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  • BARON - European Images of Muscovy

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    kjuzifpza
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    Travail historique sur la Russie de l'époque moderne

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    BARON_European Images of Muscovy

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    Travail historique sur la Russie de l'époque moderne

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2 visualizações6 páginas

    BARON - European Images of Muscovy

    Enviado por

    kjuzifpza
    Travail historique sur la Russie de l'époque moderne

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    West EUROPEAN DIPLOMATS, merchants, soldiers and technicians who either visited or resided in Mus- covy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries doubtless registered many impressions, and some might even have ordered them into more or less coherent patterns. But obviously only if they committed their impressions and reflections to writings which then ‘were published could such individu- als contribute to the Western image of Russia. The question, what was the Samuel H. Baron EUROPEAN IMAGES OF MUSCOVY A slave-state where despotic superstition ruled — Herberstein’s vision of sixteenth-century Russia set the agenda for future European attitudes. Western image of Russia in these centuries?, must therefore be answered preliminarily with another question: what were then the most widely published works on the sub- ject? The two which assuredly take the palm are Baron Sigismund von Her- berstein’s Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii and Adam Olearius’ Newe Beschreibung der Muscowitischen und Persischen Reyse. Herberstein’s work, first published in 1549, went through some nineteen Latin, Ger- man, and Italian editions in the next 150. years, not counting extracts. Olearius’ book first appeared in 1647, and the enlarged version printed in 1656 went through more than a score of German, French, English, Dutch, and Italian editions by the end of the century, The well-known English account, Giles Fletcher's Of the Russe Commonwealth (1591) is generally grouped with the other two as one of the three most important foreign reports on Muscovite Russia, even though it was published only three times in this period. Herberstein, who went to Moscow ‘on behalf of the Holy Roman Emperor in 1516-17 and 1525-26 (to mediate a conflict between Poland and Russia), has often been acclaimed as ‘the dis coverer of Russia, He was so described, because he wrote the first detailed, fairly comprehensive, and more or less systematic account of the Muscovite regime. But also because this regime, owing to a recent con- catenation of events ~ the fall of the Byzantine Empire (1453), the over- throw of the Tartar yoke (1480), and the subsequent unification of many Russian principalities under the aegis of the Moscow princes ~ was in’a senseanew realm, just emerging onto the European stage. Unlike earlier writers on Russia, Herberstein was an eye-witness, and he spent a full sixteen months in the country he wrote about; he was well- ‘educated, and had some facility with a Slavic language. Furthermore, as his, mission was welcome to Moscow, he hhad unusual access to many highly- placed persons. These conditions help to explain the solidity of his work, which has long figured as the standard against which to judge other 18 foreign accounts of Muscovy. Although Herberstein produced a rather comprehensive account, only a sketch is needed to convey the salient features of his image of Russia. His single most important set of percep- tions is this: ‘In the sway that he holds over his people the ruler of Muscovy surpasses all the monarchs of the world” He possesses ‘unlimited con- trol of the lives and property of his subjects’ and ‘all confess themselves to be his Chlopos, that is, serfs of the prince The word ‘all’ isnot employed casually, for the prince. ‘uses his, authority as much over ecclesiastics as (Top and left) The Winter kingdom: images from Herberstein of Tsar Vasil Il and travel hy sledge in Muscory. (Above) Sigismund ‘rs Herberstein; a contemporary portrait from ‘Moscow and Muscwey’ (1557). laymen’ and ‘no one dares oppose him’, The awesome relationship of the people to their lord is expressed in their byword: The will of the prince is the will of God’. Even the greatest of the subjects obsequiously touch their heads to the ground before the ruler, Servile in relation to their master, the noblemen are in turn arrogant and domineering with respect to. the common people, who are as serfs to them as well as to the prince. Herberstein’s implicit frame of reference, of course, was the Western societies he knew, where, for all their diversity, nothing was to be found like the extraordinary power of the ruler, the subservience of the Church, the insignificance of the nobility, and the seemingly universal servitude in Muscovy. He arrestingly exposed to the Western public a system unlike the contemporary monarchies of Europe, a system which would become known as Russian autocracy. Herberstein offers no analysisof the origins of the system, but his account of ‘the unscrupulous and brutal methods to which the Moscow princes resorted in their unification of the Russian lands hints that they appropriated the arbitrary, rapacious style of government of the former Tartar overlords, whom they had served while simultaneously aggran- dising themselves. ‘The unification process carried out by Tsars Ivan IIL (1462-1505) and Vasilié II (1505-33) is represented not just as the conquest and expulsion of other princes from their domains but as a sort of plague emanating from Moscow that strikes down and engulfs everything in its path. The case of Novgorod is most shockingly told. Ivan Ill attacked the city on false pretences and then ‘despoiled the archbishop, the citi- zens, merchants and foreigners of all their goods: Not content with that, he ‘reduced all the inhabitants to abject servitude, deported all the leading, citizens, and turned their lands over to the minions he sent to replace them. A further result of the cata- strophe, the author observes, is that the people of Novgorod, who used to be courteous and honourable, ‘now, doubtless from the Russian contagion introduced by people who emigrated from Moscow, are become most degraded’ ‘According to Herberstein, the common people of Muscovy are ruth- lessly exploited, utterly defenceless, and morally degraded. The peasants must work six days a week on the land of their masters, and have but one day to till theirown allotments. They must bear mistreatment _uncomplainingly as they have no access to the prince and, in any case, ‘all justice is venal’ The moral degradation of the people, asthe nobleman Herberstein seesit, is manifested, among other ways, in their want of military valour. ‘The Russians depend more on numbers than skill and discipline, and after attacking impetuously, they behave as, if to say: ‘If you do not flee, then we must, The Muscovites have no sense of honour; rulers routinely violate their solemn oaths. In the conduct of business, the Muscovites are ‘more cunning and deceitful than all others. They engage n outrageous bargaining, and ‘they swear with the very intention of deceiving. Then Herberstein is, repelled by the Russians’ treatment of women. None is considered virtuous unless she lives shut up like a pris- oner. Women are thought to be defil- ing, and so are seldom admitted into churches. Most surprisingly, married women regard beatings by their hus- bands asa measure of their lave. Such evidence ofa slavish disposition is not confined to women, for servants too complain if they do not receive a fair amount of beating. “This people enjoys slavery more than freedom, Herberstein declares in amazement, supporting the assertion with the observation that serfs who are manumitted immediately sell them- selves again. Is Herberstein’s depiction of Mus- covite ways truthful? It is certaink overdrawn in some respects. He mis- understood some of the phenomena he describes; and some other items he reported, for example that women take beatings as a sign of love, evoke scepticism. Needless to say, moreover, the diplomat’s personal values coloured his portrayal, and his negative emphasis. may in some measure have stemmed from talk heard at the Polish court before and after his visits to Moscow: Despite these failings, the work is to a large extent sound. On the whole, it should be added, Herberstein uses restrained language in describing what he clearly finds distasteful in the people and mores of Muscovy. But on one occasion he gives vent to a memorable outburst that expresses his repugnance and perplexity’ It is a matter of doubt whether the brutality of the people has made the prince a tyrant, or whether the people themselves have become brutal and cruel through the tyranny of the prince, No resolution of this conundrum occurs in. Herberstein’s Conmmentari The numerous editions of Herber- stein’s opus produced a strong influ- ence on other writers on Russia. The Russian historian V.O. Kliuchevskii, author of a study of foreign accounts of the Muscovite state, observed: For most of the foreigners who wrote Tothe Queenes moft ex- cellent

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