TRNG I HC THU LI

B MN A K THUT
---------------------

BI GING

C HC T

Mt chy do

n hi
, c E,

H ni 7/2011
 MC LC
CHNG 1. TNH CHT VT L CA T
1.1. Cc pha hp thnh t v tc dng tng h gia chng ............................................................. 1
I. Pha rn (Ht t). ........................................................................................................... 1
II. Pha lng (Nc trong t) ............................................................................................ 6
III. Pha kh trong t ......................................................................................................... 9
1.2. Cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l v trng thi vt l ca t........................................................... 9
I. Cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l ca t. .............................................................................. 9
II. Cc ch tiu trng thi vt l ca t .......................................................................... 14
1.3. Phn loi t .............................................................................................................. 17
I. Mc ch ...................................................................................................................... 17
II. Gii thiu mt s tiu chun phn loi t in hnh ................................................. 18
CHNG 2. TNH CHT C HC CA T ................................................................... 27
2.1. Tnh thm nc ca t ............................................................................................. 27
I. Khi nim dng thm trong t ................................................................................... 27
II. nh lut Darcy .......................................................................................................... 30
III. H s thm v phng php xc nh ....................................................................... 32
2.2. Tnh p co v bin dng ca t ................................................................................ 35
I. Khi nim tnh p co v bin dng ca t .................................................................. 35
II. Quan h gia bin thin th tch (V) v h s rng (e) ............................................ 36
III. Th nghim p co khng n hng v nh lut p co ............................................... 36
IV. Xc nh cc c trng bin dng ca t ................................................................ 44
V. C kt ca t dnh bo ha nc v s chuyn ha ng sut trong qu trnh c kt
thm................................................................................................................................. 47
VI. Nhn t nh hng n tnh p co v bin dng ca t .......................................... 50
2.3. Cng chng ct ca t ...................................................................................... 50
I. Khi nim v cng chng ct ca t ................................................................... 50
II. Th nghim ct trc tip v nh lut Coulomb.......................................................... 52
III. Tiu chun ph hoi Mohr - Coulomb ...................................................................... 56
IV. Th nghim ba trc .................................................................................................... 63
V. Cng chng ct ca t ct ................................................................................. 66
VI. Cng chng ct ca t st ................................................................................ 73
2.4. Tnh m cht ca t ................................................................................................ 81
I. ngha thc t v Mc ch ca m cht t............................................................ 81
II. Nguyn l m cht.................................................................................................... 81
III. Cc nhn t nh hng n tnh m cht ca t ................................................... 87
CHNG 3. XC NH NG SUT TRONG T ................................................................... 89
3.1. Cc loi ng sut trong t v cc gi thit c bn tnh ton ............................... 89
I. Cc loi ng sut trong t: ......................................................................................... 89
II. Cc gi thit tnh ton: ........................................................................................... 89
3.2. Xc nh ng sut bn thn ....................................................................................... 90
I. ng sut bn thn trong nn t: ................................................................................. 90
II. ng sut bn thn trong cng trnh t: ..................................................................... 91
3.3. Xc nh p sut y mng........................................................................................ 94
I. Khi nim: ................................................................................................................... 94
II. Xc nh p sut y mng (cho mng cng) ............................................................ 95
 3.4. ng sut tng thm trong nn cng trnh .................................................................. 98
I. Hai bi ton c bn: ..................................................................................................... 98
II. ng sut tng thm trong nn ng cht khi mt nn chu ti trng phn b trn din
tch hnh ch nht:......................................................................................................... 102
III. ng sut tng thm trong nn ng cht bi ton phng:.................................... 116
IV. Mt s phng php xc nh ng sut tng thm: ................................................ 124
CHNG 4. SC CHU TI CA NN T ................................................................... 139
4.1. M u ..................................................................................................................... 139
4.2. Cc hnh thc mt n nh ca nn khi chu ti ...................................................... 139
I. Th nghim bn nn chu ti trng thng ng .......................................................... 139
II. Cc hnh thc ph hoi nn ...................................................................................... 139
4.3. L thuyt sc chu ti ca Terzaghi ......................................................................... 141
I. Cc gi thit ............................................................................................................... 141
II. Cng thc tnh ton .................................................................................................. 141
4.4. H s an ton ........................................................................................................... 143
4.5. Phng trnh sc chu ti tng qut ......................................................................... 144
I. Khi qut.................................................................................................................... 144
II. Phng trnh tng qut ca Mayerhof...................................................................... 144
III. Tnh sc chu ti ca nn trong trng hp ti trng lch tm ............................... 148
4.6. Cc phng php tnh sc chu ti ca nn t theo tiu chun Vit Nam ............. 150
I. Cc giai on lm vic ca t nn ........................................................................... 150
II. Cc phng php xc nh sc chu ti ca nn ...................................................... 151
III. Xc nh sc chu ti ca nn da vo s pht trin ca vng bin dng do. ....... 151
IV. Xc nh sc chu ti theo ti trng ph hoi (phng php Evdokimov) ............. 155
CHNG 5. LC T LN TNG CHN .................................................................... 163
5.1. M u ..................................................................................................................... 163
5.2. Cc loi p lc t tc dng ln tng chn t v iu kin sn sinh ra chng .... 165
5.3. Xc nh p lc t tnh ........................................................................................... 167
I. Trng hp lng tng thng ng, mt t nm ngang .......................................... 167
II. Trng hp lng tng chn v mt t p nghing ............................................. 168
5.4. Tnh ton p lc t tnh theo l thuyt ca Rankine .............................................. 169
I. Nguyn l tnh ton ................................................................................................... 169
II. Cc gi thit c bn .................................................................................................. 170
III. Xc nh p lc t ch ng.................................................................................. 170
IV. Xc nh p lc t b ng .................................................................................... 173
V. Tnh ton p lc t trong mt s trng hp ......................................................... 174
5.5. Tnh ton p lc t theo l lun ca Coulomb ....................................................... 179
I. Cc gi thit c bn ................................................................................................... 179
II. Nguyn l tnh ton .................................................................................................. 179
III. Xc nh p lc t ch ng.................................................................................. 179
IV. Xc nh p lc t b ng .................................................................................... 183
CHNG 6. XC NH LN CA NN CNG TRNH .......................................... 188
6.1. M u ..................................................................................................................... 188
6.2. XC NH LN C KT N NH. ............................................................ 188
I. Tnh ton ln c kt mt hng. .......................................................................... 188
II. Tnh ton ln c kt c xt n bin dng hng. ................................................. 195
6.3. Xc nh ln c kt theo thi gian ...................................................................... 200
I. L thuyt c kt thm ca Terzaghi. ......................................................................... 200
II. Tnh ln theo thi gian. ....................................................................................... 204
 LI NI U

C hc t l mn hc c s k thut nhm trang b cho sinh vin kin thc c bn v

t phc v cho mc ch xy dng. Gip cho sinh vin c kin thc tip cn chuyn mn
lnh vc Nn Mng ni ring v Cng trnh xy dng ni chung. Mc d l mn mn c s
c dy t lu trong cc trng khi k thut xy dng, c mt h thng gio trnh v
sch tham kho kh hon chnh nhng vn phi thng xuyn cp nht, chnh sa p ng
tt nht nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu, ng dng ca sinh vin cng nh cn b k thut xy
dng.
B mn a k thut -Trng i hc Thu li bin son cun Bi ging C hc t
vi mc tiu sao cho st vi chng trnh ging dy, cung cp c hu ht kin thc c bn
ca mn hc v cp nht c thng tin t cc sch chuyn ngnh mi dch ca nc ngoi.
Ni dung ca cun Bi ging ny c bn da trn ni dung ca cun C hc t do
GS.TSKH Cao Vn Ch v bn dch cun: Gii thiu a k thut ca Hotz v Kovacs
Tham gia bin son gm cc thy c trong b mn:
ThS Hong Vit Hng vit chng 1
PGS.TS Nguyn Hu Thi vit chng 2
ThS Mc Th Ngc vit chng 3
PGS.TS Nguyn Hng Nam vit chng 4
ThS Phm Huy Dng vit chng 5
GVC.ThS Nguyn Vit Quang vit chng 6
Cun bi ging c tinh gin ni dung theo phng chm c bn, hin i c k
tha kin thc v kinh nghim ca cc lp thy c ging dy ti b mn. Mc d tp th
bin son rt c gng nhng khng th trnh c cc sai st. Rt mong nhn c s gp
ca cc bn sinh vin v c gi cun bi ging ngy cng hon chnh hn.

Cc tc gi
 CHNG 1. TNH CHT VT L CA T

1.1. Cc pha hp thnh t v tc dng tng h gia chng

t l sn phm ca s phong ha gc thnh cc ht t, cc ht t t sp xp to thnh
khung ct t c nhiu l rng, trong cc l rng c cha nc v khng kh. Nh vy t gm 3 thnh
phn vt cht:
Ht t ( pha rn).
Nc trong t ( pha lng).
Kh trong t ( pha kh).
Tnh cht ca t c xc nh bi cc yu t:
Tnh cht ca cc pha hp thnh t.
T l v s lng gia cc pha.
Cc tc dng a phn t, tc dng ha l, tc dng c hc gia cc pha vi nhau v gia cc
nhm ht.

I- Pha rn (Ht t).

Pha rn ca t bao gm cc ht t ( ht khong vt) c kch thc khc nhau chim phn ln
th tch khi t, to thnh khung ct t. C ba yu t ca pha rn nh hng n nhng tnh cht ca
t l: Thnh phn khong vt ca ht t, kch thc ht t, hnh dng ht t. Sau y s i phn tch
c im chi tit ca ba yu t ny.

1. Thnh phn khong vt ht t

Khong vt c nh ngha l nhng n cht hay hp cht ha hc trong t nhin, hnh thnh
v tn ti trong v tri t hay trn mt t trong nhng iu kin a cht nht nh.
Hin nay khoa hc tm c khong 2800 khong vt trong c khong 50 loi khong
vt to thnh t .
Cc c tnh ca khong vt c trnh by cc sch chuyn ngnh k thut a cht cng
trnh.
V t l sn phm ca s phong ha gc do vy thnh phn khong vt ca t ph thuc
ch yu vo thnh phn gc v tc dng phong ha . Tc dng phong ha khc nhau s sn sinh
cc khong vt khc nhau ngay c khi tc dng phong ha trn cng mt loi gc.
Thnh phn khong vt ca ht t c th chia thnh ba loi: Khong vt nguyn sinh, khong
vt th sinh ( hai loi ny l khong vt v c), v cht ha hp hu c.
Khong vt nguyn sinh thng gp l fenpt, thch anh v mica. Cc ht t c thnh phn
khong vt nguyn sinh thng c kch thc ln, ln hn 0,005 mm.
 Cc khong vt th sinh chia lm hai loi:
Khong vt khng ho tan trong nc, thng gp l kaolint, ilit v monmorilont, chng l
thnh phn ch yu ca cc ht st trong t nn cn gi l khong vt st.
Khong vt ho tan trong nc thng gp l canxit, dolomt, mica trng, thch cao, mui m
v.v ....
Cc khong vt th sinh thng c kch thc rt nh, nh hn 0,005 mm.
Cht ho hp hu c l sn phm c to ra t di tch thc vt v ng vt, giai on ph
hu hon ton, sn phm ny c gi l mn hu c.
nh hng ca thnh phn khong vt n cc tnh cht ca t c th thy:
Vi t c kch thc ht ln: Thnh phn khong vt khng nh hng nhiu n tnh cht ca
t.
Vi t c kch thc ht nh: Thnh phn khong vt nh hng rt nhiu n tnh cht ca t
v chng nh hng n hot tnh b mt ht t dn n nh hng ti lp nc kt hp mt ngoi ht
t. Cc tnh cht nh hng ny s c phn tch k hn trong phn phn tch s hnh thnh lp nc
kt hp mt ngoi.

