent particles are arranged 10. Crystals which are good conductor of
in electricity and heat are known as
(A) definite pattern in one direction. (A) Ionic crystals
(B) definite geometrical configuration. (B) Covalence crystals
(C) random disordered arrangement. (C) Metallic crystals
(D) indefinite geometrical pattern. (D) Molecular crystals
3. Which solid is NOT soft? 11. Which of the following is a molecular crystal?
(A) Sodium (B) Potassium (A) SiC (B) NaCl
(C) Copper (D) Phosphorus (C) Graphite (D) Ice
1.1 Classification of Solids 12. Which solid will have the weakest
4. A solid having no definite shape is called intermolecular forces?
(A) Amorphous solid (A) Ice
(B) Crystalline solid (B) Phosphorus
(C) Anisotropic solid (C) Naphthalene
(D) Isotropic solid (D) Sodium fluoride
5. Amorphous substances have 13. Which of the following is an example of
(i) short and long range order covalent crystal solid?
(ii) short range order (A) Si (B) NaF
(iii) long range order (C) Al (D) Ar
(iv) no sharp melting point.
14. Which of the following is an example of
(A) (i) and (iii) are correct metallic crystal solid?
(B) (ii) and (iii) are correct (A) C (B) Si
(C) (iii) and (iv) are correct (C) W (D) AgCl
(D) (ii) and (iv) are correct
15. ZnS is
6. Amorphous solids are
(A) Ionic crystal
(A) Solid substances
(B) Covalent crystal
(B) Liquids
(C) Super cooled liquids (C) Metallic crystal
(D) Substances with definite melting point (D) van der Waals' crystal

7. Glass is 16. Graphite is used as lubricant for

(A) Supercooled liquid (A) oxidizing action
(B) Crystalline solid (B) reducing friction
(C) Non-crystalline solid (C) reducing agent
(D) Liquid crystal (D) printing
8. Which one is called pseudo solid? 17. Fullerene reacts with Potassium to form
(A) CaF2 (B) Glass (A) K39C57 (B) K37C63
(C) NaCl (D) All of these (C) K40C62 (D) K35C60
2 Solid State
 1.3 Unit cell and two and three dimensional 1.4 Packing in solids
lattices
26. The arrangement ABCABC . is referred
18. The three dimensional graph of lattice points to as
which sets the pattern for the whole lattice is (A) Octahedral close packing
called (B) Hexagonal close packing
(A) Space lattice (B) Simple lattice (C) Tetrahedral close packing
(C) Unit cell (D) Crystal lattice (D) Cubic close packing
19. Which of the following are the CORRECT 27. The most malleable metals (Cu, Ag, Au) have
axial distances and axial angles for close - packing of the type
rhombohedral system? (A) Hexagonal close packing
(A) a = b = c, = = 90 (B) Cubic close packing
(B) a = b c, = = = 90 (C) Body centered cubic packing
(C) a b c, = = = 90 (D) Malleability is not related to type of
(D) a b c, 90 packing
20. In hcp arrangement, the number of nearest 28. In a close pack array of N spheres, the number
neighbours are of tetrahedral holes are
(A) 10 (B) 7 (A) 4N (B) N/2
(C) 2 (D) 12 (C) 2N (D) N
21. The unit cell with the following structure 29. The empty space between the shared balls and
refers to _____ crystal system. hollow balls as shown in the diagram is called
(A) Cubic a (A) hexagonal void
(B) Orthorhombic b c
o
90 90 o (B) octahedral void
(C) Tetragonal o
90
(D) Trigonal (C) tetrahedral void
22. For a solid with the structure as shown in the (D) double triangular void
figure the co-ordination number of the point B
30. The interstitial hole is called tetrahedral
is because
(A) 3 (A) it is formed by four spheres.
(B) 4 (B) it is tetrahedral in shape.
(C) 5 (C) it is formed by four spheres and the
(D) 6 A B
centres form a regular tetrahedron.
23. Rhombic sulphur has the following structure (D) it is formed by three spheres.
(A) Open chain
(B) Tetrahedral 31. The number of tetrahedral voids in a unit cell
(C) Puckered 6-membered ring of cubical closest packed structure is
(D) Puckered 8-membered ring (A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) 8
24. The number of atoms or molecules contained
in one primitive cubic unit cell is 32. In octahedral holes (voids)
(A) 1 (B) 2 (A) A simple triangular void is surrounded
(C) 4 (D) 6 by four spheres.
25. If the number of atoms per unit in a crystal is (B) A bi-triangular void is surrounded by
2, the structure of crystal is four spheres .
(A) Octahedral (C) A bi-triangular void is surrounded by six
(B) Body centered cubic spheres.
(C) Face centered cubic (D) A bi-triangular void is surrounded by
(D) Simple cubic eight spheres.
3
Solid State
33. The number of octahedral voids in a unit cell 42. For cubic coordination the value of radius
of a cubical closest packed structure is ratio is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (A) 0.732 1.000 (B) 0.225 0.414
(C) 4 (D) 8 (C) 0.000 0.225 (D) 0.414 0.732
34. If the structure of CuCl is similar to ZnS, the r
Na +
coordination number of Cu would be 43. In NaCl lattice, the radius ratio is =
r
(A) 2 (B) 4 Cl
(C) 8 (D) 12 (A) 0.225 (B) 0.115
35. Which of the following does NOT crystallise (C) 0.5414 (D) 0.471
in ccp structure? 44. For some crystals, the radius ratio for cation
(A) Fe (B) Ni and anion is 0.525. Its coordination number
(C) Mo (D) Cu will be
(A) 2 (B) 4
36. Which of the following crystallise in bcc
(C) 6 (D) 8
structure?
(A) Al (B) Cu 45. TiCl has structure similar to CsCl, the co-
(C) Mg (D) W ordination number of Ti+ is
(A) 4 (B) 6
1.5 Density of unit cells (C) 10 (D) 8
37. The space occupied by b.c.c. arrangement is
r
approximately 46. If the value of ionic radius ratio c is 0.52
(A) 50% (B) 68% ra
(C) 74% (D) 56% in an ionic compound, the geometrical
arrangement of ions in crystal is
38. The maximum percentage of available volume
(A) Tetrahedral (B) Planar
that can be filled in a face centered cubic
(C) Octahedral (D) Pyramidal
system by an atom is
(A) 74% (B) 68% 47. For an ionic crystal of the type AB, the value
(C) 34% (D) 26% of (limiting) radius ratio is 0.40. The value
1.6 Packing in voids of ionic solids suggests that the crystal structure should be
(A) Octahedral (B) Tetrahedral
39. If the radius ratio is in the range of (C) Square planar (D) Plane triangle
0.225 0.414, then the coordination number
will be 48. Which of the following ions has the largest
(A) 2 (B) 4 radius?
(C) 6 (D) 8 (A) Na+ (B) Mg2+
3+
(C) Al (D) Si4+
40. For tetrahedral co-ordination the radius ratio
(r+ /r) should be 49. Each unit cell of NaCl consists of 4 chloride
ions and
(A) 0.414 0.732
(A) 13 Na atoms (B) 4 Na ions
(B) > 0.732
(C) 6 Na atoms (D) 8 Na atoms
(C) 0.156 0.225
(D) 0.225 0.414 50. In the unit cell of NaCl lattice there are
(A) 3Na+ ions (B) 6Na+ ions
r+
(C) 6Cl ions (D) 4 NaCl units
41. At the limiting value of radius ratio , the
r 1.7 Defect in Crystal Structure
(A) forces of attraction are larger than the
forces of repulsion. 51. If an electron is present in place of anion in a
(B) forces of attraction are smaller than the crystal lattice, then it is called
forces of repulsion. (A) Frenkel defect
(C) forces of attraction and repulsion are (B) Schottky defect
just equal. (C) Interstitial defect
(D) forces are not equal. (D) F-centre
4 Solid State
 52. The given structure represents 1.9 Magnetic properties
59. Which is NOT a diamagnetic substance?
(A) water (B) sodium chloride
Cation
(C) oxygen (D) benzene
Anion
60. CrO2 possess
(A) Diamagnetism
(B) Paramagnetism
(A) Schottky defect (C) Ferrimagnetism
(B) Frenkel defect (D) Ferromagnetism
(C) Metal excess defect
(D) Metal deficiency defect. Miscellaneous

