CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION

EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION

EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

EXCAVATING AND LIFTING

Dr. Farrukh Arif

Assistant Professor, NED UET

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

INTRODUCTION
Excavating and Lifting Equipment
An excavator is defined as a power-driven
digging machine.
The major types of excavators used in
earthmoving operations include
Hydraulic excavators and
Members of cable-operated crane-shovel
family (shovels, draglines, hoes, and
clamshells).
Dozers, loaders, and scrapers can also serve
as excavators.

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Excavator-Shovel and Hoe

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

Loader

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Draglines

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

Clamshell

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Dozers
CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS
Dr. Farrukh Arif
INTRODUCTION
Advantages of Hydraulic
Excavators over Cable-
operated machines
Faster cycle time
Higher bucket penetrating force
More precise digging
Easier operator control
CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS
Dr. Farrukh Arif
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Attachments for Hydraulic
Excavators
Arms, extendable (replaces standard
stick to provide extra reach)
Auger (drills holes for posts, poles etc)
Booms (for long-reach)
Breaker/hammer (vibratory hammer to
break concrete, rock)
Bucket, 4-in-1 (clamshell, dozer,
scraper)
Bucket
Articulating clam, Cemetery,
Clamshell, Ditch cleaning , Drop
center, Muck, Pavement removal,
Ripper, Rock, Sand, Side tilting
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INTRODUCTION
Crane-shovel mounting and revolving superstructure.

Greater mobility between job sites Excellent on-site mobility Greater mobility between job sites
Require better surfaces Operates in low trafficability Require better surfaces
Speed = 80 Km/h or less Drainage/trenching Speed = 48 Km/hr or less

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

Excavator Production

Bucket capacity rating methods

Bucket fill factors for excavators

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Bucket Capacities
Plate Line Capacity:
Volume contained within the bucket when following outline of the
bucket sides
Struck Capacity:
Capacity when the load is struck off flush with the bucket sides
Water Line Capacity:
Level of material flush with the lowest edge of the bucket
Material level corresponds to the water level that would result if the
bucket were filled with water
Heaped Volume:
Maximum volume that can be placed in a bucket without spillage
based on specified angle of repose for the material in the bucket

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

Example 3-1

Estimate the actual bucket load in BCY

for a loader bucket whose heaped
capacity is 5 cu. yd. The soils bucket fill
factor is 0.9 and load factor is 0.8.

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HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS
Operation and Employment
The original and most common form of
hydraulically powered excavator is the
hydraulic excavator equipped with a hoe
front end.
This machine is also called a hydraulic hoe
or hydraulic excavator-backhoe.
A backhoe (or simply hoe) is an excavator
designed primarily for excavation below
grade.

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

Components of a hydraulic excavator backhoe.

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HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

Telescoping-boom hydraulic excavator.

(Courtesy of JLG Industries, Inc.)

Ditching, sloping, finishing, cleaning ditches, demolishing and trenching.

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

Mini-excavator. (Courtesy of JCB Inc.)

Advantages: compact size, light weight, hydraulic power, maneuverability,
Power: 10 to 60hp
Digging depths: 7 to 15 ft.
Some machines are as narrow as 29 in width
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HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS
Production Estimating
Production (LCY/h) = C X S X V X B X E
C = cycles/h
S = swing-depth factor
V = heaped bucket volume
B = bucket fill factor
E = job efficiency

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

Standard cycles per hour for hydraulic excavators

Swing-depth factor for backhoes

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HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

Adjustment factor for trench production

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

Example 3-2

Find the expected production in LCY

per hour of a small hydraulic excavator.
Heaped bucket capacity is cu yd. The
material is sand and gravel with a
bucket fill factor of 0.95. Job efficiency
is 50 min/h. Average depth of cut is 14
ft. Maximum depth of cut is 20 ft. and
average swing is 90 degrees.
Answer = 148 LCY/hr
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Job Management
(Excavator)

Considerations for Selecting Excavator

Maximum Depth
Working Radius
Dumping Height
Adequate Clearance for the carrier, super
structure and boom during construction
Dont use excavator bucket as a hammer all
the time.
Light blasting, ripping or use of power
hammer may be required.
CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS
Dr. Farrukh Arif

SHOVELS
Operation and Employment
Front shovel, hydraulic excavator-front shovel
Works with a combination of crowding force and breakout force
Crowding force-generated by stick cylinder
Breakout force-generated by bucket cylinder

Digging action of a hydraulic shovel.

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SHOVELS

Components of a hydraulic shovel.

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

SHOVELS-Methods of Attack

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Shovel approach methods.
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SHOVELS-Methods of Attack

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

Production Estimating
Production Estimating
Production (LCY/h) = C X S X V X B X E
C = cycles/h
S = swing-depth factor
V = heaped bucket volume
B = bucket fill factor
E = job efficiency

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Example 3-3
Find the expected production in loose cubic
yards per hour of a 3-yd hydraulic shovel
equipped with a front-dump bucket. The
material is common earth with a bucket fill
factor of 1.0. The average angle of swing 75
degrees and job efficiency is 0.8

Answer = 378 LCY/h

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

SHOVELS

Standard cycles per hour for hydraulic shovels

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Job Management-Shovel
Factors controlling Production
Swing angle
Lost time during production cycle
Hauling units loading position
When single loading position, time between
departure-arrival should be used for
Move-up to next digging face
Smoothening of excavation area
Move up constantly against digging area to maintain
optimum distance from working face
Keeping dipper teeth sharper

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

DRAGLINES
Operation and Employment
Longest reach for digging and dumping in crane-shovel family
Can dig from above machine level to significant depths in soft to
medium-hard soil

Components of a dragline.