2. Thnh phn cp phi ht

2.1. Cc khi nim
Nhm ht: L tp hp cc ht trong t c kch thc nm trong mt phm vi nht nh.
Cp phi ht: Lng cha tng i ca cc nhm ht trong t tnh bng phn trm tng
lng t kh.
2.2. Biu th cp phi ht ca t
Ly t v, sy kh, gi nh, lm th nghim phn tch ht. Mc ch ca th nghim phn tch
ht l xc nh phm vi kch c ht trong t v phn trm cc ht ca mi nhm kch c. C hai
phng php thng dng th nghim phn tch ht l phng php sng (ry) c thc hin vi
t ht th v phng php t trng k ( phng php lng) c thc hin vi t ht mn.
a) Phng php sng
Vi cc ht c ng knh d > 0,1mm s s dng phng php sng. Phng php ny s dng
mt h thng cc sng c kch thc mt sng khc nhau v thng c gi l b ry tiu chun. Cc
tiu chun ban hnh khc nhau th c s chnh lch i cht v kch c mt sng. Chng hn theo tiu
chun M ( US Standard) th quy nh sng s 4 c ng knh mt sng l 4,76mm, sng s 10 c
ng knh 2mm vv. Nhng nguyn l chung khi phn tch ht th khng thay i.
 Hnh 1.1: H thng ry tiu chun
phn tch ht theo phng php sng, mu t c sy kh sau gi nh lm ti mu
t bng ci s - chy cao su. t sau khi gi ti c vo h thng sng v lc u. Cc ht ln
ng cc sng bn trn, cc ht nh hn ng ln lt cc sng pha di. Cc nhm ht ng trn
cc sng s c cn xc nh cp phi ht.
b) Phng php t trng k
Vi cc ht c ng knh nh d 0,1mm dng phng php t trng k phn tch ht (Lu
tiu chun M th qui nh d 0,074mm). Phng php ny da trn nh lut Stokes, cc ht c
ng knh khc nhau khi lng chm trong nc s lng ng vi cc tc khc nhau. nh lut
Stokes a ra vn tc lng chm ca ht hnh cu:
s w 2
v= d (1.1)
18
Trong :
v: Vn tc ca ht hnh cu lng ng trong cht lng.
d: ng knh ht.
s : Trng lng ring ht.
w : Trng lng ring ca nc.
: nht ca cht lng.
Nu bit khong cch lng chm l (h) v thi gian chm lng l (t) th s tnh c:
h
v= (1.2)
t
T suy ra ng knh ht ( kt hp vi cng thc 1.1).
Sau khi lm th nghim phn tch ht, biu din cp phi ht bng ng cong cp phi.
 Hnh 1.2: Phng php t trng k

V d 1.1:
C 300gam t kh, sau khi cho vo ry xc nh c khi lng ring trn mi ry nh sau:

ng knh ry Khi lng

2mm 15g

1mm 15g

0,5mm 30g

0,25mm 60g

0,1mm 120g

y hng 60g

Cc ht c ng knh d 0,1mm c khi lng l 60g, tip tc lm th nghim t trng k xc nh

c:
0,05 mm < d 0,1mm => 30g
0,01 mm < d 0,05mm => 15g
0,005 mm < d 0,01mm => 9g
d 0,005mm => 6g
 Lp bng tnh X%
0,05 0,01
d (mm) >2 21 10,5 0,5 0,25 0,25 0,1 0,1 0,05 <0,005
0,01 0,005

X% 5 5 10 20 40 10 5 3 2
95 90 80 60 20 10 5

V ng cong cp phi:
v ng cong cp phi, dng h trc bn logarit, vic dng h trc ny gip thu gn h trc v
ni bt cc ht c ng knh nh.
Nu khng s dng giy logarit, c th v trc tip theo trnh t nh sau:
K trc tung vi t l chn theo phn trm cp phi tch ly.
K hai trc honh, mt trc honh lgd v mt trc d.
Nhn xt : lg10 =1 ; lg1 = 0; lg0,1 = -1; lg0,01 = -2, lg 0,001 = -3. Sau khi lg th kt qu u nhau. V
vy trc lgd s gip h tr nh v v tr ng knh ht.
lg= 0,3 ; lg0,5 = -0,3 ; lg0,25 = -0,6 ; lg0,05 = -1,3.

X%

100

80

60

40

20

d
10 2 1 0,5 0,25 0,1 0,05 0,01 0,001
lgd
0,3 0 -0,3 -0,6 -1 -1,3 -2 -3

Hnh 1.3: V d v v ng cong cp phi (Theo TCXD 45-78)

ng dng ca ng cong cp phi:
Xc nh c cp phi ca t
V d:
Ct l nhng ht c 0,1<d 0,2mm, c trn ng cong cp phi va v, xc nh c ct
chim 75%.
Bi l nhng ht c 0,005<d0,1mm, nn bi chim 18%.
St l nhng ht c d0,005mm, nn st chim 2%.
Xc nh tn t ri
Theo bng I-6 bng tra C hc t dng cho sinh vin th loi t va dng xc nh thnh
phn ht c gi l ct ht mn.
Xc nh c h s ng u C u :
C u = D 60 /D 10 (1.3)
 V h s cp phi C c :
2
D30
Cc = (1.4)
D 60 .D10
D 60 l ng knh ca ht, cc ht c ng knh nh hn v bng n chim 60% khi lng
t kh.
D 10 l ng knh ca ht, cc ht c ng knh nh hn v bng n chim 10% khi lng
t kh. D 10 thng c gi l ng knh hiu qu ca t.
D 30 l ng knh ca ht, cc ht c ng knh nh hn v bng n chim 30% khi lng
t kh.
H s C u cng ln th ng cong cp phi cng xoi, t khng u ht ( cp phi tt). Ngc
li nu h s C u nh th t u ht ( Cp phi xu).
Thng thng t c gi l cp phi tt vi C u > 46 v C c t 13. Nu C u =1 th t c
gi l cp phi xu.

3. Hnh dng ht t
t c kch thc ht ln ( Cc loi ct, cui, si, dm) thng cc ht c dng hnh khi,
hnh cu trn nhn, hnh gc cnh. Cc hnh dng ny nh hng nhiu n tnh cht ca t, c bit l
tnh chng ct.
t c kch thc ht nh ( Cc loi set) thng cc ht c dng hnh phin, hnh kim. Cc hnh
dng ny t nh hng n tnh cht ca t.

Hnh 1.4: Hnh dng ht t

II- Pha lng (Nc trong t)

t trong t nhin lun tn ti mt lng nc nht nh v nhng dng khc nhau. Nc tc
dng mnh vi nhng ht khong vt, c bit l nhng ht nh c kch thc ht keo to nn hot tnh
b mt ht t.
Theo quan im xy dng, nc trong t c phn thnh cc loi:
 Nc trong ht khong vt
Nc ht bm
Nc kt hp mt ngoi ht t Nc mng mng kt hp mnh
Nc mng mng kt hp yu
Nc t do Nc mao dn
Nc trng lc

4. c im tng loi nc trong t

4.1. Nc trong ht khong vt
L loi nc trong mng tinh th ca ht khong vt, n tn ti di dng phn t nc H 2 O
hoc dng ion H+, OH. Loi nc ny ch c th tch khi khong vt khi nhit cao (>105C).
Theo quan im xy dng loi nc ny c coi l mt b phn ca ht khong vt.
4.2. Nc kt hp mt ngoi ht t
Nc kt hp mt ngoi tn ti di tc dng ca lc ht in trng nn cc phn t nc v
nhng ion dng b ht vo b mt ht t v c sp xp mt cch cht ch, c nh hng. Cng
cch xa b mt ht t, lc ht cng yu nn s sp xp km cht ch v thiu qui tc hn. Do vy
tnh cht ca nc kt hp mt ngoi rt khc so vi tnh cht ca nc thng thng.
Nc ht bm: C tnh cht gn vi th rn, khng c kh nng di chuyn, khng truyn p
lc thy tnh, t trng khong 1,5. nhit -78oC nc ht bm mi ng bng. Khi t st ch cha
nc ht bm s trng thi rn.
Nc mng mng kt hp mnh: C kh nng di chuyn theo hng bt k t ch mng
nc dy sang ch mng nc mng, nhng s di chuyn khng lin quan n tc dng ca trng lc.
Khi t st cha nc kt hp mnh, t s trng thi na rn.
Nc mng mng kt hp yu: C tnh cht gn ging vi nc thng thng. Khi t st
cha lp nc mng mng kt hp yu v kt cu t b ph hoi th t th hin tnh do.
4.3. Nc t do
L loi nc nm ngoi lc ht in trng v chia lm 2 loi: Nc mao dn v nc trng
lc.
a) Nc mao dn:
L loi nc b ko ln trong cc ng dn nh trong t, bn trn mc nc ngm, do sc cng
b mt ca nc. Hin tng ny c th m t v gii thch tng t hin tng mao dn trong ng thy
tinh nh.
 Hnh 1.5: Hin tng mao dn v lc mao dn ti mt phn cch
cao mao dn c th xc nh t iu kin cn bng gia tng sc cng b mt ( Cn gi l
lc nn mao dn) v tng trng lng ca ct nc dng ln trong ng:

d 2
T..d. cos = w . .h k (1.5)
4
4T
=> hk = cos (1.6)
d. w
Trong
h k : cao mao dn.
w : Trng lng ring ca nc.
d: ng knh ng thy tinh.
T: Sc cng b mt, ly gn ng T = 0,075.10-3KN/m.
: Gc nghing ca sc cng b mt vi thnh ng
T iu kin cn bng (a) c th rt ra tr s p lc mao dn P k
4T
P k = w .h k = cos (1.7)
d
p lc mao dn p k c tc dng nh mt lc dnh kt nu cht cc ht t vo nhau. iu ny tri
ngc vi bn thn p lc nc l rng trong t v c th coi p lc mao dn l p lc nc l rng
m.
P k = w .h k = -u w (1.8)
 Trong xy dng cn ch hin tng mao dn, cao mao dn v tc dng ln ca nc
mao dn. Nc mao dn s lm cho t m t khin sc chu ti ca nn v tnh n nh ca mi dc
gim. i vi nhng cng trnh nn v tr thp gn mc nc ngm cn ch hin tng mao dn.
b) Nc trng lc
Nc trng lc tn ti trong cc l rng ca t, chu s chi phi ca trng lc v tun theo nh
lut Darcy. Cn quan tm n cc vn sau y ca nc trng lc.
Kh nng ha tan v phn gii ca nc.
nh hng ca p lc thy tnh i vi t v cng trnh.
nh hng ca lc thm.

Pha kh trong t
Nu cc l rng ca t khng cha y nc th kh ( thng l khng kh) s chim nhng ch
cn li. Cn c nh hng ca kh i vi tnh cht c hc ca t, c th phn th kh trong t thnh
hai loi:
Loi thng vi kh quyn.
Loi khng thng vi kh quyn.
Kh thng vi kh quyn khng c nh hng g ng k i vi tnh cht ca t, khi m cht
kh ny s thot ra ngoi.
Kh khng thng vi kh quyn ( Bc kh Ti kh) thng thy trong cc loi t st. Loi kh
ny c nhiu nh hng n tnh cht ca t, c bit l tnh thm v tnh m cht ca t.