53. Which of the following defect, if present, 61. A cubic crystal possesses in all ___ elements
lowers the density of the crystal? of symmetry.
(A) 9 (B) 13
(A) Frenkel
(C) 1 (D) 23
(B) Schottky
(C) Edge dislocation 62. A solid X melts slightly above 273 K and is a
(D) Constitution of F-centres. poor conductor of heat and electricity. To
which of the following categories does it
54. The yellow colour of ZnO and conducting belong?
nature produced in heating is due to
(A) Ionic solid (B) Covalent solid
(A) metal excess defects due to interstitial
(C) Metallic (D) Molecular
cation.
(B) extra positive ions present in an 63. Value of heat of fusion of NaCl is
interstitial site. (A) Very low (B) Very high
(C) Moderate (D) Zero
(C) trapped electrons.
(D) All of the above. 64. The oxide that is insulator is
(A) VO (B) CoO
1.8 Electrical Properties
(C) ReO3 (D) Ti2O3
55. The property of ability to conduct electricity
of metals, non-metals and semiconductors are SECTION - 2
explained by
(A) Energy gain enthalpy 1.0 Introduction
(B) band theory 1. The interparticle forces in solid hydrogen are
(C) bond theory (A) Hydrogen bonds
(D) hydride gap. (B) Covalent bonds
56. Germanium is an example of (C) Co-ordinate bonds
(A) an intrinsic semiconductor (D) van der Waals forces
(B) a n-type semiconductor
(C) a p-type semiconductor 2. For the various types of interactions the
(D) insulator CORRECT order of increasing strength is
(A) covalent < hydrogen bonding <
57. Silicon is a
(A) conductor (B) semiconductor van der Waals < dipole-dipole
(C) non-conductor (D) metal complex (B) van der Waals < hydrogen bonding <
dipole-dipole < covalent
58. A silicon solar battery makes use of
(A) n-type semiconductor (C) van der Waals < dipole-dipole <
(B) p-type semiconductor hydrogen bonding < covalent
(C) combination of Si doped with As and B (D) dipole-dipole < van der Waals <
(D) p-n junction hydrogen bonding < covalent
5
Solid State
1.1 Classification of Solids 13. In diamond the co-ordination number of
carbon is
3. Which of the following is a non-crystalline (A) 4 and its unit cell has 8 carbon atoms.
solid? (B) 4 and its unit cell has 6 carbon atoms.
(A) CsCl (B) NaCl (C) 6 with 4 carbon atoms in unit cell.
(C) CaF2 (D) Glass (D) 4 with 4 carbon atoms in unit cell.
4. Which of the following pairs has non-metallic 14. Particles of quartz are packed by
crystalline solids? (A) Electrical attraction forces
(A) Copper, Chromium (B) van der Waals forces
(B) Chromium, Wood (C) Covalent bond forces
(C) Mercury, Calcium (D) Strong electrostatic attraction forces
(D) Rock salt, Sodium nitrate 15. Graphite is an example of
5. Which is/are amorphous solids.? (A) Ionic solid
(A) Rubber (B) Plastic (B) Covalent solid
(C) Glass (D) All (C) van der waals crystal
(D) Metallic crystal
6. Which among the following will show
anisotropy? 1.3 Unit cell and two and three dimensional
(A) Glass (B) Barium chloride lattices
(C) Wood (D) Paper 16. A match box exhibits
1.2 Classification of Crystalline Solids (A) Cubic geometry
(B) Monoclinic geometry
7. Iodine crystals are.
(A) Metallic solid (B) Ionic solid (C) Orthorhombic geometry
(C) Molecular solid (D) Covalent solid (D) Tetragonal geometry
8. At low temperature, O2 freezes to form 17. What type of lattice is found in potassium
crystalline solid. Which term best describes chloride crystal ?
the solid? (A) Face centered cubic
(B) Body centered cubic
(A) Ionic crystal
(C) Simple cubic
(B) Covalent crystal (D) Simple tetragonal
(C) Metallic crystal
18. Close packing is maximum in the ______
(D) Molecular crystal
crystal.
9. Wax is an example of (A) Simple cubic (B) Face centered
(A) Ionic crystal (C) Body centered (D) Hexagonal
(B) Covalent crystal 19. The fraction of total volume occupied by the
(C) Metallic crystal atoms in a simple cube is
(D) Molecular crystal x x
(A) (B) 2
10. Solid CO2 is an example of 4 8
(A) Molecular crystal (B) Ionic crystal x x
(C) 2 (D)
(C) Covalent crystal (D) Metallic crystal 6 6
11. LiF is a/an 20. If the coordination number of Ca2+ in CaF2 is
(A) Ionic crystal 8, then the coordination number of F ion
(B) Metallic crystal would be
(C) Covalent crystal (A) 3 (B) 4
(D) Molecular crystal (C) 6 (D) 8
12. Among the following which crystal will be 21. The number of equidistant oppositely charged
soft and has low melting point? ions in a sodium chloride crystal is
(A) Covalent (B) Ionic (A) 8 (B) 6
(C) Metallic (D) Molecular (C) 4 (D) 2
6 Solid State
 22. Potassium crystallizes with a 31. The decreasing order of the size of void is
(A) Face- centered cubic lattice (A) Cubic > Octahedral > Tetrahedral >
(B) Body- centered cubic lattice Trigonal
(B) Trigonal > Tetrahedral > Octahedral >
(C) Simple cubic lattice
Cubic
(D) Orthorhombic lattice (C) Trigonal > Octahedral > Tetrahedral >
23. The coordination number of a cation Cubic
occupying a tetrahedral hole is (D) Cubic > Tetrahedral > Octahedral >
(A) 6 (B) 8 Trigonal
(C) 12 (D) 4 32. CORRECT statement for ccp is
24. In CsCl lattice the coordination number of Cs + (A) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6
ion is spheres and each sphere is surrounded
(A) 2 (B) 4 by 3 octahedral voids.
(C) 8 (D) 12 (B) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6
25. In square close packing pattern in one layer, spheres and each sphere is surrounded
the available space filled by the spheres is by 6 octahedral voids.
(A) 40 % (B) 52.4 % (C) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6
(C) 50 % (D) 60 % spheres and each sphere is surrounded
26. In the fluorite structure, the coordination by 8 octahedral voids.
number of Ca2+ ion is (D) Each octahedral void is surrounded by 6
(A) 4 (B) 6 spheres and each sphere is surrounded
(C) 8 (D) 3 by 12 octahedral voids.
27. Potassium fluoride has NaCl type structure.
33. Which of the following shaded plane in fcc
What is the distance between K+ and F ions if lattice contains arrangement of atoms as
cell edge is a cm? shown by circles
(A) 2a cm (B) a / 2cm
(C) 4a cm (D) a / 4cm
1.4 Packing in solids
28. In antiflourite structure, the negative ions
(A) occupy tetrahedral voids.
(A)
(B) occupy octahedral voids.
(C) are arranged in ccp.
(D) are arranged in hcp.
29. Transition metals, when form interstitial
compounds, the non-metals (H, B, C, N) are (B)
accomodated in
(A) Voids or holes in cubic - packed
structure.
(B) Tetrahedral voids.
(C) Octahedral voids. (C)
(D) All of these.
30. The structure of sodium chloride crystal is
(A) Body centered cubic lattice.
(B) Face centered cubic lattice. (D)
(C) Octahedral.
(D) Square planar.
7
Solid State
34. Select the most appropriate option with the 1.5 Density of unit cells
help of given figures
39. The formula for determination of density of
unit cell is
I II a 3 N0 zM
(A) g cm3 (B) g cm3
zM a 3 N0
a3 M M N0
(C) g cm3 (D) g cm3
z N0 a3 z

