Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

2.0 Beam Design

Bending Moment Diagramm

1000
800
Bending Moment (kNm)

600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Length (m)

Bending Moment Diagramm

Figure 2.1: Bending Moment Diagram (Span 4-6)

Shear Force Diagramm

500
400
Bending Moment (kNm)

300 443kN
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300 438kN
-400
-500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Length (m)

Shear Force Diagramm

Figure 2.2: Shear Force Diagram (Span 4-6)

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Reference Calculations Out Put

Design of Hogging Moment at LHS Support
M=804Nm
Beam Size 350mmx750mm and Span of the Beam in 12.9m
Cover to reinforcement is 25mm.
Assume T25 bars and T10 Links are to be used.
Hence Effective Depth (d)
25
d = 750 30 10 = 697.5mm
2
Cl.3.4.4.4
M 804 106
k= = = 0.157 > 0.156
BS 8110:1-1997
f bd2 30 350 697.52
cu
Hence compression reinforcement is required.
25
d = 30 + 10 + = 52.5mm
2
Compression reinforcement requirement can be found as
follows.

(K - K)fcu b d2
As =
0.95fy (d d)

(0.157 0.156) 30 350 697.52

=
0.95 460 (697.5 52.5)
= 18.12mm2
Area of tension reinforcement can be found as follows.

K
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
0.9

0.156
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 = 0.78d
0.9

Kfcubd2
As = + A
0.95fy z s

0.156 30 350 697.52

= + 18.12 = 3358mm2
0.95 460 0.78 697.5

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Reference Calculations Out Put

Provide 4T25+4T25 at support. (See Figure 7.3 ) 4T25+4T25

A s,provided = 3928mm2 At support 4

Table 3.25 Checks for Minimum area of reinforcement

BS 8110:1-1997 100A
s = 100 3928 = 1.49 > 0.13
bh 350 750
Hence minimum steel requirement is satisfied. Minimum r/f Ok.
Clause 3.12.6 Checks for Maximum area of reinforcement
BS 8110:1-1997 Neither the area of tension reinforcement nor compression Maximum r/f Ok
reinforcement should exceed 4% of cross sectional area of the
concrete.

Figure 7.3: Beam Section at support 4/6 Figure 6.4: Beam Section at mid span of 4/6

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Reference Calculations Out Put

Design of Hogging Moment at RHS Support
M=784.8kNm
Beam Size 350mmx750mm
Cover to reinforcement is 25mm.
Assume T25 bars and T10 Links are to be used.
Hence Effective Depth (d)
25
d = 750 30 10 = 697.5mm
2
Cl.3.4.4.4
M 784.8 106
k= = = 0.154 < 0.156
BS 8110
f bd2 30 350 697.52
cu
Hence the beam can be designed as a singly reinforced beam.

k
z = d0.5 + 0.25
0.9

0.154
z = d0.5 + 0.25 = 0.79d < 0.95d
0.9

M 784.8 106
As = = = 3259mm2
0.95fy z 0.95 460 0.79 697.5

Provide 4T25+4T25 at support. (See Figure 7.3 ) 4T25+4T25

A s,provided = 3928mm2 At support 6

Table 3.25 Checks for Minimum area of reinforcement

BS 8110:1-1997 100A
s = 100 3928 = 1.49 > 0.13
bh 350 750
Hence minimum steel requirement is satisfied. Minimum r/f Ok.
Cl. 3.12.6 Checks for Maximum area of reinforcement
BS 8110:1-1997 Neither the area of tension reinforcement nor compression Maximum r/f Ok
reinforcement should exceed 4% of cross sectional area of the
concrete.

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Reference Calculations Out Put

Design for Sagging Bending Moment between supports
M=859.5kNm(as per analyzed results with SAP 2000)
At Mid Span Top of the beam in compression and can be
designed as a flange beam. (T Beam)
Hence effective width of the flange beam (T beam)
Cl.3.4.1.5 lz = 0.7 12900 = 9030mm
BS 8110:1-1997 9030
bw = 350 + = 2156mm
5
Moment of resistance of the Flange T beam when the
Neutral Axis is at the slab bottom level,

h
M = 0.45fcubwhf d f
2
125
= 0.45 30 2156 125 697.5
2
= 2310.29kNm > 859.5kNm
Hence Neutral axis is within the bottom flange.
Cl.3.4.4.4
M 859.5 106
k= = = 0.026 < 0.156
BS 8110
f bd2 30 2156 697.52
cu
Hence the beam can be designed as a singly reinforced beam.

k
z = d0.5 + 0.25
0.9

0.026
z = d0.5 + 0.25 = 0.97d > 0.95d
0.9

Hence z =0.95d

M 859.5 106
As = = = 2947mm2
0.95fy z 0.95 460 0.95 697.5

Provide 4T25+4T25 at mid span. (See Figure 7.4 ) 4T25+4T25

A s,provided = 3928mm2 At mid span

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Reference Calculations Out Put

Table 3.25 Checks for Minimum area of reinforcement
BS 8110:1-1997 100A
s = 100 3928 = 1.49 > 0.13
bh 350 750
Hence minimum steel requirement is satisfied. Minimum r/f Ok.