1.2. Cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l v trng thi vt l ca t

Cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l ca t.
t l sn phm ca s phong ha gc v gm 3 pha vt cht: pha rn, pha lng, pha kh.
Tnh cht vt l ca t ph thuc vo tnh cht ca 3 pha vt cht v t l v s lng gia 3 pha vt
cht ny.
biu th nh lng t phn ca 3 pha vt cht hp thnh t, ngi ta thng dng s 3
th minh ha:
 Hnh 1.6: S 3 pha vt cht to thnh t

Cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l ca t c th c chia lm hai nhm

1. Nhm cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l trc tip
L cc ch tiu c xc nh trc tip t th nghim trong phng. Cc ch tiu ny bao gm:
1.1. Khi lng ring t nhin ca t : k hiu

MT
= (kg/m3) (1.9)
VT
M t : Khi lng tng cng ca mu t (kg).
V t : Th tch tng cng ca mu t (m3).
Cch xc nh khi lng ring t nhin ca t: Dng mt dao vng c th tch V (cm3) v
khi lng M 1 (gam). C nhiu loi dao vng vi cc kch c khc nhau, dao vng ct cho t ht mn
thng c kch thc b hn dao vo dng cho cc loi t sn si. Dng dao vng nay ct mu t
ang cn xc nh khi lng ring. Ct sao cho t ngp y dao vng, sau gt bng hai mt ca
mu t v cn mu. Xc nh c khi lng c t v dao l M 2 (gam). Theo nh ngha nu
trn ta c:
M 2 M1
= (g/cm3) (1.10)
V
1.2. m ca t: W
m ca t l t s gia khi lng nc v khi lng ht trong mt mu t.
MW
W= (%) (1.11)
Ms
Cch xc nh m ca t: Dng mu t c kt cu khng cn nguyn dng nhng m
phi cn nguyn vn. Cn mu v xc nh c khi lng M 1 ca mu. Mang mu sy kh trong
iu kin t sy nhit 105oC v thi gian sy trong khong 8gi, y ht nc ra khi mu.
Sau khi sy kh cn xc nh c khi lng M 2
M1 M 2
W= .100 (%) (1.12)
M2
1.3. T trng ht t: Gs
Ms
Gs = (1.13)
Vs . w
Cch xc nh: Cn ht kh xc nh Ms, cho ht t kh vo nc xc nh th tch ht
nh th tch nc dng ln trong bnh. Theo nh ngha trn s xc nh c G s , w l khi lng
ring ca nc v c gi tr bng 1000kg/m3.

2. Nhm cc ch tiu gin tip

Cc ch tiu gin tip l cc ch tiu tnh c thng qua cc ch tiu trc tip bng cc cng
thc tnh i hoc cc lin h thng qua m hnh ba pha vt cht.
 Cc ch tiu gin tip bao gm

2.1. Khi lng ring kh ca t: k hiu d

Ms
d = (1.14)
Vt
Cch xc nh: T cng thc nh ngha trn, c th chng minh c mt trong cc cng thc
sau y

d = (1.15)
1+ w
v w l cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l trc tip, xc nh t th nghim trong phng, t y tnh
ra c d .
d l ch tiu nh gi cht ca t p.

2.2. Khi lng ring ht s

Ms
s = (1.16)
Vs

Cch xc nh: T cng thc nh ngha, chng minh c: s =G s . w . (1.17)

2.3. H s rng ca t (e)

Vv
e= (1.18)
Vs
Cch xc nh: T cng thc nh ngha, chng minh c cng thc:
s
e= 1 (1.19)
d

2.4. rng ca t (n)

Vo
n= 100(%) (1.20)
Vt
Cch xc nh: T cng thc nh ngha, chng minh c cng thc
e
n= (1.21)
1+ e
2.5. Khi lng ring bo ha (sat)
L khi lng ring ca t khi cc l rng trong t cha y nc.
 M s + Mw
sat = (1.22)
Vt

Mw l khi lng nc cha y trong l rng ca t. T cng thc trn c th chng minh
c cng thc xc nh sat
M s + Mw M s Mw V .
sat = = + = d + v w = d + n. w (1.23)
Vt Vt Vt Vt

2.6. Khi lng ring y ni ()

L khi lng ring ca t khi b ngp trong nc, cc ht t b y ni bi lc y acsimet.
M s w .Vs
= (1.24)
Vt
Cch xc nh: T cng thc nh ngha, chng minh c cng thc
(G s 1). w
= (1.25)
1+ e
2.7. bo ha ca t (S)
Vw
S= (1.26)
Vo
Cch xc nh: T cng thc nh ngha, chng minh c cng thc
G s .w
S= (1.27)
e
Cc bi tp v d:
V d 1.1:
Xut pht t cng thc nh ngha ca khi lng ring y ni, chng minh cng thc sau:
(G s 1). w
=
1+ e
Bi gii
Cng thc nh ngha ca khi lng ring y ni l:
M s w .Vs s .Vs w .Vs
= =
Vt Vv + Vs

s w
Chia c t v mu s cho V s ta c: =
1+ e

Vi s = G s . w ta c =
(G s 1)w (pcm)
1+ e
V d 1.2:
Mt lai t c cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l trc tip c xc nh l:
= 1760 kg/m3; w = 10%; s = 2700 kg/m3
Yu cu: Dng s 3 pha, xc nh cc ch tiu d , e, n, S v sat .
Bi gii
Vi cc bi tp dng s 3pha xc nh cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l ca t th phi thc hin in
tt c cc i lng trn s 3pha. Cc ch tiu s c tnh sau theo cng thc nh ngha.
Th tch (m3) Khi lng (Mg)

Hnh 1.7: V d s dng s 3 pha xc nh cc ch tiu ca t

Gi thit V t = 1 (m3), th c M t = .V t = 1760 (kg)
Vi W =10%, nn M w = 0,1M s
Nn M t = 0,1M s + M s = 1760 (kg)
=> M s = 1600 (kg)
M w = 160 (kg)
Vi s = 2700 kg/m3; M s = 1600 kg => V s = 0,593 m3.
Vi M w = 160 kg; w = 1000 kg/m3 => V w = 0,16 m3.
Vi V t = 1 m3 ; V w = 0,16 m3; V s = 0,593 m3 => V a = 0,247 m3.
V v = V a + V w = 0,407 m3.
Nh vy vic in y cc i lng trong s 3 pha hon thnh.
Tnh ton cc ch tiu:
M s 1600
d = = = 1600 (kg/m3).
Vt 1

Vv Va + Vw 0,247 + 0,160
e= = = = 0,686 .
Vs Vs 0,593

Vv Va + V w 0,247 + 0,160
n= = 100 = 100 = 40,7% .
Vt Vt 1,0

Vw Vw 1,160
S= = 100 = 100 = 39,3% .
Vv Va + Vw 0,247 + 0,160
 M s + Mw (247 + 160) + 1600
sat = = = 2070 (kg/m3).
Vt 1
V d 1.3:
Mt lai t c khi lng ring = 1700 kg/m3.
Yu cu: tnh trng lng ring ca t .
Bi gii
Trng lng ring ca t (k hiu ) c tnh theo nh lut 2 ca Newton:
= .g = 17009,81 = 16677 (N/m3) hay 16,677 (KN/m3).

Cc ch tiu trng thi vt l ca t

3. Mc ch
Trong xy dng, nu ch cn c cc ch tiu vt l nu trn th cha th c c nhn bit
y v mt loi t no . Nhng nu ni t trng thi xp hay cht, do mm, chy hay rn th
s b nh gi c loi t no dng cho xy dng s tt hn.
4. Trng thi v cc ch tiu trng thi vt l ca t ri
t ri l nhng loi t c kch thc ht ln, chng hn theo TCXD Vit Nam th cc ht c
kch thc ln l nhng ht c ng knh t (0,05mm 200mm). Cc loi t ny ri rc khng c
tnh dnh. V d cc lai t ct.
Trng thi ca t ri c th phn tch ra trng thi cht v trng thi m.
4.1. Cc ch tiu nh gi cht
a) Dng ch tiu h s rng e nh gi cht
Theo nh ngha
Vv
e=
Vs
Tnh c cc gi tr ca e, so snh ch tiu qui nh ca qui phm bit c trng thi ca loi
t ri ang xt.
b) Dng ch tiu cht tng i D r
e max eo
Dr =
e max e min
Trong : D r ; cht tng i.
e max : H s rng ca loi t ri ang xt trng thi xp nht.
e min : H s rng ca loi t ri ang xt trng thi cht nht.
e o : H s rng ca t trng thi t nhin.
xc nh e max ta c:
s
e max = 1
dmin
 dmin c xc nh khi loi t ri ti xp nht. C th tm tt th nghim nh sau: Cn mt
khi lng ct kh M 1 (gam), lng ct ny vo trong ng nghim c sn mt cnh khoy. Ko
cch khuy ln lm ti ct, c th tch ct V(cm3) trong ng nghim ta c
M1
dmin = (g/cm3)
V
xc nh e min , tc l xc nh h s rng ca t trng thi cht nht, ta c
s
e min = 1
dmax

dmax c xc nh ng vi t ri trng thi cht nht. xc nh c thng s ny, dng

mt ci hnh tr bng ng c th tch V(cm3) v ct kh vo m cht, cn lng ct kh ny s
c khi lng M 1 (gam).
M1
dmax = (g/cm3)
V
Thay dmax vo cng thc trn s tnh c e min .

Nhn xt:
Khi e o = e min th D r = 1, t trng thi cht nht.
Khi e o = e max th D r = 0, t trng thi xp nht.
Trong khong D r bin i gi tr t 0 n 1 th hin c s thay i trng thi cht ca t
ri t xp nht n cht nht. V vy trong khong 0-1 c th phn ra 3 mc nh gi cht
t ct cht 1> D r > 0,67
t ct cht va 0,67 D r 0,33
t ct xp 0 < D r < 0,33

4.2. Ch tiu nh gi m ca t ri
Dng bo ha S nh ga m ca t ri
S > 0,8 t bo ha
0,5 < S 0,8 t m
S 0,5 t hi m

5. Trng thi v cc ch tiu trng thi vt l ca t dnh

5.1. Trng thi vt l ca t dnh
t dnh thng cha phn ln nhng ht c kch thc ht keo, do trng thi vt l ca loi
t ny khng nhng ch c quan h ti lng cha tng i gia cc th trong t m cn c quan h
ti tc dng gia cc ht t v nc.
t dnh thng c cc trng thi sau: Rn, na rn, do, chy.
i vi t dnh, ch tiu cht v m khng th tch ri v khi m tng th th tch ca
t cng tng ln, ng thi s thay i m cng quyt nh n s thay i trng thi ca t dnh.
Kt qu cc th nghim khi thay i m ca t dnh.
 Hnh 1.8: Kt qu th nghim khi thay i m ca t dnh
Biu biu din kt qu th nghim ny cho thy khi m tng th t dnh chuyn dn trng
thi t rn, sang na rn, sang do, sang chy v ngc li.