40. Xenon crystallizes in face centre cubic lattice

and the edge of the unit cell is 620 pm, then
the radius of Xenon atom is
III IV
(A) 219.20 pm (B) 438.5 pm
(C) 265.5 pm (D) 536.94 pm
41. A metallic element crystallizes in simple cubic
lattice. Each edge length of the unit cell is 3 .
The density of the element is 8 g / cc. Number
of unit cells in 108 g of the metal is
(A) 1.33 1020 (B) 2.7 1022
(A) I and II represent tetrahedral holes. (C) 5 1023 (D) 2 1024
(B) II, III and IV represent tetrahedral holes.
42. The density of KBr is 2.75 gm cm3. Length of
(C) I and II represent octahedral holes.
the unit cell is 654 pm. K = 39, Br = 80. Then
(D) I, II and IV represent octahedral holes. what is TRUE about the predicted nature of
the solid.
35. Which of the following does NOT adopt hcp
(A) Solid has face centered cubic system
structure? with z = 4.
(A) Be (B) Mg (B) Solid has simple cubic system with
(C) Fe (D) Mo z = 4.
(C) Solid has face centered cubic system
36. The following structure drawn is of with z = 1
(A) Fluorite (D) Solid has body centered cubic system
(B) Caesium chloride with z = 2
(C) Wurtzite 43. If the density of NaCl = 2.165 g cm3 and the
(D) Zinc blende distance between Na+ and Cl = 281 pm,
Avogadros number is equal to
37. In zinc blende structure, zinc atoms fill up
(A) 7 1023 mol1 (B) 8 1023 mol1
(A) All octahedral holes (C) 6 1023 mol1 (D) 4 1023 mol1
(B) All tetrahedral holes
44. A solid has a b.c.c. structure. If the distance of
(C) Half number of octahedral holes
closest approach between the two atoms is
(D) Half number of tetrahedral holes 1.73 . The edge length of the cell is
38. For the given structure the site marked as S 3
(A) 200 pm (B) pm
is a 2
(C) 142.2 pm (D) 2 pm
S
45. A solid XY has NaCl structure. If radius of X+
is 100 pm. What is the radius of Y ion?
(A) 120 pm
(B) 136.6 to 241.6 pm
(A) Tetrahedral void (B) Cubic void (C) 280 pm
(C) Octahedral void (D) Triangular void (D) Unpredictable
8 Solid State
 46. A compound CuCl has face centered cubic 54. An alloy of Cu, Ag and Au is found to have
structure. Its density is 3.4 g cm3. The length copper constituting the ccp lattice. If silver
of unit cell is.(Atomic mass of Cu = 63.54 and atoms occupy the edge centre and gold is
Cl = 35.5)
present at body centre, the alloy has a formula
(A) 5.783 (B) 6.783
(C) 7.783 (D) 8.783 (A) Cu4Ag2Au (B) Cu4Ag4Au
(C) Cu4Ag3Au (D) CuAgAu
47. At room temperature, sodium crystallizes in a
body centered cubic lattice with a = 4.24 . 55. The edge length of the unit cell of NaCl
The theoretical density of sodium (At. mass of crystal lattice is 552 pm. If ionic radius of
Na = 23) is sodium ion is 95 pm, what is the ionic radius
(A) 1.002 g cm3 (B) 2.002 g cm3 of chloride ion?
(C) 3.002 g cm3 (D) 4.002 g cm3 (A) 190pm (B) 368pm
(C) 181pm (D) 276pm
1.6 Packing in voids of ionic solids
56. The maximum radius of sphere that can be
48. The structure of MgO is similar to NaCl. fitted in the octahedral hole of cubical closed
What would be the coordination number of
packing of sphere of radius r is
magnesium?
(A) 2 (B) 4 (A) 0.732 r (B) 0.414 r
(C) 6 (D) 8 (C) 0.225 r (D) 0.155 r

49. Coordination number for Cu is 57. The C.N. of a M2+ in MX2 is 8. Hence, C.N.
(A) 1 (B) 6 of X is
(C) 8 (D) 12 (A) 8 (B) 6
(C) 4 (D) 2
50. Which of the following adopts normal spinal
structure? 58. The melting point of RbBr is 682 C, while
(A) CsCl (B) MgAl2O4 that of NaF is 988 C. The principal reason
(C) FeO (D) CaF2 that melting point of NaF is much higher than
that of RbBr is that
51. In the crystal of CsCl, the nearest neighbours
(A) the two crystals are not isomorphous.
of each Cs ion are
(A) Six chloride ions (B) the molar mass of NaF is smaller than
(B) Eight chloride ions that of RbBr.
(C) Six caesium ions (C) the internuclear distance, rc + ra is
(D) Eight caesium ions greater for RbBr than for NaF.
52. In a face centered cubic arrangement of A and (D) the bond in RbBr has more covalent
B atoms if A atoms are at the corner of the character than the bond in NaF.
unit cell and B atoms at the face centres, and 59. A binary solid (A+ B) has a rock salt
one of the A atom is missing from one corner structure. If the edge length is 400 pm and
in unit cell. Then the simplest formula of radius of cation is 75 pm the radius of anion is
compound is (A) 100 pm (B) 125 pm
(A) A7B3 (B) AB3 (C) 250 pm (D) 325 pm
(C) A7B24 (D) A7/8B3
60. The ratio of cations to anion in a closed pack
53. A solid A+B has the B ions arranged as tetrahedral is
below. If the A+ ions occupy half of the (A) 0.414 (B) 0.225
octahedral sites in the structure. The formula (C) 0.02 (D) 0.732
of solid is 61. The radius of the Na+ is 95 pm and that of Cl
(A) AB ion is 181 pm. Predict the co-ordination
(B) AB2 number of Na+.
(C) A2B (A) 4 (B) 6
(D) A3B4 (C) 8 (D) Unpredictable
9
Solid State
62. The ionic radii of Rb+ and I are 1.46 and 2.16 70. Arrangement of Cl in CsCl is
. The most probable type of structure (A) hcp (B) Simple cubic
exhibited by it is (C) fcc (D) bcc
(A) CsCl type (B) NaCl type 71. A compound alloy of gold and copper
(C) ZnS type (D) CaF2 type crystallizes in a cube lattice in which the gold
63. The unit cell cube length for LiCl (just like atoms occupy the lattice points at the corners
NaCl structure) is 5.14 . Assuming anion- of cube and copper atoms occupy the centres
anion contact, the ionic radius for chloride ion of each of the cube faces. The formula of this
is compound is
(A) 1.815 (B) 2.8 (A) AuCu (B) AuCu2
(C) 3.8 (D) 4.815 (C) AuCu 3 (D) Au2Cu
72. What is the simplest formula of a solid whose
64. A solid AB has rock salt structure. If the edge
cubic unit cell has the atom A at each corner,
length is 520 pm and radius of A+ is 80 pm,
the atom B at each face centre and C atom at
the radius of anion B would be
the body centre
(A) 440 pm (B) 220 pm
(A) AB2 C (B) A2BC
(C) 360 pm (D) 180 pm (C) AB3C (D) ABC3
65. A certain metal crystallises in a simple cubic 73. KCl crystallises in the same type of lattice as
structure. At a certain temperature, it arranges NaCl. Calculate the ratio of the side of the unit
to give a body centered structure. In this cell for KCl to that for NaCl.
transition, the density of the metal (given r + / r - = 0.55 and r + / r + = 0.74)
(A) Decreases Na Cl Na K

(B) Increases (A) 1.122 (B) 1.224

(C) Remains unchanged (C) 1.414 (D) 0.732
(D) Changes without a definite pattern 74. Which of the following crystals show 4 : 2
co-ordination?
66. The mass of a unit cell of CsCl corresponds to (A) CaF2 (B) SiO2
(A) 8Cs+ and 1Cl (C) PbO2 (D) SiCl4
(B) 1Cs+ and 6Cl
(C) 1Cs+ and 1Cl 75. Zinc sulphide exists in two different forms
(D) 4Cs+ and 4Cl zinc blende and wurtzite. Both occur as 4 : 4
co-ordination compounds. Choose the
67. A mineral having the formula AB2 crystallize CORRECT option from among the following
in cubic close packed lattice with the A atoms (A) zinc blende has a bcc structure and
occupying the lattice points. The coordination wurtzite an fcc structure
number of atoms of A, atoms of B and the (B) zinc blende has an fcc structure and
fraction of the tetrahedral sites occupied by B wurtzite an hcp structure
are respectively (C) zinc blende as well as wurtzite have a
(A) 2, 6, 75% (B) 8, 4, 100% hcp structure
(C) 3, 1, 25% (D) 6, 6, 50% (D) zinc blende as well as wurtzite have a
ccp structure
68. In Corundum, oxide ions are arranged in hcp
arrangement and aluminium ions occupy two 76. Which of the following will NOT adopt CsCl
third of the octahedral holes. Its formula is structure?
(A) Al2O3 (B) Al2O4 (A) CsF (B) CsBr
(C) Al2O2 (D) AlO2. (C) CsS (D) CsCN
77. How many atoms are there in a unit cell of Mg
69. NH4Cl crystallizes in bcc lattice with edge which forms hexagonal crystals, there being a
length of unit cell equal to 387 pm. If radius of face- centered atom in each end of the unit cell
Cl is 181 pm, the radius of NH +4 will be and 3 completely enclosed atoms within the
unit cell?
(A) 174 pm (B) 154 pm (A) 4 (B) 6
(C) 116 pm (D) 206 pm (C) 12 (D) 8
10 Solid State
 78. In A+B ionic compound, radii of A+ and B 1.7 Defect in Crystal Structure
ions are 180 pm and 187 pm respectively. The
86. If a non-metal is added to the interstitial sites
crystal structure of this compound will be
of a metal then the metal becomes
(A) NaCl type
(A) Softer (B) Less tensile
(B) CsCl type
(C) Less malleable (D) More ductile
(C) ZnS type
(D) Similar to diamond 87. The CORRECT statement regarding F-centre
is
79. A solid is made of two elements X and Z. The (A) Electrons are held in the voids of
atoms Z are in c.c.p. arrangement while atoms
crystals.
X occupy all the tetrahedral sites. What is the (B) F-centre produces colour to the crystals.
formula of the compound? (C) Conductivity of the crystal increases due
(A) XZ (B) XZ2 to F-centre.
(C) X2Z (D) Unpredictable (D) All of these.
80. The vacant space in b.c.c. unit cell is 88. Schottky defect is found in
(A) 32 % (B) 10 % (A) NaOH (B) KCl
(C) 23 % (D) 46 % (C) MgCl2 (D) TlCl
81. In a solid, oxide ions are arranged in ccp. 89. In AgBr crystal, the ion size lies in the order
Cations A occupy one-sixth of the tetrahedral Ag+ << Br. The AgBr crystal should have the
voids and cations B occupy one-third of the following characteristics
octahedral voids. The formula of the (A) Defectless (perfect) crystal.
compound is (B) Schottky defect only.
(A) ABO3 (B) AB2O3 (C) Frenkel defect only.
(C) A2BO3 (D) A2B2O3 (D) Both Schottky and Frenkel defects.
82. A binary solid (A+ B) has a zinc blende 90. Pink colour in non-stoichiometric LiCl is due
structure with B ions constituting the lattice to
and A+ ions occupying 25% tetrahedral holes. (A) Cl ions in lattice
The formula of solid is (B) Li+ ions in lattice
(A) AB (B) A2B (C) e in lattice
(C) AB2 (D) AB4 (D) dissociation