Clause 3.12.6 Checks for Maximum area of reinforcement

BS 8110:1-1997 Neither the area of tension reinforcement nor compression
reinforcement should exceed 4% of cross sectional area of the
concrete. Maximum r/f Ok.

Checks for shear

Maximum shear at LHS Support= 443kN
Cl.3.4.5.2 443 103
vmax = = 1.81N/mm2
BS 8110:1-1997 (350 697.5)

Cl.3.4.5.2 Maximum permissible shear stress is lesser of

BS 8110:1-1997 0.8 fcu or 5N/mm2

0.8 30 = 4.38N/mm2 > 1.80N/mm2 Maximum Shear

Hence maximum shear is O.K Ok

Shear force at distance d from the face of the support

V = 430kN
d
Hence , shear stress at distance d from the face of the
support
V = 430kN
d

430 103
v= = 1.75N/mm2
(350 697.5)

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Reference Calculations Out Put

Cl. 3.4.5.4 Concrete shear Stress
BS 8110:1-1997 The area of tension reinforcement at a distance d from the

face of the support is 3574mm

2

Table 3.8 100As 100 3928

= = 1.59 < 3
BS 8110:1-1997 bd (350 697.5)

14 1
400 400 4
d = = 0.87 < 1
697.5

Hence design concrete shear stress is,

1 1 13
100As 3 400 4 1 fcu
vc = 0.79
bd d m 25
13
1 1 30
1
= 0.79 (1.59) 3 (1) 4
1.25 25
= 0.77N/mm2

Table 3.7 Spacing of the shear links

BS 8110:1-1997 v c + 0.4 = 0.77 + 0.4 = 1.17N/mm2

v c + 0.4 < v < 0.8 fcu

d
Assume T 10 Links at supports.
Number of shear legs is 2.

102 2
A sv = 2 = 157mm
4
Hence maximum possible shear link spacing at the support is,
A sv 0.95 fyv 157 0.95 460
Sv = = 200mm
(v v c )b v (1.75 0.77) 350

Hence Provide T10 links at 150mm C/C. T10@ 150mm

Cl. 3.4.5.5 Maximum possible spacing of links is 0.75d = 523.125mm Links
BS 8110:1-1997 Hence maximum spacing is satisfied.

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Reference Calculations Out Put

Cl. 3.4.1.6 Checks for Slenderness limit for lateral stability
BS 8110:1-1997 Clear distance between restraints is 12150mm.
60bc = 60 350 = 21000mm > 12150mm

250b2 250 3502

c = = 43907mm > 12150mm
d 697.5
Hence slenderness limit for lateral stability is satisfied.

Cl.3.4.6 Checks for Deflection

BS 8110:1-1997 Mid span of the section is designed as a flanged section.
b 350
= = 0.16 < 0.3
b 2156
w
Table 3.9 For simply supported beam,
BS 8110:1-1997 Span
Basic = 16
Effective Depth
For a Continuous beam,
Span
Basic = 20.8
Effective Depth
Cl.3.4.6 .4 Span of the beam is 12.9m.
BS 8110:1-1997 10
Hence modification factor for span is
12.9
In this beam end condition at support 6 can be regarded as
simply supported and end condition at support 4 can be
regarded as continuous.
Span 16 + 20.8
Basic = = 18.4
Effective Depth 2

Span 12900
Actual = = 18.49
Effective Depth 697.5
Span Span
Allowable = Basic F1 F2
Effective Depth Effective Depth

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Reference Calculations Out Put

F1 -Modification Factor for Tension reinforcement

F2 - Modification Factor for Compression reinforcement

Table 3.10 2 A s,req 1

fs = fy
BS 8110:1-1997 3 A s,pro b

b = 1

2 2947 1
fs = 460 = 230.08N/mm2
3 3928 1

M 859.5 106
= = 0.81
bd2 2156 697.52
(477 fs ) (477 230.08)
F1 = 0.55 + = 0.55 + = 1.75 < 2
M 120(0.9 + 0.81)
120(0.9 + 2 )
bd
No Compression reinforcement is provided.
Hence F2 = 1

Span Span
Allowable = Basic F1 F2
Effective Depth Effective Depth

Span 10
Allowable = 18.49 1.75 1 = 24.96
Effective Depth 12.9

Span Span
Allowable > Actual
Effective Depth Effective Depth
Hence deflection check is satisfied
The deflection of the beam is checked in SAP 2000 under
Serviceability limit state and found to be 13.6mm which is less
than 20mm , the allowable deformation in general to avoid
cracking of brittle partition walls
Deflection Ok