5.2. Gii hn Atterberg v ch s do

Gii hn Atterberg l nhng m qu khi t chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc.
m qu ny c nh khoa hc Thy in l Atterberg pht hin ra vo nm 1911.
Atterberg phn bit ba loi m qu l gii hn chy, k hiu LL, gii hn do k hiu PL
v gii hn co k hiu l SL. Cn mt s m qu na l m gii hn dnh ( Sticky limit) khng
trnh by trong phn ny m ch yu s dng trong cc mc ch dng t khc.
Cc m qu ca t c xc nh trong phng th nghim. C th tm tt qui trnh xc
nh cc m gii hn LL v PL nh sau:
xc nh LL ngi ta dng th nghim th chy Vaxiliep hoc th nghim ca Casagrande.
Hnh 1-9 l thit b th nghim ca Casagrande:

Hnh 1.9: Thit b th nghim ca Casagrande.

 lm th nghim ny, mu t c ch b vi m sao cho gn vi m gii hn chy.
Cho t vo trong bt ca thit b, dng dao ct rnh ct mt rnh ngn i t trong bt. Quay tay quay
bt t g xung b 25 ln. Sau ln g th 25 rnh ct khp li ch cn mt on khong 13mm.
Mang t i xc nh m v m ny l m gii hn chy.
xc nh PL ngi ta dng th nghim ln t thnh dy t. t c ch b ti m gn
vi m gii hn do. Ln t thnh dy t c ng knh khong 3mm v t thnh tng on di
t 3mm n 10mm th mang i xc nh m, ta c PL. Trong trng hp dy t c ng knh
nh hn 3mm hoc dnh nhiu vo bn ln l t qu t, vt qu m gii hn do. Trong trng
ng knh dy t ln hn th t qu kh. Vi nhng trng hp ny u phi lm th nghim li.
Khi m ca t bin thin trong phm vi PL v LL th t th hin tnh do. Tnh do l mt
c trng quan trng ca t dnh v ngi ta thng dng ch s do, k hiu PI biu th phm vi
do
PI = LL PL (1.28)

5.3. Ch tiu nh gi trng thi ca t dnh

Dng ch s st LI nh gi trng thi ca t dnh
w PL
LI = (1.29)
LL PL
Trong : W: m ca t trng thi t nhin.
LI > 1 t trng thi chy.
0 LI 1 t trng thi do.
LI < 0 t trng thi rn.
V d 1.4:
Th nghim mt loi t cho kt qu: Gii hn chy LL = 30; ch s do PI = 20; t trng
G s =2,7. Cho bit khi t gii hn chy th xem nh n trng thi bo ha nc.
Yu cu: Xc nh h s rng v rng ca t gii hn chy.
Bi gii
G s .W
Ta c: S=
e
Khi t bo ha: S=1 e = G s .W = 2,7 0,3 = 0,81
e 0,81
rng: n= = = 0,448
1 + e 1 + 0,81

1.3. Phn loi t

Mc ch
Phn loi dng
Lm c s la chn phng php nghin cu.
c phng php s dng ng n cc loi t vi mc ch xy dng.
Thng nht tn gi cho t.
Gii thiu mt s tiu chun phn loi t in hnh

1. H thng phn loi t thng nht USCS

( Unified Soil Classipication System)
H thng phn loi t ny do U.S.Burean of Reclamation a vao nm 1952. Hin nay c
dng rt ph bin trn th gii. Theo cch phn loi ny t c chia lm 3 nhm chnh l t ht th,
t ht mn v t hu c.
t ht th li chia thnh t cui si (G) v ct (S)
W = Cp phi tt, M = Ht mn khng do,
P = Cp phi xu, C = Ht mn do.
t ht mn chia thnh bi (M) v st ( C), bi hu c hoc st hu c
Do L Do thp nu LL < 50%
Do H Do cao nu LL > 50%
Tiu chun phn loi s b
+ Cui si nu hn 50% ht ng li trn sng s 4 (4,76mm).
+ Ct nu hn 50% ht lt qua sng 4 v hn 50% ht ng li trn sng 200
(0,074mm).
+ Bi st nu hn 50% ht lt qua sng 200 (0,074mm).
Biu phn loi t theo USCS (ASTM D 2487).
Hnh 1.10: Biu phn loi t theo USCS (ASTM-D2487)
1.1. i vi Cui si v Ct
Nu c hn 5% lt qua sng s 200 (0,074mm) th c th l GW, GP, SW, SP
Trong
G l cui ( Gravel)
W l cp phi tt (Well)
P l cp phi xu ( Poor)
V d: GW c l cui si c cp phi tt, cn kt hp vi h s C u , C c phn bit.
Nu c hn 12% lt qua sng s 200 (0,074mm) th c th l GC, GM, SM, SC
Trong M l bi, C l st.
Cn da vo ch s do biu do phn bit.
1.2. i vi t ht mn
LL < 50% ML, CL, OL.
LL >50% MH, CH, OH.
V d 1.5:
Lm th nghim vi mt loi t c phn trm ht lt qua sng nh sau:
Sng s 4 = 92%
Sng s 10 = 81% LL = 48
Sng s 40 = 78% PI = 32
Sng s 200 = 65%
Bi gii
1) C hn 50% ht lt qua sng s 200 ( 0,074mm) vy y l t ht mn v c th l ML, CL,
OL, MH, CH, OH.
2) Da vo biu do ta c LL v PI nm vng CL
Vy kt lun t th nghim l CL, t st c tnh do thp.

2. H thng phn loi t theo AASHTO

H thng phn loi t AASHTO co U.S.Breau of Public Roads ngh. C 7 nhm phn loi
chnh t A-1 n A-7. Nhng loi t nm trong nhm l nhng loi t c tnh cht tng t nh nhau.
Nhm t A-1 n A-3 l nhm ht th. T A-4 n A-7 l nhm ht mn.
S phn loi theo AASHTO da trn kt qu phn tch ht qua cc sng s 200, 40, 10 v ca
cc th nghim chy - do. S khc bit gia cc nhm ht t A-1 n A-7 th hin bng ch s GI
GI = (F-35)[0,2+0,005(LL-40)] +0,01(F-15)(PI-10)
Trong F = % lt qua sng 200.
Cht lng chung ca cc lp t thng qua ch s nhm nh sau:
GI = 0 Cp phi rt tt.
GI = 01 Cp phi tt.
GI = 24 Cp phi trung bnh.
 GI = 59 Cp phi xu.
GI = 1020 Cp phi rt xu.

Hnh 1.11: Biu phn loi t theo AASHTO

V d 1.6:
Phn tch loi t theo tiu chun AASHTO cho 1 loi t, bit LL = 39% v PI = 19%. Phn
trm ht lt qua sng
N o 10 (2mm) =41%
N o 40 (0,425mm) =29,5%
N o 10 (0,074mm) =21%
Bi gii
T biu phn loi t theo AASHTO th nhm A-2-6 ph hp hn c ( da vo ch s do PI
chn).
Tnh GI
GI = 0,01(F-15)(PI-10) = 0,01(21-15)(19-10) = 0,54.
Vy t thuc nhm A-2-6 v c cp phi tt.

3. H thng phn loi t theo TCVN.

Vit Nam hin nay ang tn ti hai tiu chun phn loi t l TCXD 45-78 v TCVN 5447-
1993. Tiu chun xy dng 45-78 c phn phn loi t v chia ra thnh t dnh v t ri. Cc gio
trnh hin hnh phn ln trnh by theo TCXD 45-78 phn loi t.
TCVN 5447-1993 v c bn tng t nh tiu chun phn loi t thng nht USCS. Tuy nhin,
tiu chun ny cha c dng ph bin. Sau y s trnh by mt s im chnh ca tiu chun TCXD
45-78.
3.1. Phn loi t theo TCXD 45-78.
3.1.1. Phn loi t dnh theo TCVN 45-78
t dnh c phn theo ch s do I p ( hoc A):
I p =W L -W p
Vi quy nh:
- Phn nhm ht theo bng 1.1. (Bng tra sinh vin)
- Dng b ry tiu chun ca Lin X.
- Gii hn chy W L c xc nh theo phng php Vaxiliev vi t ch b, ht qua ry
0,1mm.
Ty thuc ch s do, t dnh c phn theo bng 3.1.
Bng 1.1

Tn t dnh Ch s do (A)
ct 1<I p 7
st 7<I p 17
St I p >17

Ch thch bng:
a) Khi t dnh c cha nhng ht > 2mm th tn t trong bng c lm r nh sau:
- Nu lng cha t 12-25% khi lng th thm t c
ct c cui (dm), c si (sn).
st c cui (dm), c si (sn).
St c cui (dm), c si (sn).
- Nu lng cha t 25-50% khi lng th thm t pha
ct pha cui (dm), pha si (sn).
st pha cui (dm), pha si (sn).
St pha cui (dm), pha si (sn).
b) Khi t cha trn 50% khi lng nhng ht > 2mm th t c xp vo loi t ht th (bng
phn loi t ri).
c) t dnh cn bao gm: t bn, t ln t v t trng n. t ln t v t trng n c xp
vo loi t c bit.
Mi loi t dnh cn c lm sng t v kh nng chu lc thng qua st ca t ghi trong bng
3.2.
 Bng 1.2

st ca t dnh st tng i B
t ct
cng B<0
do 0B1
lng B>1
t st v st
cng B<0
na cng 0 B 0,25
do cng 0,25 B 0,50
do mm 0,50 B 0,75
do nho 0,75 B 1,0
lng B>1

3.1.2. Phn loi t ri theo TCXD 45-78 (nn nh v cng trnh)

t ri c phn thnh: t ht th v t ct. Mi loi c phn thnh tng loi theo ch dn
ca bng 3.3.
Bng 1.3

Tn t** Ch tiu phn loi*

t ht th
ln, tng Lng cha ht ln hn 200mm trn 50%
cui, dm Lng cha ht ln hn 10mm trn 50%
t si, sn Lng cha ht ln hn 2mm trn 50%
t ct
t ct ln si Lng cha ht ln hn 20mm trn 25%
t ct th Lng cha ht ln hn 0,5mm trn 50%
t ct va Lng cha ht ln hn 0,25mm trn 50%
t ct nh Lng cha ht ln hn 0,10mm bng v trn 75% (75%)
t ct mn ( ct bi) Lng cha ht ln hn 0,10mm di 75% (<75%)

* Dng b ry tiu chun Lin X: 0,10; 0,25; 0,50; 2,0; 5,0; 10mm.