83. The CORRECT order of increasing radii of 91. NaCl shows Schottky defects and AgCl
the ion Br , F, O2 and S2 is as follows Frenkel defects. Their electrical conductivity
is due to
(A) Br < F < O2 < S2
(A) motion of ions and not the motion of
(B) S2< O2< F < Br electrons.
(C) F < O2 < S2 < Br (B) motion of electrons and not the motion
(D) F < Br < O2 < S2 of ions.
84. If hcp and ccp structures are made up of (C) lower co-ordination number of NaCl.
spheres of equal size, the volume occupied per (D) higher co-ordination number of AgCl.
sphere is (given r = radius of sphere) 92. An example of a non-stoichiometric
(A) 1.33 r3 (B) 5.66 r3 compound is
3
(C) 2.66 r (D) 7.40 r3 (A) Al2O3 (B) Fe3O4
85. The statement CORRECT for rock salt (C) NiO2 (D) PbO
structure is 1.8 Electrical Properties
(A) the tetrahedral voids are larger than
octahedral voids. 93. Which substance will conduct the current in
(B) the tetrahedral voids are unoccupied the solid state?
while octahedral voids are occupied by (A) Diamond
cations. (B) Graphite
(C) the radius ratio is 0.732. (C) Iodine
(D) the radius ratio is 0.99. (D) Sodium chloride
11
Solid State
94. Piezoelectric crystals are used in 105. A crystal may have one or more planes and
(A) TV (B) Radio one or more axes of symmetry but it possesses
(C) Record player (D) Refrigerator. (A) two centres of symmetry
(B) one centre of symmetry
95. Certain crystals produce electric signals on
application of pressure. This phenomenon is (C) no centre of symmetry
called (D) axis of symmetry
(A) Pyroelectricity 106. The shaded plane abcd is referred to as
(B) Ferroelectricity Z
(C) Piezoelectricity
(D) Ferrielectricity b