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Reference Calculations Out Put

Detailing of the reinforcement
Curtailment of Bars
Curtailment of bars is done according to the guidelines
specified in BS 8110-1:1997 and standard method of detailing
manual.
Procedure of curtailment of bars at right hand side of support 4
is described here.
At mid span provided reinforcement for maximum bending is
4T25+4T25.
It is desired to curtail 4T25 bars. As per Figure 3.24 of the BS
8100-1:1997 at least 30% of reinforcement for maximum
sagging moment should be continued throughout the beam. In
this case curtailment percentage is 50%.
Hence area of continuing reinforcement is ,

3928 0.5 = 1964mm2

For the sectional equilibrium of simplified stress block of a
rectangular section at ultimate state (See Figure 2.3)
Compression of concrete =Tension of bottom steel
0.67fcu
b 0.9x = 0.95 fy A s
m

0.67 30
350 0.9x = 0.95 460 1964
1.5
Hence X =203.3mm
x 203.3
= = 0.291 < 0.5
d 697.5
0.9x 0.9 203.3
Z = d = 697.5 = 606.02kNm
2 2
Hence moment of resistance (MOR) is,
M = 0.95fy A s Z = 0.95 460 1964 606.02 = 524.42kNm

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Figure 2.3: Simplified stress block of a rectangular section at ultimate state

Curtailment of Reinforcement
1000

800

600
Bending Moment (kNm)

400

200

0
262.2kNm
-200

-400

-600
524.4kNm
-800

-1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Length (m)

Bending Moment Diagramm MOR of 4T25 1/2 MOR of 4T25

Figure 7.4: Bending moment diagram and MOR

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Reference Calculations Out Put

Bending moment diagram of the beam segment and Moment
or Resistance corresponds to 4T25 is drawn in Figure 6.6
The point where MOR line cuts the bending moment diagram is
referred to as the Theoretical Cut Off Point. (TCP).
Cl.3.12.9.1 In a flexural member , every bar should be extended beyond
BS 8110:1-1997 the TCP for a distance equal to greater of
1.0 Effective depth of the member =702.5mm
2.0 Twelve times the bar size =12x25 = 300mm
The point of physically cutting off the bars is referred as (PCP)
In addition the least distance of,
3.0 Full anchorage bond length =40x25 = 1000mm
4.0 At PCP actual shear < Half shear capacity
5.0 At PCP moment< Half moment at TCP
Condition 4 is not critical and hence not checked.
Distance to TCP from centerline of LHS is 3.6m.
Distance to PCP as per condition 5 from TCP is 1m.
Hence Distance to PCP from centre line of Support is 3.6-
1=2.6m
Hence 4T 25 is curtailed 2m from the centre line of the
support.

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Reference Calculations Out Put

Anchorage
Anchorage length required beyond the face of the column is
given by
Table 3.27 L = 40 = 40 25 = 1000mm
BS 8110:1-1997 Stress in reinforcement is,
3315
= 0.95 460 = 368.80N/mm2
3928
Assume bend starts at the centre line of column.
Stress at the start of the bend is,
(1000 350)
= 368.80 = 239.72N/mm2
1000
3.12.8.25.2 Bending stress inside the bend
BS 8110:1-1997 Fbt 2f
cu
r 1 + 2( )
a
b
a = 30 + 25 = 55mm
b
239.72 491 2 30

r 25 1 + 2(25 )
55
r = 149.80mm

Hence use a radius of 150mm.

The bend is started as close as possible to the edge of the
column. Hence length from the face of the column to start of
the bend is
= 700 25 150 = 525mm

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Basic Structural Element Design to BS 8110-1:1997

Reference Calculations Out Put

Cl. 3.12.8.23 Effective anchorage length of 90 Bend

BS 8110:1-1997 = 4 150 = 600mm

= 12 25 = 300mm
Hence Vertical length required is,
= 1000 175 300 = 525mm

C.l.3.12.11 Spacing of the reinforcement

BS 8110:1-1997
C.l.3.12.11 Minimum distance between bars
BS 8110:1-1997 Clear distance between bars is
350 2(25 + 10) 4 25
= = 60mm
3
Minimum distance between bars should not be less than
= 5+h = 5 + 20 = 25mm
agg
C.l.3.12.11.2.3 Maximum Clear Horizontal distance between bars in tension
BS 8110:1-1997 with 0% of moment redistribution is 155mm.
Hence maximum spacing of bars in tension is satisfied.
C.l.3.12.11.2.6 Bars near side faces of beams exceeding 750mm overall depth
BS 8110:1-1997 Spacing in not exceeding 250mm near the face of the beam. The
distribution should be a distance of two third of the beams
overall depth measured from its tension face.
Cl.3.12.5.4 Minimum size of bars in side faces of beams to control cracking

s b
= b = 160 350 = 11.03mm
f 460
y

Hence Provide T12 bars.

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