** Tn t c chn theo th t loi dn t trn xung di.

Tnh cht xy dng ca t ri ph thuc vo cht, cp phi v m ca t. Do vy, i

vi t ri, ngoi tn t, cn xc nh m, cht v cp phi ca t theo ch dn.
Mc m ca t ri c xc nh theo bng 3.4.
 Bng 1.4

bo ha S* Mc m
O < S r 0,50 m t
0,50 < S r 0,80 Rt m
0,80 < S r 1,0 No nc (bo ha nc)

cht ca t c xc nh theo h s rng e ca mu t nguyn dng (bng 3.5) hoc

cht tng i D (bng 3.6).
Bng 1.5. Phn loi cht ca t ri theo h s rng

cht ca t
Loi t
Cht Cht va Xp

Ct cha sn, ct to v ct va e < 0,55 0,55 e 0,70 e > 0,70

Ct nh e < 0,60 0,60 e 0,75 e > 0,75

Ct mn (ct bi) e < 0,60 0,60 e 0,80 e > 0,80

Bng 1.6. Phn loi cht ca t ri theo cht tng i D

cht tng i D cht ca t

1 D > 0,66 Cht
0,66 D > 0,33 Cht va
0,33 > D 0 Xp
Bi tp chng I
1) Mt mu t ly t mt tng t nm di tng nc di t c m = 44%, c t trng
= 2,7. Hy tm: h s rng , rng n, trng lng ring t nhin (cng l trng lng ring bo ha v
t di mc nc ngm), trng lng ring kh v trng lng ring y ni ca t .
2) Mt mu t c trng lng ring t nhin =18kN/m3, m =25%, t trng =2,7. Hy
xc nh trng lng ring kh, h s rng v bo ha ca t .
3) Cho bit 1m3 ct kh nng 16,5 kN ( k =16,5kN/m3). Cho ct bo ha nc. Bit t trng ca
ct =2,65. Hy xc nh h s rng v m ca ct .
4) Mt loi t c trng lng ring t nhin =17kN/m3 vi m =15%. Tnh m ca t
sau khi thm vo 1m3 t 120 lt nc.
5) Mt loi t c trng lng ring t nhin =17kN/m3 vi m =15%. Xc nh trng
lng ring ca t khi c m l 25%. (Cho bit th tch ca t khng i khi m ca n thay
i, ngha l cho bit t c k =const).
6) Th nghim mt loi t cho kt qu: Gii hn do =30, ch s do A=20, t trng =2,7. Hy
xc nh h s rng v rng ca t gii hn chy. Cho bit khi t gii hn chy th xem
nh n bo ha nc.
7) Lm th nghim hai loi t thy chng c cng gii hn chy ( ch =40% v d =25%). Nhng
loi t th nht v loi t th hai c m t nhin ln lt l =45% v =20%. Hy xc nh tn
t v trng thi ca hai loi t . Loi no dng lm nn tt hn?
8) Phn tch ht mt lng ct kh khi lng 300g. Cn lng ht ry ng knh 0,5mm l
120g, lng ht ry ng knh 0,25mm l 90g. Xc nh tn loi ct ? Cng loi ct em lm
th nghim nhn c max =1,2 v min =0,7. Hy xc nh trng thi t nhin ca loi ct . Cho h s
rng trng thi t nhin ca n l =0,9.
9) Xut pht t nh ngha chng minh cc cng thc sau:
n ( 1) n (1 + )
n = ; = 1
1+
 CHNG 2. TNH CHT C HC CA T
Nh trnh by trong Chng I, t c cc c im c bn c tm tt nh sau:
Tnh ri, rng.
Cng lin kt gia cc ht nh hn nhiu ln cng bn thn ht t.
t thng gm 2, 3 pha (Rn, Lng, Kh), tc dng v nh hng ln nhau
Di tc dng ca ti trng , tnh rng ca t thay i v do cc tnh cht c hc ca t
thay i theo.
Tt c nhng c im nu trn to cho t nhng tnh cht c hc in hnh, c th phn bit r rt
vi cc vt rn lin tc nh b tng, thp:
Tnh thm nc,
Tnh p co v bin dng kt cu pha,
Tnh chng trt ma st.

2.1. Tnh thm nc ca t

I. Khi nim dng thm trong t

t gm cc ht phn tn khong rng gia chng lin thng vi nhau nn nc c th chy t
do bn trong khi t.
Trong mi trng rng nh vy, nc s chy t vng c p lc cao ti vng c p lc thp. V
vy, c th nh ngha tnh thm ca t l kh nng ca t cho nc i qua.
Dng thm c th l n nh hoc khng n nh, tng ng vi cc iu kin l hng s hoc
bin i theo thi gian. Trong a K Thut, dng thm sinh ra trong trng ng sut l dng khng n
nh trong mi trng c l rng thay i theo thi gian.
Dng chy cng c th c phn loi thnh mt-, hai- hay ba-chiu. Dng thm trong a k
thut thng c gi s l mt- hoc hai-chiu v iu ny l ph hp vi hu ht cc vn thc t.
Trong a k thut, ti cc mc p lc thng thng c th b qua cc thay i khi lng
ring, nn dng chy ca nc trong t c coi nh khng nn c.
Dng chy c th l chy tng, hoc chy ri. Trng thi qu tn ti gia dng chy tng v
dng chy ri.
Trong hu ht cc loi t, dng chy c vn tc rt nh nn c th coi l dng chy tng. Do
vy t hnh 2.1, v t l vi i :
v = ki (2.1)
Phng trnh ny chnh l nh lut Darcy (s xt k hn phn sau)
 Hnh 2.1: Cc vng dng chy tng v dng chy ri (theo Taylor 1948)
Phng trnh Bernoulli di dng nng lng ca mt n v trng lng (cho dng chy n
nh khng nn c) (Thy lc hc):

v12 p1 v 22 p
+ + z1 = + 2 + z 2 = constant total head (2.2)
2g pw g 2g pw g
Theo phng trnh ny: nng lung tng (hay ct nc tng) ca h l tng ca ct nc vn
tc v /2g, ct nc p lc p/ w g v ct nc th z .
2

Ty thuc vo dng chy trong cc ng, knh h hoc qua mi trng rng s tn ti cc tn
tht ct nc hoc tn tht nng lng i km vi dng chy, h f .

v12 p v2 p
+ 1 + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 + h f (2.3)
2g pw g 2g pw g
trong :
v 1 , v 2 - vn tc ti mt ct 1 v 2
g - gia tc trng trng
w - khi lng ring cht lng (nc)
p 1 , p 2 - p lc ti mt ct 1 v 2
z 1 , z 2 - cao mt ct 1 v 2 so vi mt chun
Trong phng trnh Bernoulli p dng gii cc bi ton thm cho t:
p 1 v p 2 = p lc gy ra ct nc p lc = p lc nc l rng u, v vy ct nc p lc tng c
th vit li:

v2 u
H= + +z (2.4)
2g w
Do t c kt cu ht, dng thm chu sc cn ln nn v thng qu nh, v vy c th b qua
ct nc vn tc:
 u
H= +z (2.4)
w
Vi:
H=h+z
h = H 1 - H 2
i = h/L
Nh vy, dng thm sinh ra trong t khng ch do chnh ct nc trng trng, m quan
trng l do chnh ct nc p lc.

Hnh 2.2
thy r hn bn cht ca dng thm trong t, cng nh iu kin p dng nguyn l dng
chy (cng thc 2.4, 2.5) cho t, ta cng cn phn bit dng thm thc v dng thm khng thc:
Trong cc phng trnh nu trn chng ta s dng din tch ton b mt ct ngang trong khi r
rng nc khng th chy xuyn qua cc ht rn m ch qua cc l rng gia cc ht t.
Vy ti sao ta khng s dng phn din tch rng v tnh tc thm da trn din tch rng ?
Vi mt chiu rng n v ca mu trong hnh 2.3, chng ta c th d dng tnh din tch phn
rng qua cng thc h s rng:

Vv Av
=
e =
Vs As
 Hnh 2.3: Tc thm v tc b mt trong dng chy u (theo Taylor 1948)
Vn tc vo v a v vn tc ra v d trong hnh 2.3 u bng v = q/A . Do vy v trong quan h ny l
vn tc mt, i lng khng thc nhng thun tin trong k thut.
Vn tc thm thc v s , l vn tc thc ca dng nc chy qua cc l rng. Chng ta c:

=
q va =
A vd = = vs Av
A vA
Av Vv
= = n v = nv s
A V
Do 0% n 100%, vn tc thm thc lun ln hn vn tc b mt (vn tc ra). Nh vy, H
s rng hay rng ca t nh hng n dng chy ca nc qua n v do nh hng n gi tr
h s thm ca mt loi t (k).

Hnh 2.4: M hnh ca tc thm v tc b mt ca dng chy

(dng chy vung gc vi trang giy)

nh lut Darcy
Hn mt trm nm trc, k s thy lc ngi Php tn l Darcy (DArcy, 1856) thng qua cc
th nghim ch ra rng vn tc cht lng trong ct sch t l vi gradien thy lc, PT (2.1):
v = ki (2.1)
 p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng (trong c hc cht lng) cho dng chy n nh khng
nn c, chuyn thnh phng trnh lin tc:
q = v 1 A 1 = v 2 A 2 = constant (2.6)
T (2.1), (2.6), nh lut Darcy thng c vit l (Hnh 2.3):
h
q = vA = kiA = k A (2.7)
L
Trong :
q - lu lng thm trong n v thi gian qua mt ct A
(n v: th tch/thi gian, m3/s)
v 1 ,v 2 - vn tc ti mt ct 1 v 2
A 1 , A 2 - din tch mt ct 1 v 2
k - h s thm Darcy, hoc l h s thm. k c n v ca vn tc [m/s, cm/s] (bi i khng c
th nguyn)
Mt s yu t nh hng n h s thm (k):
ng knh hiu qu, mc khng u ht
Tnh phc tp ca hnh dng l rng v cc ng chy qua cc l rng
bo ha S
Cc c tnh ca cht lng; nht, i lng ph thuc vo nhit , v t trng.
Phm vi thch dng ca nh lut Darcy:
Cc th nghim thn trng cho thy l PT 2.7 (hoc 2.1) ng cho mt phm vi rng cc loi t
khc nhau, c bit l t ct sch.
Vi si rt sch v khi p bng cp phi h, dng thm c th l ri v nh lut Darcy
khng c gi tr.
Vi cc t mn (t st) khi gradien thy lc rt thp, mi quan h gia v v i l phi tuyn
(Hnh 2.5).
v = k 2 (i-i o ) vi i i 1 (2.8a)
v = k1i n vi i < i 1 (2.8b)
Vi t st Thy in in hnh s m n c gi tr trung bnh vo khong 1.5.
Tuy nhin khng c s nht tr hon ton vi khi nim c ch ra trong Hnh 2.5. on cong
ca ng v~i thc t khng n nh, kh xc nh. Hin nay tha nhn ng v~i ko di ct ti i o (
dc thy lc ban u) cho t dnh:
v = k(i i o ) (2.8c)
 Hnh 2.5: lch so vi nh lut Darcy c quan st trong t st Thy in (theo Hansbo 1960)

H s thm v phng php xc nh

H s thm rt cn thit cho vic thit k cc cng trnh k thut c s xut hin ca dng thm.
C th xc nh k bng cc th nghim trong phng v hin trng.
Th nghim trong phng: S dng thit b my o thm trong cc th nghim
- ct nc khng i (hnh 2.6a)
- ct nc gim dn (hnh 2.6b)
Th nghim hin trng: Thng s dng thit b bm trong cc th nghim
- ct nc khng i
- ct nc gim dn
Trong khun kh mn hc ch trnh by cc th nghim trong phng.
1. Th nghim ct nc khng i:
Th tch nc Q thu nhn c trong thi gian t l
Q = Avt
h
Theo nh lut Darcy, v = ki = k
L

T rt ra: QL
k= (2.9)
h At

Trong :
Q - tng th tch nc thot ra (m3) trong thi gian t (s)
A - din tch mt ct ngang ca mu t (m2)
 Hnh 2.6,a
V d 2.1:
Mu t hnh tr trn, ng knh 7.3 cm v di 16.8 cm, c th nghim vi thit b o thm
ct nc khng i. Ct nc 75 cm c duy tr trong sut thi gian th nghim. Sau 1 pht th
nghim, thu c tng cng 945.7 g nc. Nhit l 20oC. H s rng ca t l 0.43.
Yu cu: Tnh h s thm theo cm/s.
Bi gii:
Din tch mt ct ngang ca mu t:

D 2
A= = (7.3) 2 = 41.9 cm 2
4 4
T phng trnh 2.9, thay s liu tm k:

QL 945,7cm 3 16,8cm
k= = = 0,08cm / s
hAt 75cm 41,9cm 2 1 min 60 s / min

2. Th nghim ct nc gim dn:

dh
Vn tc gim trong ng o p l: v=
dt
dh
Lu lng chy vo mu t l: qin = a
dt
T nh lut Darcy (phng trnh 2.7), lu lng chy ra l:
h
q out = kiA = k A
L
 Theo phng trnh lin tc 2.6, q in = q out nn:
dh h
a =k A
dt L

Hnh 2.6,b
Phn ly bin s v tch phn hai v phng trnh trn cc gii hn s c:
h1 t
dh A2
a k dt
=
h2
h L t1
aL h
v nhn c: k= ln 1 (2.10a)
At h2

aL h
y, t = t 2 - t 1 . Theo log 10 ta c: k = 2,3 log10 1 (2.10b)
At h2

Trong : a - din tch ng o p

A, L - din tch v chiu di mu t
t - thi gian ct nc trong ng o p gim t h 1 n h 2
V d 2.2:
Th nghim ct nc gim dn c tin hnh trong phng vi t ct ln si xm nht (SW) v
thu c cc d liu sau (nhit nc l 20oC):
a = 6.25 cm2 h 1 = 160.2 cm
2
A = 10.73 cm h 2 = 80.1 cm
L = 16.28 cm t = 90 s
 Cho ct nc gim t h 1 n h 2
Yu cu: Tnh h s thm theo cm/s.
Bi gii:
S dng phng trnh 2.10b ta c:
6.25 16.28 160.2
k=2.3 log
10.73 90 80.1
= 0.07 cm/s ( 20 C )
o

Ch : nu nhit nc khc 20oC khi phi s dng cc h s chuyn i tnh

ng nht ca nc.