96. Silicon doped with arsenic is an example of a

which type of semiconductor?
(A) p - type (B) n - type Y
c
(C) n,p - type (D) Intrinsic type
1.9 Magnetic properties X
97. Which one of the following metal oxide is (A) rectangular plane of symmetry
antiferromagnetic in nature? (B) diagonal plane of symmetry
(A) MnO2 (B) TiO2 (C) unit plane
(C) VO2 (D) CrO2 (D) triangular plane of symmetry
98. Which is ferromagnetic?
107. It was found that parazoxyanide melts at
(A) Ni (B) Co
389 K to give a turbid non uniform liquid but
(C) CrO2 (D) All
at 408 K, it melts to form clear uniform
99. Maximum ferromagnetism is found in isotropic liquid. What type of crystal is being
(A) Fe (B) Ni described?
(C) Co (D) All (A) Molecular crystal
(B) Covalent crystal
100. Ferrimagnetism is in
(C) Liquid crystal
(A) (B)
(D) H - bonded crystal
(C) (D)
108. LiBH4 crystallizes in orthorhombic system
101. A crystal of Fe3O4 is
with 4 molecules per unit cell. The unit cell
(A) Paramagnetic (B) Diamagnetic
dimensions are a = 6.8 , b = 4.4 and c =
(C) Ferrimagnetic (D) Ferromagnetic
7.2 . If the molar mass is 21.76, the density
Miscellaneous is
(A) 0.6708 g/cm3 (B) 16708 g/cm3
102. Which of the following is an example of ionic
(C) 2.6708 g/cm3 (D) 16.708 g / cm3
crystal solid?
(A) Diamond (B) LiF 109. M2X has a structure closely related to that of
(C) Li (D) Silicon fluorite. It is actually reverse of fluorite
structure (antifluorite structure). In such a
103. If NaCl is doped with 103 mol% SrCl2, then structure,
the concentration of cation vacancies will be (A) smaller cations occupy the position of
(A) 6.023 1018 mol1 fluoride ions and larger anions that of
(B) 6.023 1017 mol1 Ca2+ ions.
(C) 6.023 1014 mol1 (B) larger cations occupy the position of F
(D) 6.023 1016 mol1 ions and smaller anions that of Ca2+
104. The elements of symmetry in a crystal are ions.
(A) Plane of symmetry (C) each F is surrounded by 4 Ca++ in
(B) Axis of symmetry tetrahedral arrangement.
(C) Centre of symmetry (D) F ions occupy all the 8 octahedral
(D) All voids.
12 Solid State
 110. How many axes of six fold symmetry is
present in hcp arrangement? SECTION - 3
(A) 6 (B) 4
1.0 Introduction
(C) 2 (D) 1
111. Which one of the following is a CORRECT 1. In the Braggs equation for diffraction of
statement? X-rays, n represents [MP PMT 2000]
(A) Co-ordination number of bcc lattice is (A) Quantum number
12. (B) An integer
(B) A ccp structure has 8 tetrahedral and 6 (C) Avogadros numbers
octahedral interstices. (D) Moles
(C) Diamond has two-dimensional crystal 2. The characteristic features of solids are
lattice. [AMU 1994]
(D) Bonding in metallic crystals is (A) Definite shape.
directional. (B) Definite size.
112. In the X-ray diffraction of a set of crystal (C) Definite shape and size.
planes having d equal to 0.18 nm a first order (D) Definite shape, size and rigidity.
reflection is found to be 6 at an angle of 22. 3. Which is NOT a property of solids?
The wavelength of X-ray is
[MP PET 1995]
(Given sin 22 = 0.208) (A) Solids are always crystalline in nature.
(A) 0.0749 nm (B) 0.0374 nm (B) Solids have high density and low
(C) 0.749 nm (D) 0.374 nm compressibility.
113. Calculate the of X-rays which give a (C) The diffusion of solids is very slow.
diffraction angle 2 = 16.80 for a crystal. (D) Solids have definite volume.
(Given interplanar distance = 0.200 nm; 4. The three states of matter are solid, liquid and
diffraction = first order; sin 8.40 = 0.1461). gas. Which of the following statement is/are
(A) 584 pm (B) 584 nm TRUE about them [AIIMS 1991]
(C) 58.4 pm (D) 65.8 pm (A) Gases and liquids have viscosity as a
114. The molecules NaCl, MgO and NiO show 6:6 common property.
co-ordination, but BeO exhibits 4:4 (B) The molecules in all the three states
co-ordination because possess random translational motion.
(A) BeO is covalent (C) Gases cannot be converted into solids
(B) BeO is ionic without passing through the liquid
(C) BeO is amphoteric phase.
(D) BeO is polymeric (D) Solids and liquids have vapour pressure
as a common property.
115. If a crystal contains a total of N atoms, and
n Schottky defects are produced by 5. The lustre of a metal is due to [AFMC 1998]
removing n cations and r anion from the (A) its high density.
interior of the crystal then (B) its high polishing.
(A) n = N exp(
Ep/2k BT ) (C) its chemical inertness.
(D) presence of free electrons.
(B) N = n exp( E /2k BT )
1.1 Classification of Solids
n = N exp( B )
E /k T
(C)
(D) n = N exp( E /k BT ) 6. A crystalline solid
[Kerala CET (Med.) 2003]
116. Which among the following is an example of (A) Changes abruptly from solid to liquid
ferroelectric compound? when heated.
(A) Quartz (B) Lead chromate (B) Has no definite melting point.
(C) Barium titanate (D) Tourmaline (C) Undergoes deformation of its geometry
117. Schottky defect is noticed in easily.
(A) NaCl (B) KCl (D) Has an irregular 3-dimensional
(C) CsCl (D) All arrangements.
13
Solid State
7. The existence of a substance in more than one 15. NaCl is an example of [MP PAT 1993]
solid modifications is known as (A) Covalent solid (B) Ionic solid
OR (C) Molecular solid (D) Metallic solid
Any compound having more than two crystal
16. In which of the following substances the
structures is called
carbon atom is arranged in a regular
[MP PMT 1993; MP PET 1999]
tetrahedral structure. [NCERT 1978]
(A) Polymorphism
(A) Diamond (B) Benzene
(B) Isomorphism
(C) Graphite (D) Carbon black
(C) Allotropy
(D) Enantiomorphism 17. Which of the following is TRUE for diamond?
[AFMC 1997]
8. A crystalline solid has [DCE 2001] (A) Diamond is a good conductor of
(A) Long range order. electricity.
(B) Short range order. (B) Diamond is soft.
(C) Disordered arrangement. (C) Diamond is a bad conductor of heat.
(D) None of these. (D) Diamond is made up of C, H and O.
1.2 Classification of Crystalline Solids 18. Crystals of covalent compounds always have
9. Quartz is a crystalline variety of [BHU 1984]
[Pb. PMT 2000] (A) Atoms as their structural units
(A) Silica (B) Sodium silicate (B) Molecules as structural units
(C) Silicon carbide (D) Silicon (C) Ions held together by electrostatic forces
(D) High melting points
10. Crystalline solids are [Pb. PMT 1999]
(A) Glass (B) Rubber 19. In graphite, carbon atoms are joined together
(C) Plastic (D) Sugar due to [AFMC 2002]
(A) Ionic bonding
11. Silicon is found in nature in the forms of (B) van der Waals forces
[MH CET 2002] (C) Metallic bonding
(A) Body centered cubic structure. (D) Covalent bonding
(B) Hexagonal close packed structure. 20. Mostly crystals show good cleavage because
(C) Network solid. their atoms, ions or molecules are
(D) Face centered cubic structure. [CBSE 1991]
(A) Weakly bonded together.
12. The major binding force of diamond, silicon (B) Strongly bonded together.
and quartz is [MEE (Kerala) 2002] (C) Spherically symmetrical.
(A) electrostatic force. (D) Arranged in planes.
(B) electrical attraction.
(C) covalent bond force. 21. Which of the following is NOT correct for
(D) van der Waals force. ionic crystals? [Orissa JEE 2002]
(A) They possess high melting point and
13. Among solids the highest melting point is boiling point.
established by [Kerala CET (Med.) 2002]
(B) All are electrolyte.
(A) Covalent solids
(B) Ionic solids (C) Exhibit the property of isomorphism.
(C) Pseudo solids (D) Exhibit directional properties of the
(D) Molecular solids bond.
14. Diamond is an example of 1.3 Unit cell and two and three dimensional
[MP PET/PMT 1998; CET Pune 1998] lattices
(A) Solid with hydrogen bonding 22. Crystals can be classified into _____ basic
(B) Electrovalent solid crystal units. [MP PMT 1994]
(C) Covalent solid (A) 3 (B) 7
(D) Glass (C) 14 (D) 4
14 Solid State
 23. Bravais lattices are of [MP PMT 1997] 32. The number of atoms or molecules contained
(A) 8 types (B) 12 types in one face centered cubic unit cell of a
(C) 14 types (D) 9 types monoatomic substance is
[CPMT 1989, 94; CBSE 1989, 96;
24. Example of unit cell with crystallographic NCERT 1990; MP PET 1993;
dimensions a b c, = = 90, 90 is KCET 1999]
[AFMC 1998] (A) 1 (B) 2
(A) Calcite (C) 4 (D) 6
(B) Graphite 33. In a face centered cubic cell, an atom at the
(C) Rhombic sulphur face contributes to the unit cell
(D) Monoclinic sulphur [Karnataka (Engg./Med.) 2000;
25. The total number of lattice arrangements in AFMC 2001]
different crystal systems is (A) 1/4 part (B) 1/8 part
[Karnataka CET (Engg.) 2001] (C) 1 part (D) 1/2 part
(A) 3 (B) 7 34. Na and Mg crystallize in bcc and fcc type
(C) 8 (D) 14 crystals respectively, then the number of
26. Tetragonal crystal system has the following atoms of Na and Mg present in the unit cell of
unit cell dimensions [MP PMT 1993] their respective crystal is [AIEEE 2002]
(A) 4 and 2 (B) 9 and 14
(A) a = b = c and = = = 90
(C) 14 and 9 (D) 2 and 4
(B) a = b c and = = = 90
(C) a b c and = = = 90 35. The packing efficiency of the
twodimensional square unit cell shown
(D) a = b c and = = 90, = 12
below is [IIT 2010]
27. Monoclinic crystal has dimensions
[DCE 2000]
(A) a b c, = = 90, 90
(B) a = b = c, = = = 90
(C) a = b c, = = = 90 L
(D) a b c, 90
(A) 39.27 % (B) 68.02 %
28. Which one of the following is the biggest ion? (C) 74.05 % (D) 78.54 %
[MP PET 1993]
(A) Al3+ (B) Ba+2 36. If a stands for the edge length of the cubic
(C) Mg+2 (D) Na+ systems: simple cubic, body centered cubic
and face centered cubic, then the ratio of radii
29. What is the coordination number of sodium in
Na2O ? [AIIMS 2003] of the spheres in these systems will be
(A) 6 (B) 4 respectively. [CBSE (PMT) 2008]
(C) 8 (D) 2 1 3 3
(A) a: a: a
30. The crystal system of a compound with unit 2 2 2
cell dimensions a = 0.387, b = 0.387 and (B) 1a : 3a: 2a
c = 0.504 nm and = = 90 and = 120 is 1 3 1
[AIIMS 2004] (C) a: a: a
2 4 2 2
(A) Cubic (B) Hexagonal
(C) Orthorhombic (D) Rhombohedral 1 1
(D) a: 3a: a
2 2
31. How many space lattices are obtainable from
the different crystal systems? 37. Which of the following does NOT represent a
[MP PMT 1996; MP PET/PMT 1998] type of crystal system? [CET Punjab 1999]
(A) 7 (B) 14 (A) Triclinic (B) Monoclinic
(C) 32 (D) 230 (C) Rhombohedral (D) Isotropical
15
Solid State
38. Potassium crystallizes in a bcc lattice, hence 48. CsBr crystal has bcc structure. It has an edge
the coordination number of potassium in length of 4.3 . The shortest interionic
potassium metal is [Karnataka CET 1993] distance between Cs+ and Br ions is
(A) 0 (B) 4 [IIT 1995]
(C) 6 (D) 8 (A) 1.86 (B) 3.72
1.4 Packing in solids (C) 4.3 (D) 7.44
39. Hexagonal close packed arrangement of ions 49. The radius of hydrogen atom in the ground
is described as [MP PMT 1994] state is 0.53 . The radius of Li2+ ion (atomic
(A) ABCABA.... (B) ABCABC.... number = 3) in the similar state is
(C) ABABA.... (D) ABBAB.... [CBSE 1995]
(A) 1.06 (B) 0.265
40. The number of octahedral sites per sphere in (C) 0.17 (D) 0.53
a fcc structure is [MP PMT 2000, 01]
(A) 8 (B) 4 50. Which ion has the lowest radius ?
(C) 2 (D) 1 [KCEE 1998]
(A) Na+ (B) Mg2+
41. Body centered cubic lattice has a co- (C) Al3+ (D) Si4+
ordination number of
[AIIMS 1996; MP PMT 2002] 1.5 Density of unit cells
(A) 4 (B) 8
51. Sodium metal crystallizes as a body centered
(C) 12 (D) 6
cubic lattice with the cell edge 4.29 . What is
42. The ratio of close-packed atoms to
the radius of sodium atom? [AIIMS 1999]
tetrahedral holes in cubic close packing is 8
[Pb. PMT 1998] (A) 1.857 10 cm
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (B) 2.371 107cm
(C) 1 : 3 (D) 2 : 1 (C) 3.817 108cm
43. The co-ordination number of a metal (D) 9.312 107cm
crystallizing in a hexagonal close packed
52. The number of atoms in 100 g of an fcc
structure is [NCERT 1978; IIT 1999]
crystal with density d = 10 g / cm3 and cell
(A) 4 (B) 12
edge equal to 100 pm, is equal to
(C) 8 (D) 6
[CBSE 1994; Karnataka CET 2002]
44. Alternate tetrahedral void in FCC are occupied (A) 4 1025 (B) 3 1025
in [IIT - 2005]
(A) NaCl (B) ZnS (C) 2 1025 (D) 1 1025
(C) CaF2 (D) Na2O 53. An element (atomic mass 100 g / mol ) having
45. The number of close neighbour in a body bcc structure has unit cell edge 400 pm. Then
centered cubic lattice of identical sphere is density of the element is
[MP PET 2001] [CBSE PMT 1996; AIIMS 2002]
(A) 8 (B) 6 (A) 10.376 g / cm3 (B) 5.188 g / cm3
(C) 4 (D) 2 (C) 7.289 g / cm 3
(D) 2.144 g / cm3
46. In the closest packed structure of a metallic
lattice, the number of nearest neighbours of 54. An element occurring in the bcc structure has
a metallic atom is [JIPMER 2002] 12.08 1023 unit cells. The total number of
(A) Twelve (B) Four atoms of the element in these cells will be
(C) Eight (D) Six [MP PET 1994]
(A) 24.16 1023 (B) 36.18 1023
47. The interionic distance for caesium chloride
(C) 6.04 1023 (D) 12.08 1023
crystal will be [MP PET 2002]
a 55. Copper crystallises in fcc with a unit cell
(A) a (B) length of 361 pm. What is the radius of copper
2
atom ? [AIEEE-2009]
3a 2a
(C) (D) (A) 108 pm (B) 127 pm
2 3 (C) 157 pm (D) 181 pm
16 Solid State
 56. In orthorhombic, the value of a, b and c are 62. The unit cell of a binary compound of A and B
respectively 4.2 , 8.6 and 8.3 given the metals has a ccp structure with A atoms
molecular mass of the solute is 155 gm mol1 occupying the corners and B atoms occupying
the centres of each faces of the cubic unit cell.
and that of density is 3.3 g/cc, the number of
If during the crystallisation of this alloy, in the
formula units per unit cell is unit cell two A atoms are missed, the overall
[Orrisa JEE 2005] composition per unit cell is
(A) 2 (B) 3 [CET (J and K) 2009]
(C) 4 (D) 6 (A) AB6 (B) AB4
(C) AB8 (D) A6B24
57. Ferrous oxide has a cubic structure and each
edge of the unit cell is 5.0 . Assuming 1.6 Packing in voids of ionic solids
63. Which of the following statements is
density of the oxide as 4.09 g cm3, then the
INCORRECT? [IIT-1998]
number of Fe2+ and O2 ions present in each
(A) The coordination number of each type
unit cell will be [MP PET 2000]
2+ 2
of ion in CsCl crystal is 8.
(A) Four Fe and four O
(B) A metal that crystallizes in bcc structure
(B) Two Fe2+ and four O2 has a coordination number of 12.
(C) Four Fe2+ and two O2 (C) A unit cell of an ionic crystal shares
(D) Three Fe2+ and three O2 some of its ions with other unit cells.
(D) The length of the unit cell in NaCl is
58. The unit cell of Al (molar mass 27 g mol1) 552 pm ( r + = 95 pm; r = 181 pm ) .
has an edge length of 405 pm. Its density is Na Cl