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DRAGLINES
Digging action: bucket teeth
and weight as drag cable pulls
the bucket across ground
surface
Digging controlled by position
of drag chain, i.e. higher point of
attachment greater angle at
which bucket enters soil
Hoisting and swinging:
material is retained by tension
on the dump cable
Dump: tension in drag cable
and thus in dump cable is
released Dragline bucket.

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

Production Estimate
Expected Production
= Ideal Output X Swing-depth factor X Efficiency

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Production Estimate

Ideal dragline outputshort boom [BCY/h (BCM/h)]*. (This is a modification of data published in
Technical Bulletin No. 4, Power Crane and Shovel Association, Bureau of CIMA, 1968.)

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

Production Estimate

Optimum depth of cut for short boom. (This is a modification of data published in Technical
Bulletin No. 4, Power Crane and Shovel Association, Bureau of CIMA, 1968.)

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Production Estimate

Swing-depth factor for draglines. (This is a modification of data published in Technical

Bulletin No. 4, Power Crane and Shovel Association, Bureau of CIMA, 1968.)

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

Example 3-4

Determine the expected dragline

production in LCY/h based on the
following information
Dragline size = 2 cu yd
Swing angle = 120 degrees
Average depth of cut = 7.9 ft
Material = common earth
Soil Swell = 25%
Answer = 216 LCY/h
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Dragline-Job Management
Trial operations may be required for selecting
boom length, size, weight, and attachment
position of the drag chain that yields
maximum production
Maximum production with minimum swing
angle
Lightest bucket capable of satisfactory
digging should be used

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

Dragline-Job Management
Most efficient
digging area is
located between 15
degrees

Deep cuts should be

excavated in layers Most efficient digging area for a dragline.

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CLAMSHELLS

FIGURE 3-13. Components of a clamshell.

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

Production Estimate-
Example 3-5
Estimate the production in loose cubic
yards per hour for a medium-weight
clamshell excavating loose earth.
Bucket capacity is 1 cu yd. The soil is
common earth with a bucket fill factor of
0.95. Estimated cycle time is 40 S. Job
efficiency is 50 min/hr
Ans: 71 LCY/h

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Job Management
Maximum allowable load = 80% of safe lifting
capacity by crane capacity charts
90% for crawler mounted equipment
Use of lighter bucket with larger volume
should be preferred
Trials may be required to determine optimum
size of bucket (max productivity)
Keep machine level to avoid swinging uphill
or downhill

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

CRANES
Primarily used for
Lifting
Lowering
Transporting loads
Horizontal load
movement by swinging
or traveling

Components of a crane.

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Factors Controlling Safe Lifting

Capacity

Operating Radius
The major factor controlling the load that may be safely lifted
by a crane is its operating radius
Operating radius = horizontal distance from the center of
rotation to the hook
Function of boom length and boom angle above the
horizontal
Position of boom in relation to the carrier
Using or not using Outriggers (beams that widen
effective base of a crane)
Amount of counter weight
Condition of supporting surface
CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS
Dr. Farrukh Arif

CRANES

Large mobile hydraulic crane with

telescoping boom. (Courtesy of
Manitowoc)

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CRANES

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

CRANES

Large crawler mounted lattice-boom

mobile crane. (Courtesy of Manitowoc)

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CRANES

Crane with ring attachment. (Courtesy of

Manitowoc)

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

CRANES

FIGURE 3-28. Tower crane on a building site. (Courtesy of Manitowoc)

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CRANES

FIGURE 3-29. Major types of tower cranes.

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

CRANES

FIGURE 3-30. Terminology of a horizontal

jib tower crane. (Courtesy of Manitowoc)

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CRANES

Table 3-10. Maximum capacity vs. lift radius for a tower crane [pounds
(kilograms)]

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

CRANES

FIGURE 3-32. Crane boom attachments. (Reproduced with permission from the
Association of Equipment Manufacturers.)

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Job Management

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

TRENCHING AND
TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY
Trenching Machines and Plows
Trenchless Technology
Vacuum Excavation Systems
Repair and Rehabilitation of
Pipelines

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TRENCHING AND
TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

FIGURE 3-15. Orange peel bucket.

FIGURE 3-14. Clamshell bucket. (Courtesy of ESCO Corporation)

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

TRENCHING AND
TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

FIGURE 3-17. Hydrostatic vibratory plow.

(Copyright Vermeer Manufacturing
Company, All Rights Reserved)
FIGURE 3-16. Chain trencher. (Copyright
Vermeer Manufacturing Company, All Rights
Reserved)

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TRENCHING AND
TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

FIGURE 3-18. Installing a utility line by pipe jacking.

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

TRENCHING AND
TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

FIGURE 3-19. Thrust boring machine

with percussive action. (Courtesy of TT
Technologies, Inc.)

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TRENCHING AND
TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

FIGURE 3-20. Installing a utility line by horizontal earth boring.

CN-424 -HEAVY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS

Dr. Farrukh Arif

TRENCHING AND
TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

FIGURE 3-22. Schematic of pneumatic

pipe bursting method. (Courtesy of Earth
Tool Company LLC)
FIGURE 3-21. Vacuum excavator.
(Photograph Federal Signal
Corporation. Used by permission. All
rights reserved.)
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