Cc nhn t nh hng n kt qu th nghim thm trong phng:

S tn ti cc bc kh lm t khng hon ton bo ha, bo ha < 100%
S dch chuyn ca cc ht mn trong mu th nghim
S thay i nhit , c bit trong cc th nghim vi thi gian di
Cu trc t nhin ca mu t th nghim kh c m bo
xt n mt cch tng i chnh xc bn cht hay thay i v tnh khng ng nht
theo t nhin ca cc loi t trm tch v kh khn cng nh nhng hn ch ca cc th nghim
trong phng, nn tin hnh cc th nghim bm hin trng o h s thm trung bnh ton b
khu vc.
H s thm cng c th xc nh da trn cc th nghim nn mt hng trong phng hoc
th nghim ba trc.
C th xc nh h s thm nh cc cng thc thc nghim - cc cng thc 7.10, 7.11, 7.12;
hoc cc bng gi tr k cho cc loi t khc nhau, v d nh hnh 7.6 (Casagrande 1938). - (Xem
trong Gii thiu KT, W.D. Kovas)

2.2. Tnh p co v bin dng ca t

Khi nim tnh p co v bin dng ca t

Gi s bin dng ca lp t chu nn ch theo mt hng, nh trng hp bin dng gy
ra bi ti trng thng ng trn mt vng t rng.

Hnh 2.7
Xt phn t t ti su z, chu nn mt hng:
 bin dng theo phng z: z 0
bin dng theo phng x: x = 0
bin dng theo phng y: y = 0
Khi chu ti trng, t b p co, bin dng ca t sinh ra l do th tch l rng thay i.
Nh vy, Bin thin th tch ca t chnh l do th tch rng thu hp, V V v

Quan h gia bin thin th tch (V) v h s rng (e)

Xt bi ton: Mt khi t c th tch ban u V 1 , h s rng e 1 . Hy tnh bin thin th
tch V khi h s rng l e 2 . (vi e 1 > e 2 ).
1
Tnh th tch ht t V s1 c trong V 1 : V s1 = V 1 m 1 = V1
1 + e1

1
Tnh th tch ht t V s2 c trong V 2 : V s2 = V 2 m 2 = V2
1 + e2
Nh bit, bin thin th tch khi t l do th tch rng thu hp li (th tch ht khng
i), ngha l:
1 1 1 + e2
Vs 2 = Vs 1 V2 = V1 V2 = V1
1 + e2 1 + e1 1 + e1

e1 e2
V = V 1 - V 2 V = V1 , e 1 - e 2 = e , l bin thin h s rng
1 + e1

V1
V = e (2.11a)
1 + e1
V = e (2.11b)
Nh vy, Bin thin th tch ca t t l bc nht vi bin thin h s rng
Cng c th vit (2.11a) di dng bin dng th tch tng i:
V e
v = = (2.11c)
V 1 + e1

vi v = x + y + z (theo l thuyt n hi) (2.11d)

Th nghim p co khng n hng v nh lut p co

1. Th nghim p co khng n hng
m phng p co mt hng trong phng th nghim, thng nn mu t bng thit b nn
khng n hng hay nn c kt. (Hai dng thit b nn khng n hng c th hin hnh 2.8).
Mt mu t nguyn dng, i biu cho mt phn t t b nn trong nn, c ct gt
to mu cn thn v t vo hp nn.
 Hnh 2.8: S thit b th nghim nn khng n hng (a) hp nn di ng (b) hp nn c nh
(theo Hi cc k s qun i M).
Hp nn thnh cng khng cho php bin dng ngang xy ra. Trn v di mu t c lt
thm khi chu nn th nc thot ra. Thng thng thm nh mu c ng knh nh
hn ng knh ca hp nn cng khong 0,5 mm, n khng th ko r dc theo thnh khi ti
trng tc dng. T s gia ng knh v chiu cao mu trong khong t 2,5 n 5 v cc ng
knh ny thng ph thuc vo ng knh ca mu nguyn dng khi th nghim.
Bin php lm gim ma st thnh bng cch dng hp nn bng s hoc cc cht bi trn
xung quanh.
Th nghim hp nn di ng: qu trnh nn din ra c hai mt mu th nghim. C th
thy rng ma st hp nn th nghim ny nh hn th nghim hp nn c nh
Th nghim hp nn c nh: t ch chuyn v xung. u im c bn ca th nghim
hp nn c nh l c th o hoc kim sot nc thot ra t thm y. Cng c th kt hp
tin hnh th nghim thm bng hp nn.
Tin hnh th nghim thit lp quan h gia ti trng v bin dng theo mu th
nghim p co khng n hng:
Ti trng tc dng ln mu tng dn tng cp (c th tng
ti bng h thng tay n c hc hoc bng kh nn).
Vi mi cp ti trng tc dng, ch cho mu t ln n nh
v p lc nc l rng d trong mu xp x v khng. ng sut cui
cng hay ng sut cn bng c gi l ng sut hiu qu.
Qu trnh ny c lp li cho n khi s im d liu
th hin ng cong quan h bin dng ~ ng sut (s ~ vc )
V e
T Ct. (2.11c): v = =
V 1 + e1
Hnh 2.9
 si +1 ei ei +1 si +1
= ei +1 = ei (1 + ei ) (2.11e)
H 1 + ei H

V si +1 si +1
v = = i +1 = i (2.11f)
V H H
Da vo cc Ct. (2.11e v 2.11f) kt hp ng quan h thc nghim (s ~ vc ), ta c th
xy dng cc ng quan h (e ~ vc ) v ( ~ vc ) .
Mc tiu ca th nghim c kt l:
m phng s p co ca t di tc dng ca ti trng ngoi cho.
Xc nh thng s mun ca t khi nn khng n hng.
D on ln ca cc lp t hin trng bng cch nh gi cc c trng nn ca
mu nguyn dng tiu biu.
Hai phng php biu din d liu ti trng-bin dng c th hin Hnh 2.10:

Hnh 2.10: Hai cch th hin d liu th nghim c kt: a) Phn trm c kt (hay bin
dng) v % vi ng sut hiu qu vc ; b) H s rng e vi ng sut hiu qu vc
(Th nghim vi t bn ti vnh San Francisco su -7,3m).
C hai th ny u cho thy t l vt liu bin dng tng bn, c ngha l gi tr mun
(tc thi) tng khi ng sut tng. Quan h ng sut-bin dng th hin hnh 2.10 l hon ton
phi tuyn.
 Hnh 2.11: Th hin d liu th nghim c kt trn h trc bn logarit (cng s liu vi
Hnh 2.10): a) Phn trm c kt (hay bin dng) v % vi log ng sut hiu qu vc ;
b) H s rng e vi log ng sut hiu qu vc .
C th thy c hai th u c hai on gn nh thng ni tip vi ng cong chuyn
tip trn. ng sut ti im chuyn tip hay l im gy xut hin ng cong th hin hnh
2.11 ch ra gi tr ng sut lp ph thng ng ln nht m mu t ny chu trong qu kh.
Gi tr ny c hiu l gi tr ng sut c kt trc p . i khi cng dng k hiu p c hay vm ,
ch m vit di biu th p lc qu kh ln nht.

H s qu c kt OCR:
H s qu c kt l t s gia ng sut c kt trc v ng sut nn hiu qu hin ti theo
phng ng:

'p
OCR = (2.12)
vo'
p = p lc c kt trc
vo = p lc lp ph thng ng hin ti
OCR=1, ngha l p = vo t c kt bnh thng (NC)
OCR>1, ngha l p > vo t qu c kt (OC)
OCR<1, ngha l p < vo t cha c kt
Cha c kt c th xy ra, v d nhng loi t mi trm tch gn y do cc hot ng
a cht hay do con ngi to nn. Trong iu kin ny, lp t st cha th cn bng n nh
di trng lng ca lp ph. Nu p lc nc l rng o c trong iu kin cha c kt th s
l p lc thu tnh d.
Xc nh p lc qu c kt, p :
Phng php ph bin nht l ca Casagrande (1936) c th hin hnh 8.6.
 Cc bc thao tc ca Casagrande nh sau:
1) Chn bng mt mt im c bn knh cong nh nht (hoc cong nht) ca ng cong
c kt (im A trn hnh 2.12).
2) T im A k ng nm ngang.
3) T im A k ng tip tuyn vi ng cong c kt.
4) K ng phn gic ca gc c to bi bc 2 v 3.
5) Ko di on ng thng ca ng cong nn nguyn sinh cho n khi ct ng
phn gic to bc 4. Giao im ny cho ta tr s ng sut c kt trc ( im B trn hnh
2.12).
Mt phng php n gin hn nh gi tr s ng sut c kt trc c mt s k s
s dng: - Ko di hai on thng ca ng cong c kt, im giao nhau ca chng cho p lc
c kt trc c th ng nht (im C trn hnh 2.12).
Nu trn hnh 2.12 th tr s ln nht p c th s l gi tr ti im D, tr s nh nht
p c th l tr s ti im E, l giao im ca ng cong nn nguyn sinh vi ng nm
ngang k t tr s e o .