2.7 g/cm3. The cubic unit cell is

64. For an ionic crystal of the general formula AX
[PET (Kerala) 2007]
and co-ordination number 6, the value of
(A) face- centered (B) body- centered
radius ratio will be [MP PMT 1993]
(C) edge- centered (D) simple
(A) Greater than 0.73
59. How many unit cells are present in a cube- (B) In between 0.73 and 0.41
shaped ideal crystal of NaCl of mass 1.00 g ? (C) In between 0.41 and 0.22
[Atomic masses: Na = 23, Cl = 35.5] (D) Less than 0.22
[AIEEE-2003]
21 65. A crystal lattice with alternate +ve and ve
(A) 1.28 10 unit cells
ions has radius ratio of 0.524. Its co-
(B) 1.71 1021 unit cells ordination number is [Manipal PMT 2002]
(C) 2.57 1021 unit cells (A) 4 (B) 3
(D) 5.14 1021 unit cells (C) 6 (D) 12
66. In a solid AB having the NaCl structure A
60. AB crystallizes in a body centered cubic
atoms occupies the corners of the cubic unit
lattice with edge length a equal to 387 pm.
cell. If all the face- centered atoms along one
The distance between two oppositely charged
of the axes are removed, then the resultant
ions in the lattice is [CBSE (PMT) 2010]
stoichiometry of the solid is
(A) 335 pm (B) 250 pm
[IIT Screeing 2001]
(C) 200 pm (D) 300 pm (A) AB2 (B) A2B
(C) A4B3 (D) A3B4
61. The edge length of face centered unit cubic
cell is 508 pm. If the radius of the cation is 67. In the crystals, which of the following ionic
110 pm, the radius of the anion is compounds would you expect maximum
distance between centres of cations and
[CBSE 1998] anions? [CBSE 1998]
(A) 285 pm (B) 398 pm (A) LiF (B) CsF
(C) 144 pm (D) 618 pm (C) CsI (D) LiI
17
Solid State
68. In a compound, atoms of element Y form ccp 1.7 Defect in Crystal Structure
lattice and those of element X occupy 2/3rd of
74. Which one of the following has Frenkel
tetrahedral voids. The formula of the defect? [MP PMT 2000]
compound will be [AIEEE 2008] (A) Sodium chloride (B) Graphite
(A) X2Y3 (B) X2Y (C) Silver bromide (D) Diamond
(C) X3Y4 (D) X4Y3
75. Schottky defect in crystals is observed when
69. An ionic compound has a unit cell consisting [CBSE 1998; KCET 2002]
of A ions at the corners of a cube and B ions (A) Density of crystal is increased.
on the centres of the faces of the cube. The (B) Unequal number of cations and anions
empirical formula for this compound would be are missing from the lattice.
[AIEEE-2005] (C) An ion leaves its normal site and
(A) A2B (B) AB occupies an interstitial site.
(C) A3B (D) AB3 (D) Equal number of cations and anions are
missing from the lattice.
70. A solid has a structure in which W atoms are
located at the corners of a cubic lattice, O 76. What type of crystal defect is indicated in the
diagram below ? [AIEEE-2004]
atoms at the centre of edges and Na atoms at
Na+ Cl Na+ Cl Na+ Cl
the centre of the cube. The formula for the Cl Cl Na+ Na+
compound is [KCET 1996] +
Na Cl
Cl Na Cl
+

