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F. William Lawvere*
* supported by NSF
2
Definition
rr~.
~-~
a
(of course ~4. a ciC = x for any morphism ~ ---~ ~in
0
b
I (x) If f.> - - - - d4- is another morphism in ! (x) ,
ba- - <1"
then ~ - - -t.
is easily verified to be another
morphism in ! (x)
I(x) a category.
Proposition
which map to X
0
,x 1 respectively via the canonical functor
I(x) maps to x.
Remark
Proposition
is X'.
5
Proof
0
Compse the inverse of the functor induced by d with
I (t) ""
--c--- I ( x ) - - - - > ~
Proposition
If X d ""'~ T i' s a durati' on an d i f T a ca t egory
_ is
epimorphism.
Proof
x'
Suppose X
0
~ >A > X are such that x q.. = x~;
x" > 1
we must show x'= x". Since d(x')d(~) = d(x")d(~) and
Proposition
t + s = 0 ~t = 0 and s = 0
6
Proof
then
d (oS_) + d (~) = 0
Remark
Example
form
T/T
- 0
T
is usually denoted as "difference", which is a functor
structure-preserving morphisms.
Example
1l I(t )
01 ;f
jl > I(t +
!_(tl) - 0
"' .... - 'X
-
where
contexts, of path-categories.
again below.
Definition
~,
x f x
endomorphisms).
remains unchanged.
Proposition
If X is a category in which
and
!(x) is a linear order for any endomorphism x ,
at X.
Proof
o<.o
X'
.;,
~l ~l
/ /
~ /
,, v
Hence gf is a freeze.
I(f) - - - - -- x
''
' ' \c
endx(A)
/
Proposition
d
If X ~~--, T is a duration with values in a monoid,
then any section of d consists entirely of freezes of
some object A of X.
12
Proof
1 1
t rJ '! r (".1r'(,llr\
1
x d
T x
9'
shows that !_(Cj'(t)) maps into a monoid in X since the
and fg = gf then f = g.
substantial.
Definition
Definition
elements. Define
X
-p =f EX
- f for all y,u,v, if x = uyv then
W(y) ~p(AV) (y)]
y
>.
,J x
0 xl
\
15
l
y
>.
/t
---~>
_,I
. - - - - - --
u
. y
z
L ,,.
j.
,,. l
> .
>.
u
xl
average pressure.
16
-~
p(~V)yl + p(~V)yo
= p((~V)yl + (~V)yo)
Remark
, ____ _
closure of the accessibility relation, one could instead
X ~ -pr
the inclusion -p X as a morphism in the category
set of components of X , .
-p
Now we temporarily ignore the duration structure
following definition:
Definition
both
fT (x) = r-
domain = X.
Proposition
x = 1
x
{i.e. the fibers of n are discrete as categories).
One has
1
c ; x=x
and whenever C t'o ,. CI 2'
1
>C" and fr (X) = C, one has
Remark
commutes.
x ..
----,~
Q Q
'\ I ""
E \ /A
~ I
- u
It follows that the image of Q is a subgroup of the
monoid Q_.
of a response
X e ) Hom (~,Q_)
20
Q s
= Bas
meaning that for each morphism x in ~, Q(x) is "approxi-
mated" by
~9 (x . ) . s (x . )
~ 1 1
duration functor of X.
x --=-e-~>Y
21
inequalities.)
real numbers,
~- -- . . there is a natural restriction of a general
Definition
C f3 > B for which f.> =J'()( and d(o{)) 0 (hence d((3) ')O)
we have
J'. x(J{ = xl-' ;
"causal completeness":
--- - ----- ................ - ..
----- - -_.
If all the possible "effects"
f?.- X (and hence (} (o( X) for all outputs 9 ) for all r:f.
condition
I
is actually a "sheaf" condition with respect
Johnstone [scJ) .
Theorem
--~>- sh(C)
{ 0
It-1.a .;~.
.h(\ ( 0-
24
f x =x
for every freeze f at C. Of course, such a state is
c
/ cl (.... I c
-elast
Proposition
over C
7./f.in {C)---->
- X
configuration C.
""'
t/f.in (C)- A ~ x
~/rr
c
27
what~
1
results from (German gewesen 1 ) . Using topology,
category
? ----------~ y
I
....
c
is to account for observed correlations between
pair of functors
,/
which we seek.
Theorem
Cat (A/,!)
composing functors
-
30 -
from A.
third.
Proposition
characterized algebraically.
Buffalo,
May 1986
R e f e r e n c e s
5 I II II
"How General is a Generalized Space?"
Dowker Memorial Volume, London Math. Soc.
Lecture Notes # 93 (1985) pp 77 - 112.