Hnh 2.12: Phng php Casagrande(1936) xc nh ng sut qu c kt, trn th ch ra

c tr s nh nht, c th xy ra nht v ln nht c th ca ng sut c kt trc.
2. nh lut p co khng n hng v cc c trng p co ca t
Khi kt qu th nghim c biu th theo h s rng: (hnh 2.10b)
dc ca ng cong (e vc ) ti im bt k c xc nh bng tr s o hm ti
im :

de
= av (2.13)
d v v ,i

Nhn xt:
- Khi v,i nh, a v ln t d p co
- Khi v,i ln, a v nh t kh p co

Nh vy, a v biu th mc p co ca t, gi l h s p co (h s nn); n v thng

2
l [m /kN].
Trong nhiu trng hp, phm vi thay i ca v khng ln (100300 kPa) c th coi l
on thng. V vy ta c th vit li (2.11) di dng gn ng:
e
= av (2.14)
v

T ta c: e = av v (2.15)

vi: e = e i - e i+1 (2.16a)

v = v,i+1 - v,i (2.16b)
Pht biu nh lut p co ca t:
Khi bin thin p lc nn khng ln th bin thin h s rng t l bc nht vi bin thin
p lc. nh lut p co c th hin bng cng thc 2.13.
Khi kt qu th nghim c biu th theo bin dng (hnh 8.4a) th dc ca ng cong nn
ln c gi l h s bin thin th tch, m v , tc l:
d v v a Hnh2.1
mv = = = v (2.17)
d v v 1 + eo
, ,

Trong , v l bin dng ng. Trong nn mt hng, v

= e/(1+e o ).
Khi kt qu th nghim c biu din bng quan h (e
log v ), hnh 2.11b, th dc ca ng cong p co
nguyn sinh c gi l ch s nn C c
de e1 e2 e e
Cc = = = 1 2, (2.18)
d (log v ) log 2 log 1
, , ,

log 2,
1
Ch : C c khng th nguyn
Khi kt qu th nghim biu th bng ( v % log v ), Hnh 2.11a, dc ca ng cong
nn nguyn sinh c gi l ch s nn ci bin C c (i khi, t s nn):
v
Cc = (2.19)
,
log 2,
1
Quan h gia ch s nn ci bin C c v
ch s nn C c c biu din bng:
Cc
Cc = (2.20)
1 + eo
Ch s nn li C r l dc trung bnh
ca phn nn li ca ng cong (elog vc ),
Hnh 2.14 - C r c nh ngha tng t C c ,
PT (2.18).
Nu kt qu th nghim c v bng
quan h ( v log vc ) th dc ca ng cong
nn li c gi l ch s nn li ci bin C r
(i khi gi l t s nn li).
Lin h C r v C r :
Hnh 2.14: ng cong e ~ log (p lc)
Cr minh ha qu trnh trm tch, ly mu (d
C r = (2.21) ti) v c kt li trong thit b th nghim
1 + eo
c kt
V d 2.3:
Th nghim nn khng n hng trong phng th nghim mt mu t vi 1 =100 KN/m2 th xc
nh c h s rng e 1 =1,2; vi 2 =200KN/m2 th xc nh c h s rng e 2 =1,1.
Yu cu: Tnh h s p co (h s nn ln) ca loi t ny.
Bi gii
H s p co ca loi t ny l:
e1 e2 1,2 1,1
av = = = 0,001 (m2/kN)
2 1 200 100

3. Th nghim bn nn ti hin trng v nguyn l bin dng tuyn tnh

3.1. Th nghim bn nn
(bn nn ch chu ti trng thng ng)

Khi p < pI gh , bin dng ng l ch yu, do

V v thu hp; quan h /s v b/d trong nn l tuyn tnh.
cui giai on I (p = pI gh ) bin dng do xut hin u
tin ti hai mp bn nn pht trin thnh vng do (su
khong B)
Khi p > pI gh , vng do pht trin theo p tng,
quan h S~p trong nn l phi tuyn. Khi p pII gh b/d
do chim u th, cong cng ln.
khi p = pII gh , vng do pht trin hon ton,
khi nn trng thi Cn bng Gii hn. Tng mt
lng p rt nh, nn b ph hoi trt (p tri).

Hnh 2.15
3.2. Nguyn l bin dng tuyn tnh
Theo kt qu th nghim bn nn:
Khi p < pI gh , bin dng ca t ch yu do th tch rng (V v ) thu hp; quan h (S p) c
dng gn thng, c th coi l bc nht. T c th a ra nguyn l bin dng tuyn tnh:
Khi ti trng tc dng khng ln (p < pI gh ), quan h (S p) c dng gn thng th c
th xem t nh vt liu bin dng tuyn tnh, v quan h gia ln v p lc ln nn l bc
nht.
Nguyn l bin dng tuyn tnh c th vn
dng cho t nh sau:
So snh c tnh bin dng ca 2 vt liu
(xem Hnh v):
Thp (vt liu n hi) v
t (vt liu ri) Hnh 2.16
C s tng t v hnh thc, quan h gia bin dng v p lc l bc nht. V th, trong
giai on bin dng tuyn tnh, ta c th vn dng cc biu thc ca l thuyt n hi tnh cho
t, trc ht l nh lut Hooke lin h bin dng vi ng sut.
Vi gi thit phn t t l n hi ng hng, ngha l E x = E y = E z = E o , th nh lut
Hooke c th hin di dng cc biu thc (2.20):
x = 1/E o [ x - o ( y + z )]
y = 1/E o [ y - o ( z + x )] (2.22)
z = 1/E o [ z - o ( x + y )]
trong ,
Hnh 2.17
E o v o tng ng l mun bin dng v h s n hng ca t.
x , y , z l cc ng sut php tc dng ln phn t t theo cc phng x, y, z .
x , y , z l cc bin dng tng i ca phn t t theo cc phng x, y, z .

Xc nh cc c trng bin dng ca t

4. Xc nh h s n hng, o.
Vi phn t t chu nn mt hng
(n hng t do):
x = y = 0

x =y 0
x y
o = = (2.23)
z z

5. Xc nh h s p lc hng, Ko. Hnh 2.18 Hnh 2.19

 Vi phn t t chu nn khng n hng:
x =y 0 x y
Ko = = (2.24)
x = y = 0 z z

Quan h gia h s p lc hng K o v h s n hng o :

V mu t b nn khng n hng, t (2.24), x = y = 0 v (2.22), x =1/E o [ x - o ( y + z )] =
0, thu c:
x = o ( y + z ) = o y + o z
o x o
x =y = z Ko = = (2.25)
1 o z 1 o

6. Xc nh mun bin dng, Eo.

M un E o - l mt c trng bin dng quan trng ca t, c ngha tng t mun
n hi E e , nhng khc v bn cht:
E e biu th tnh n hi ca t
E o biu th tnh bin dng ca t, bao gm bin dng d (khng hi phc) v bin
dng n hi (hi phc), trong bin dng d l ch yu.

6.1. Xc nh Eo t th nghim nn khng n hng

Mu t b nn trong iu kin khng n hng:
V e V a
T PT (2.11c), v = = v = = v z (a)
V 1 + e1 V 1+ e1

1 2o
Theo LT n hi: v = x + y + z = ( x + y + z ) (b)
Eo

o
theo PT (2.25), x = y = z , thay vo (b), nhn c:
1 o

2 o2 z

v = 1 (c)
1 o Eo

2 o2
cn bng (c) vi (a), v t = 1 (2.26)
1 o

1+ e1
cui cng nhn c: Eo = (2.27)
av

V d 2.4:
 Th nghim nn t ti hin trng mt h o vi mt bn nn trn c din tch bn nn
F=5000 cm2 (d=2 F / =79,8cm), kt qu bng sau:

P(kN/m2) 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

S(mm) 0 8 12 20 32 65 100 150

Cng loi t , khi th nghim p co khng n hng trong phng th nghim mt mu t

c chiu cao h o =2,54cm cho kt qu sau:

P(kN/m2) 0 100 200 300 400

S(mm) 0 1,24 1,71 2,10 2,35

Yu cu:
a) Tnh cc h s rng e i v v quan h e-p trong th nghim p co khng n hng, cho
bit h s rng ban u ca t e o =0,814.
b) Tnh m uyn bin dng ca t theo kt qu ca hai phng php th nghim ng vi
cng cp ti trng thay i t p=0 n p=100kN/m2. So snh kt qu v cho nhn xt.
Bi gii
a) Tnh cc h s rng e i
Si
T cng thc e i = e o -(1+ e o )
Ho
Vi p=100KN/m 2ta c:
1,24
e100 = 0,814 (1 + 0,814) = 0,725
25,4
1,71
e200 = 0,814 (1 + 0,814) = 0,692
25,4
2,1
e300 = 0,814 (1 + 0,814) = 0,664
25,4
2,35
e400 = 0,814 (1 + 0,814) = 0,646
25,4
V ng quan h e-p:

b) Tnh E trong khong p=0 n p=100 KN/m2

 e0 e100 0,814 0,725
a01 = = = 0,00089
p2 p1 100
1 + e0 1 + 0,814
E0 = = 0,8 = 1630,562
a 01 0,00089
Vi cc bi tp dng s 3pha xc nh cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l ca t th phi
thc hin
Vi cc bi tp dng s 3pha xc nh cc ch tiu tnh cht vt l ca t th phi
thc hin
6.2. Xc nh Eo t th nghim bn nn
Khi p pI gh , l thuyt n hi chng minh c ln ca mt bn nn trn t trn
mt bn khng gian bin dng tuyn tnh:

1 o2 P 1 o2 P
S= Eo = (2.28a)
Eo d d S

F
Nu bn nn vung, c th ly ng knh tng ng theo cng thc: d = 2 , vi

F l din tch y bn nn vung.
Lu : Biu thc trn tnh cho mi trng bn khng gian v hn n hi. Tuy nhin i
vi t th phm vi nh hng ca P khng ra v cng m hu hn, v th khi dng cn phi hiu
chnh bng cch thm mt h s thc nghim vo cng thc, m o < 1.

1 o2 P
Eo = mo (2.28b)
d S

C kt ca t dnh bo ha nc v s chuyn ha ng sut trong qu trnh

c kt thm
7. Khi nim v tnh p co ca t bo ha nc
Xt trng hp bin dng ca lp t chu nn mt hng (Hnh v):

Hnh 2.20

Khi chu ti trng, t b p co bi:

- Bin dng ca cc ht t
- Nc v kh trong l rng ca t b p co
- Nc v kh b p thot ra khi l rng
Tuy nhin, di tc dng ca ti trng thc t, p co ca bn thn cc ht khong vt
l rt nh v thng b qua. i vi t bo ho hon ton (gi thit bo ho l 100%), tnh
nn ln ca nc trong l rng cng c b qua. V th, yu t lm thay i th tch ca t
trm tch chnh l s thot nc l rng trong t. Khi nc trong t thot ra th bn thn cc
ht t t sp xp li n v tr n nh hn v khi t tr nn cht hn. Khi th tch t gim th
s dn n ln b mt nn.
S sp xp li cc ht t v s p co ca t cng ph thuc vo cng ca khung ct
t v l hm ca kt cu t. Kt cu t li ph thuc vo lch s a cht v trm tch ca t.
S p co trong t Ri v t Dnh cng c nhng khc nhau, cn phn bit.

7.1. i vi t Ri (p co mt hng):
S p co (bin dng) din ra trong thi gian rt
ngn bi v t th nghim l t ht th thot nc Hnh2.21
tt. Nc v kh d dng thot ra khi l rng ca t.
Trong thc t, vi t ct th qu trnh p co
xy ra ngay trong khi xy dng v phn ln qu trnh
ln kt thc sau khi xy dng xong cng trnh.
S ln din ra nhanh, thm ch ln tng kh
nh ca cc lp t ht ri, c th s bt li cho cng
trnh c bit nhy cm vi s ln nhanh.