(A) NaWO2 (B) NaWO3 Cl Na+ Cl Na+ Na+

(C) Na2WO3 (D) NaWO4 (A) Frenkel defect
(B) Schottky defect
71. A compound is formed by elements A and B.
(C) Interstitial defect
This crystallizes in the cubic structure when (D) Frenkel and Schottky defects.
atoms A are the corners of the cube and atoms
77. The flame colours of metal ions are due to
B are at the centre of the body. The simplest
[KCET 2003]
formula of the compound is (A) Frenkel defect.
[KCET 1993; CBSE 2000; (B) Schottky defect.
Kerala (Med.) 2003] (C) Metal deficiency defect.
(A) AB (B) AB2 (D) Metal excess defect.
(C) A2B (D) A2B2
78. The CORRECT statement(s) regarding defects
72. A substance AxBy crystallises in a face in solids is(are) [IIT- 2009]
centered cubic (fcc) lattice in which atoms A (A) Frenkel defect is usually favoured by a
occupy each corner of the cube and atoms B very small difference in the size of
occupy the centers of each face of the cube. cation and anion.
(B) Frenkel defect is a vacancy defect.
Identify the CORRECT composition of the
(C) Trapping of an electron in the lattice
substance AxBy [IIT-2002] leads to the formation of F-center.
(A) AB3 (D) Schottky defects have no effect on the
(B) A4B3 physical properties of solids.
(C) A3B
79. Frenkel defect is caused due to
(D) Composition cannot be specified
[MP PET 1994]
73. If we know the ionic radius ratio in a crystal of (A) An ion missing from the normal lattice
ionic solid, what can be known of the site creating a vacancy.
following? (B) An extra positive ion occupying an
[CET (Gujarat) 2006] interstitial position in the lattice.
(A) Magnetic property (C) An extra negative ion occupying an
(B) Nature of chemical bond interstitial position in the lattice.
(C) Type of defect (D) The shift of a positive ion from its
(D) Geometrical shape of crystal normal lattice site to an interstitial site.
18 Solid State
 80. Ionic solids, with Schottky defects contain in 89. To get a n-type semiconductor, the impurity to
their structure [CBSE 1994] be added to silicon should have which of the
(A) Equal number of cation and anion following number of valence electrons?
vacancies [KCET (Engg.) 2001]
(B) Anion vacancies and interstitial anions (A) 1 (B) 2
(C) Cation vacancies only (C) 3 (D) 5
(D) Cation vacancies and interstitial cations 90. Which of the following shows electrical
81. Which defect causes decrease in the density conduction [AFMC 2002]
of crystal? [KCET 2000] (A) Sodium (B) Potassium
(A) Frenkel (B) Schottky (C) Diamond (D) Graphite
(C) Interstitial (D) F-centre 91. A semiconductor of Ge can be made p-type
by adding [MP PET 2002]
82. In a solid lattice the cation has left a lattice
(A) Trivalent impurity
site and is located at an interstitial position, (B) Tetravalent impurity
the lattice defect is [AIIMS 1982,91] (C) Pentavalent impurity
(A) Interstitial defect (B) Valency defect (D) Divalent impurity
(C) Frenkel defect (D) Schottky defect 92. Superconductors are derived from compounds
of [Kerala PMT 2002]
83. Which one of the following crystals does
(A) p-Block elements
NOT exhibit Frenkel defect [MP PET 2002]
(B) Lanthanides
(A) AgBr (B) AgCl
(C) Actinides
(C) KBr (D) Zns (D) Transition elements
84. Schottky defect defines imperfection in the Miscellaneous
lattice structure of a [AIIMS 2002]
(A) Solid (B) Liquid 93. Bragg law is given by the equation
(C) Gas (D) Plasma [MP PMT 1995, 2002]
(A) n = 2 sin (B) n = 2d sin
85. Point defects are present in [MP PMT 1997] d
(A) Ionic solids (C) 2n = d sin (D) n = sin
2 2
(B) Molecular solids
(C) Amorphous solids 94. Davy and Faraday proved that
(D) Liquids [Kerala CET (Med.) 2002]
(A) Diamond is a form of carbon.
86. The solid NaCl is a bad conductor of (B) The bond lengths of carbon containing
electricity since [AIIMS 1980] compounds are always equal.
(A) in solid NaCl there are no ions. (C) The strength of graphite is minimum
(B) solid NaCl is covalent. compared to platinum.
(C) in solid NaCl there is no velocity of (D) Graphite is very hard.
ions.
95. In a crystal, the atoms are located at the
(D) in solid NaCl there are no electrons. position of [AMU 1985]
87. The following is NOT a function of an (A) Maximum potential energy
impurity present in a crystal [MP PET 1995] (B) Minimum potential energy
(A) Establishing thermal equilibrium. (C) Zero potential energy
(B) Having tendency to diffuse. (D) Infinite potential energy
(C) Contributing to scattering. 96. A pure crystalline substance, on being heated
(D) Introducing new electronic energy gradually, first forms a turbid looking liquid
levels. and then the turbidity completely disappears.
1.8 Electrical Properties This behaviour is the characteristic of
substances forming [BHU 2000]
88. Which type of solid crystals will conduct heat (A) Isomeric crystals
and electricity? [RPET 2000] (B) Liquid crystals
(A) Ionic (B) Covalent (C) Isomorphous crystals
(C) Metallic (D) Molecular (D) Allotropic crystals
19
Solid State
97. The second order Braggs diffraction of (D) The co-ordination number of Na+ ion in
X-rays with = 1 from a set of parallel NaCl is 4.
planes in a metal occurs at an angle of 60. 101. Which of the following statement is NOT
The distance between the scattering planes in correct? [CBSE (PMT) 2008]
the crystal is (A) The number of carbon atoms in a unit
[CBSE PMT 1998; AFMC 2001] cell of diamond is 4.
(A) 0.575 (B) 1.00 (B) The number of Bravais lattices in which
(C) 2.00 (D) 1.15 a crystal can be categorised is 14.
98. Which of the following molecules has three- (C) The fraction of the total volume
fold axis of symmetry? [UPSEAT 2004] occupied by the atoms in a primitive cell
(A) NH3 (B) C2H4 is 0.48.
(C) CO2 (D) SO2 (D) Molecular solids are generally volatile.
99. Which has NO rotation of symmetry? 102. Which of the following statements is
[Orrisa JEE 2004] CORRECT for CsBr3? [NCERT 1996]
(A) Hexagonal (B) Orthorhombic (A) It is a covalent compound
(C) Cubic (D) Triclinic (B) It contains Cs3+ and Br ions
100. The CORRECT statement in the following is (C) It contains Cs+ and Br 3 ions.
[MP PET 1997] (D) It contains Cs+, Br and lattice Br2
(A) The ionic crystal of AgBr has Schottky molecule
defect. 103. The three dimensional lattice of zeolites
(B) The unit cell having crystal consists of [Kerala Med. 2000]
parameters, a = b c, = =90. 6 2n
(A) [Si2O7] (B) SiO3 O3n
= 120 is hexagonal.
(C) In ionic compounds having Frenkel (C) 2n
Si 2 O5 O5n (D) [AlSi3O8]

defect the ratio + is high. 104. Which of the following is ferroelectric
compound? [AFMC 1997]
(A) BaTiO3 (B) K4[Fe(CN)6]
(C) Pb2O3 (D) PbZrO3
Answers Key to Multiple Choice Questions
Section 1
1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (C)
11. (D) 12. (A) 13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (A) 16. (B) 17. (D) 18. (C) 19. (A) 20. (D)
21. (B) 22. (D) 23. (D) 24. (A) 25. (B) 26. (D) 27. (B) 28. (C) 29. (D) 30. (C)
31. (D) 32. (C) 33. (C) 34. (B) 35. (C) 36. (D) 37. (B) 38. (A) 39. (B) 40. (D)
41. (C) 42. (A) 43. (C) 44. (C) 45. (D) 46. (C) 47. (B) 48. (A) 49. (B) 50. (D)
51. (D) 52. (A) 53. (B) 54. (D) 55. (B) 56. (A) 57. (B) 58. (C) 59. (C) 60. (D)
61. (D) 62. (D) 63. (B) 64. (B)
Section 2
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (D) 9. (D) 10. (A)
11. (A) 12. (D) 13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (B) 16. (C) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (D) 20. (B)
21. (B) 22. (B) 23. (D) 24. (C) 25. (B) 26. (C) 27. (B) 28. (C) 29. (D) 30. (B)
31. (A) 32. (B) 33. (C) 34. (C) 35. (C) 36. (D) 37. (D) 38. (C) 39. (B) 40. (A)
41. (C) 42. (A) 43. (C) 44. (A) 45. (B) 46. (A) 47. (A) 48. (C) 49. (D) 50. (B)
51. (B) 52. (C) 53. (B) 54. (C) 55. (C) 56. (B) 57. (C) 58. (C) 59. (B) 60. (B)
61. (B) 62. (B) 63. (A) 64. (D) 65. (B) 66. (C) 67. (B) 68. (A) 69. (B) 70. (B)
71. (C) 72. (C) 73. (A) 74. (B) 75. (B) 76. (A) 77. (B) 78. (B) 79. (C) 80. (A)
81. (A) 82. (C) 83. (C) 84. (B) 85. (C) 86. (C) 87. (D) 88. (B) 89. (C) 90. (C)
91. (A) 92. (B) 93. (B) 94. (C) 95. (C) 96. (B) 97. (A) 98. (D) 99. (A) 100. (C)
101. (C) 102. (B) 103. (A) 104. (D) 105. (B) 106. (B) 107. (C) 108. (A) 109. (A) 110. (D)
111. (B) 112. (A) 113. (C) 114. (B) 115. (A) 116. (C) 117. (D)
20 Solid State
 Section 3
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (A) 7. (A) 8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (D)
11. (C) 12. (C) 13. (B) 14. (C) 15. (B) 16. (A) 17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (D) 20. (D)
21. (D) 22. (B) 23. (C) 24. (D) 25. (B) 26. (B) 27. (A) 28. (B) 29. (B) 30. (B)
31. (B) 32. (C) 33. (D) 34. (D) 35. (D) 36. (C) 37. (D) 38. (D) 39. (C) 40. (D)
41. (B) 42. (B) 43. (B) 44. (B) 45. (A) 46. (A) 47. (C) 48. (B) 49. (C) 50. (D)
51. (A) 52. (A) 53. (B) 54. (A) 55. (B) 56. (C) 57. (A) 58. (A) 59. (C) 60. (A)
61. (C) 62. (B) 63. (B) 64. (B) 65. (C) 66. (D) 67. (C) 68. (D) 69. (D) 70. (B)
71. (A) 72. (A) 73. (D) 74. (C) 75. (D) 76. (B) 77. (D) 78. (C) 79. (D) 80. (A)
81. (B) 82. (C) 83. (C) 84. (A) 85. (A) 86. (C) 87. (A) 88. (C) 89. (D) 90. (D)
91. (A) 92. (D) 93. (B) 94. (A) 95. (B) 96. (B) 97. (D) 98. (A) 99. (D) 100. (B)
101. (C) 102. (C) 103. (D) 104. (A)

Hints to Multiple Choice Questions

Section 1 40. For fcc lattice
25. Total number of spheres in body centered 4r = 2 a
cubic unit cell = 1/8 8 + 1 = 2 spheres a = 620 pm;
(atoms, ions or molecules). 2 620
r=
64r 3 4
37. Volume of unit cell =
3 3 1.414 620
=
8 4
Volume occupied = r3 = 219.17
3
Volume occupied by two atoms in unit cell or 219.20 pm

packing =
8
r3
3 3
100 = 68.04 %. zM 1 108 108 10+24
3 41. N0 = = 8 3
=
3 64r da 3
8 (3 10 ) 216
38. Total volume of unit cell = 8 8 r3 = 0.5 1024
16 3 = 5 1023
Volume occupied = r
3 d N0 a 3
42. z=
16 3 1 M
Packing efficiency = r 100
3 8 8r 3 2.75 6.022 1023 (6.54 108 )3
=
= 74.0 % 119
43. r = 0.95 2.75 6.022 27.97
Na + =
r = 1.81 119
Cl- 463.197
r = = 3.89 4.
Na + 0.95 119
Radius ratio = = = 0.524 0.5414
r
Cl
1.81 46. d = 3.4 g cm3, z = 4, M = 98.99 g mol1
Section 2 zM
d=
14. Quartz is a covalent solid in which constituent N0 a 3
particles are atoms which are held together by 4 98.99
a3 =
covalent bond forces. 6.022 1023 3.4
23. In tetrahedral voids four spheres are involved 395.96 1023
a3 =
in its formation. 20.47
25. Volume of unit cell = 8r3 a3 = 19.34 1023
Volume occupied =
4 3
r a = 3 1.934 1022
3 = 5.783 108 cm
4 r 3 = 5.783 1010 m
Volume unoccupied = 100 = 52.4 %
3 8r 3 = 5.783 A
21
Solid State
47. Cell length, a = 4.24 = 4.24 1010 m 71. One-eighth of each corner atom (Au) and one
= 4.24 108 cm half of each face centered atom (Cu) are
In bcc lattice, z = 2, M = 23 g mol1 contained within the unit cell of the
zM 2 23 compound.
d= = Thus, the number of Au atoms per unit cell
N 0 a 3 6.0231023 ( 4.24108 )3
1
=8 = 1 and
46 1024 8
=
6.022 76.22 1023 the number of Cu atoms per unit cell
= 0.1002 101 = 1.002 g cm3 =6
1
= 3. The formula of the compound is
2
54. Number of atoms of gold (Au) = 1
AuCu3.
Silver atoms occupy edge centre (Ag)
= Number of atoms = 3 72. An atom at the corner of a cube is shared
Since, the alloy has ccp lattice, co-ordination among 8 unit cells. As there are 8 corners in a
is 12. cube, number of corner atom [1] per unit cell
1
Hence, the alloy formula = Cu4Ag3Au. =8 =1
8
552 A face- centered atom in a cube is shared by
55. 2r + + 2r = 552; r + + r = = 276
2 two unit cells. As there are 6 faces in a cube,
r = 276 95 = 181 pm. number of face- centered atoms [2] per unit
400 1
59. r++ r = = 200 pm cell = 6 = 3
2 2
r = 200 75 = 125 pm An atom in the body of the cube is not shared
r+ 95 by other cells.
61. radius ratio =
= = 0.52 Thus, number of atoms [3] at the body centre
r 181
Since the radius ratio is in between 0.414 to per unit cell = 1
0.732, the co-ordination of cation is 6. Hence, the formula of the solid is AB3C

r+ 1.46 180
62. radius ratio = = = 0.67 78. r+ / r = = 0.962 which lies in the range of
r
2.16 187
Since the limiting value is in between 0.414 to 0.732 1.000.
0.732, the probable structure is NaCl type. Hence, co-ordination number = 8 i.e. the
structure is CsCl type.
64. 2r+ + 2r = 520
80. space occupied by bcc unit cell = 68.04 %
520
r+ + r = = 260; vacant space = 100 68.04
2
= 31.96 32%
r = 260 80 = 180 pm.
103. Number of cation vacancies per mol
68. There is one octahedral hole per oxide ion and 103 6.023 1023
2
rd =
only of these holes are occupied. 100
3 = 6.023 1018 vacancies per mol
2 112. n = 2dsin
the ratio should be :1=2:3
3 1 = 2 0.18 sin22
= 2 0.18 0.208
69. 2r + + 2r = 3a
= 0.07488 0.0749 nm.
3 387 1.732 387
r++r= = 113. n = 2dsin
2 2 1 = 2 0.200 sin 8.40
670.284 = 2 0.200 0.1461
= = 335.142
2 = 0.05844 nm
r + = 335.142 181 = 154.14 pm = 58.4 pm
22 Solid State
 Section 3 0.53
49. r= = 0.17
4. Both gases and liquids possess fluidity and 3
hence viscosity molecules in the solid state do
not have translational motion. 51. Radius of Na (if bcc lattice)

7. The existence of a substance in more than one 3a 3 4.29

= =
crystalline form is known as Polymorphism. 4 4
9. Quartz is a covalent crystal having a = 1.8574 = 1.8574 108 cm
framework of silicates or silica, i.e. a three
zM 4 100
dimensional network when all the four oxygen 52. N0 = = = 4 1025
atoms of each of SiO4 tetrahedron are shared. S a 3
10 (108 )3
11. Silicon due to its catenation property form z M
network solid. 53. d=
a N0 1030
3

21. Ionic crystals exhibit non-directional

properties of the bond. 2 100
=
(400) (6.02 1023 ) 1030
3
30. Unit cell dimension of Hexagonal crystal = a
= b c and = = 90, = 120 = 5.188 g / cm3
34. The bcc cell consists of 8 atoms at the corners 54. Since bcc contains 2 atoms, hence, total
and one atom at centre. number of atoms will have 24.16 1023 unit
1
n = 8 + 1 = 2 cells.
8
The fcc cell consists of 8 atoms at the eight 55. For fcc lattice;
corners and one atom at each of the six faces. 2a 2 361
This atom at the face is shared by two unit r= =
4 4
cells.
1 1 1.414 361
n = 8 + 6 = 4 = =127.6 pm.
8 2 4

V N0 d
35. a 2 = 4r 56. z=
M
a= 2 2r
Occupied area 4.2 8.6 8.3 1024 6.023 1023 3.3
Packing fraction = =
Total area 155
2r 2 = 3.84 4
= 100 = 78.5 %
(2 2r ) 2 57. Let the units of ferrous oxide in a unit cell = z,
36. Simple unit cell, r=a/2 molecular weight of ferrous oxide (FeO)
a 3 = 56 + 16 = 72 g mol1,
Body centered unit cell, r =
4 72 z
weight of n units =
Face centered unit cell, r =
a 6.023 10 23
2 2 Volume of one unit = (length of corner)3
43. In hcp, co-ordination number is 12. = (5 A)3 = 125 1024 cm3
48. Closest approach in bcc lattice wt.of cell
Density = , 4.09
1 volume
= of body diagonal 72 z
2 =
1 3 6.023 10 23 125 1024
= 3a = 4.3
2 2 3079.2 101
z = = 42.7 101 = 4.27 4
= 3.72 72
23
Solid State
 a 3 d NA 1
58. z= 71. Atoms A at the corners of cube; 8=1
M 8
(40510-10 )3 2.7 6.0231023 Atom B at the centre of cube = 1
= =4 A : B at the centre of cube = 1
27
It is a face- centered cubic unit cell. A:B=1:1

59. Mass of one unit cell = density volume 89. For n-type, impurity added to silicon should
= d a3 have more than 4 valence electrons.
Mz 96. It is a characteristic of liquid crystal.
= a3
NA a 3
97. 2d sin = n or 2 d sin 60 = 2 1
58.5 4
=
6.023 1023 or d = 1.15 (sin 60 = 3 / 2 or 0.8660)
Number of unit cells in 1 g NaCl 98. In NH3 molecule, the original appearance is
1 6.023 1023 repeated as a result of rotation through 120.
=
mass 58.5 4 Such an axis is said to be an axis of three-fold
= 2.57 1021 unit cells symmetry or a triad axis.
60. Distance between two oppositely charged ions
99. Triclinic crystal has no rotation of symmetry.
3a
(r+ + r) = 104. BaTiO3 is a ferroelectric compound.
2
387 3
=
2
= 335.14 pm
61. Edge length = 2r + + 2r
508
= r++r;
2
254 = 110 + r
r = 254 110 = 144 pm.
1 3
62. Number of atoms of A = 6 =
8 4
1
Number of atoms of B = 6 =3
2
3
A:B= :3=1:4
4
Composition of alloy = AB4
1
69. A as corners of cube; 8 = 1.
8
1
B as faces of cube; 6=3
2
A: B = 1 : 3
1
70. W at corner; 8=1
8
1
O at centres of edges; 6=3
2
Na at centre of cube = 1
Na : W : O
1:1:3
24 Solid State