7.2. i vi t Dnh bo ha nc (p co mt hng):

V kh nng thot nc trong t st kh nh, nn qu trnh p co ca t st c nh
gi bng tc thot nc khi l rng ca t.
Qu trnh ny gi l
Qu trnh c kt, v l quan h ng sut - bin dng - thi gian.
Qu trnh ln c th ko di hng thng, hng nm thm ch hng chc nm. y l s
khc bit c bn v duy nht gia nn ca t ri v c kt ca t dnh:
Nn ca t ct xy ra tc thi,
C kt l qu trnh ph thuc thi gian. S khc nhau v tc ln ph thuc vo s
khc nhau v tnh thm ca t.
M hnh C kt thm Terzaghi:
t dnh bo ha nc gm 2 pha:
Pha Rn: gm cc ht t, to thnh khung kt cu (ct t).
Pha Lng: gm nc chim y th tch rng trong t ( bo ha S=1)
Hai pha di tc dng ca p lc s c nhng phn ng khc nhau: Phn p lc truyn
cho pha rn, lm t bin dng, gi l ng sut hiu qu ()
Phn p lc truyn cho pha lng (nc), khng lm bin dng t, m ch to nn ct
nc v gy ra s thm trong t (lm nc thot ra ngoi mu t), gi l p lc nc l rng
hoc p lc trung ha (u).
 Qu trnh nc thot ra, l rng thu hp v t cht li, l qu trnh, u tng v gim.
Nh vy, nu gi ng sut tng l , ta c:
= + u (2.29)
C kt ca t st c gii thch d dng bng m hnh ca Terzaghi (1923): Mt pt-
tng P chu ti trng ng v nn mt l xo t trong mt bnh ng y nc.
L xo tng trng cho ct t,
Nc trong bnh tng trng cho nc trong l rng ca t.
Van V t trn nh pt-tng tng trng cho kch thc l rng ca t.

Hnh 2.22: M hnh Terzaghi

Hnh 2.22a: Cn bng p lc xy ra khi van V m nhng khng c nc thot ra ngoi.
Trng hp ny m phng mt lp t bn di cn bng vi trng lng cc lp t pha trn
n (lp ph)
Hnh 2.22b: Lp t chu thm mt gia lng . Ban u, van V cha kp m, ton b
ti trng truyn cho nc trong bnh (v nc khng chu nn v cha th thot ra), lc ny cha
c s chuyn ng ca pt-tng, v ng h ch u= . p lc nc l rng u c gi l p
lc thu tnh d v n l gia lng ca p lc thu tnh ban u u o .
Sau , m van V v cho nc thot dn dn ra khi bnh di p lc d ban u u.
Theo thi gian, nc thot dn ra, p lc nc gim v ti trng chuyn dn sang l xo, l xo
b nn li do ti trng tng ng: < ; u <
Hnh 2.22c: Khi t cn bng, khng c nc thot ra thm na, p lc nc l rng
li t trng thi cn bng thu tnh v l xo t trng thi cn bng vi ti trng tc dng: u = 0
; =
Nh vy, M hnh l xo m phng c qu trnh c kt xy ra trong t dnh
hin trng v trong phng khi chu ti trng nh sau:
Lc u (t = 0), nc cha kp thot ra, ton b ti trng ngoi c chuyn thnh p
lc nc l rng d hoc p lc thu tnh d. V th ti thi im ban u khng c s thay i
v ng sut hiu qu trong t (l xo cha bin dng, t cha b nn).
 Dn dn (0< t < T) nc thot ra di tc dng ca chnh lch p lc, ct t b nn
li v tip nhn ti trng, ng sut hiu qu tng ln (u < v , v < v ). Qu trnh nn
ca l xo m phng qu trnh nn ca ct t. (T= thi gian nc d thot ra ht).
Cui cng (t = T), nc d thot ra ht, p lc thu tnh d s bng khng v p lc
nc l rng li tr li p lc thy tnh nh khi cha tc dng ti trng (u = 0, v = v ). L
xo b nn hon ton (t c kt hon ton)
Kt lun:
Qu trnh chuyn ha ng sut trong MH c kt thm m t qu trnh chuyn
ha ng sut trong t dnh bo ha nc.
C th ni, qu trnh c kt ca t dnh bo ha nc v mt c hc l qu trnh
chuyn ha t p lc nc l rng d sang ng sut hiu qu.

Nhn t nh hng n tnh p co v bin dng ca t

8. Cc nhn t ch quan
Lin kt kt cu ca t: nu lin kt kt cu b ph hoi th tnh p co v bin dng
ca t ln, nu lin kt kt cu cha b ph hoi th tnh p co v bin dng ca t s b hn.
Loi t khc nhau th tnh p co v bin dng ca t s khc nhau. t dnh ni
chung bin dng ln hn t ri, c bit l ct to v ct si c bin dng rt b.
cht ban u ca t c nh hng n tnh p co v bin dng. V d t ri c
cht ban u cng ln th tnh p co v bin dng cng nh.

9. Cc nhn t khch quan

nh hng do cch tc dng ti trng: tnh cht nn ln v bin dng ca t rt khc
nhau khi tng ti, d ti v nn li.
nh hng do tc gia ti: Vi cng gi tr ti trng nh nhau, nu tc gia ti
cng ln, bin dng s cng ln. Trong thc t xy dng dng bin php gia ti vi tc
chm hn ch ln tng nhanh.
nh hng ca ti trng ng: Ti trng ng lm cho t ct c nn cht mnh.

2.3. Cng chng ct ca t

I. Khi nim v cng chng ct ca t

Nu ti trng hoc ng sut () trong nn, mi dc t hoc t p sau tng chn tng
cho n khi bin dng vt qu mc cho php, cc khi t bt u dch trt ln nhau theo mt
mt trt th c th ni rng t trong nn, trong mi dc hoc sau tng chn b ph hoi.
Trong trng hp ny s lin quan n bn ca t hay l ng sut ln nht hoc gii hn m
vt liu c th chu c ( f ). Trong a k thut, ngi ta thng quan tm n cng chng
ct ca t v, trong phn ln cc vn trong nn mng v khi thi cng t, s ph hoi thng
xy ra khi ng sut ct tc dng vt qu mc cho php, > f .
l ng sut ct do ti trng
f hoc o l cng chng ct ca t

Hnh 2.23
Nh vy cng chng ct f ca t l nhn t ch yu quyt nh i vi s n nh ca khi
t (nn, t p) v an ton ca cng trnh.
Cng chng ct f c hiu l: lc chng trt ln nht trn mt n v din tch ti
mt trt khi khi t ny trt ln khi t kia.
Mt trt ch c th i qua cc im tip xc gia cc ht v khng th ct qua cc ht (v cng
lin kt << cng bn thn ht), v do mt trt gia 2 khi trt thng khng phng.
Bn cht chng ct ca t: Cng chng ct trc ht ph thuc ng sut php tc dng ti
mt trt. Ngoi ra, cng chng ct cn ph thuc:
Lc ma st b mt gia cc ht.
Lc lin kt (lin kt keo nc, l/k kt tinh) gia cc ht.
Lc cn do hnh dng phc tp ca cc ht hoc s sp xp xen ci vo nhau to nn.

Hnh 2.24
Cc yu t ny li ph thuc ch yu vo loi t v tnh cht c l ca chng nh:
Kch thc v hnh dng ht t.
Thnh phn khong vt v thnh phn cp phi ht.
cht v m ca t.
Tc tng ti v iu kin thot nc ca t v.v ....
Do ph thuc nhiu yu t nn vic xc nh cng chng ct f rt kh chnh xc,
vic x l thng k v chn dng hp l kt qu th nghim gp nhiu kh khn.
 Di y s ln lt trnh by nh lut c bn v cng chng ct, iu kin ng sut
gii hn, phng php xc nh cc c trng cng chng ct v mt s vn c lin quan.

Th nghim ct trc tip v nh lut Coulomb

1. L thuyt ph hoi Mohr

Mohr (1900) a ra mt tiu chun ph
hoi cho cc vt liu thc theo ng cho rng
vt liu b ph hoi khi ng sut ct trn mt
phng ph hoi t n mt hm duy nht no
ca ng sut php trn mt , ngha l (xem
Hnh 2.31):

ff = f ( ff ) (2.40)

Trong l ng sut ct v l ng
sut php. Ch s f u tin lin quan n mt
phng chu tc dng ca ng sut (trong trng
hp ny l mt ph hoi) v ch s f th hai ngha
l ti lc ph hoi.
Tha nhn tn ti mt mt ph hoi. Gi
thit ny ph hp vi cc loi t, v nhiu loi
vt liu khc.
Nu bit cc thnh phn ng sut ti thi
im ph hoi, ta c th dng c mt vng trn Hnh2.25: (a) Tiu chun ph hoi Mohr;
Mohr c trng cho trng thi ng sut ca phn (b) phn t ti thi im ph hoi, cho
t ny. Bng cch: bit cc ng sut chnh v cc ng sut
trn mt ph hoi.
Tin hnh th nghim n ph hoi i vi
mt s mu cng loi, v dng cc vng trn Mohr tng ng vi mi mu (phn t). Ch rng
trong c hc t thun tin, ch v na pha trn ca cc vng trn Mohr (xem Hnh 2.32).
Do cc vng trn Mohr c xc nh ti thi im ph hoi, ta hon ton c th tm
c ng bao gii hn (hoc ph hoi) ca ng sut ct. ng bao ny c gi l ng
bao ph hoi Mohr, cho bit mi quan h hm s gia ng sut ct v ng sut php ti thi
im ph hoi (Pt.2.40).
 Hnh 2.26: Vng trn Mohr ti thi im ph hoi xc nh ng bao ph hoi Mohr

Vi vng Mohr (v d A) nm di ng bao ph hoi Mohr, c trng cho iu kin

n nh.
Khi vng trn Mohr tip xc vi ng bao ph hoi, th hin tng ph hoi xut hin
Khng tn ti nhng vng trn nm pha trn ng bao ph hoi Mohr (nh B). Vt
liu s b ph hoi trc khi t n trng thi ng sut .
Nu vi mi loi vt liu xc nh, ng bao ph hoi ny l duy nht th im tip xc
ca ng bao ph hoi cho ta cc iu kin ng sut trn mt ph hoi ti thi im ph hoi.
Ta c th xc nh gc ca mt ph hoi t im tip xc ca vng trn Mohr v ng bao ph
hoi Mohr.
Gi thit ph hoi Mohr cho rng: im tip xc ca ng bao ph hoi vi vng trn
Mohr ti thi im ph hoi s cho ta gc nghing ca mt ph hoi, f .
Nu gi thit ph hoi Mohr l hp l, th mt ph hoi cng s to thnh mt gc - f ,
nh trn Hnh.2.33a. Thc t, do iu kin ng sut nh v y ca mu th nghim l khng
ng nht v bn thn mu th nghim cng khng phi l ng nht hon ton, thng l
nguyn nhn gy ra mt mt ph hoi n trong mu th nghim.
Nu coi tt c l ng nht v ng sut phn b u trn mu th nghim, th s hnh
thnh nhiu mt ph hoi vi cc gc lin hp l f , nh trn Hnh.2.33c.

2. Th nghim ct trc tip

Nm 1773, C.A.Coulomb tin hnh th nghim ct i vi t ct.
My ct trc tip (Hnh 2.25 a): V c bn, gm mt hp ng mu th nghim hay hp
ct, c chia lm hai na theo phng ngang. Mt na c gi c nh, na cn li c th b
y hoc ko theo phng ngang. Ti trng thng ng P c t vo mu t trong hp nn
thng qua mt tm cng chu lc. Lc ct, chuyn v ngang v chuyn v ng c o trong
sut qu trnh th nghim. Chia lc y ngang v ti trng ng cho din tch danh ngha ca
mu, ta c ng sut ct cng nh ng sut php trn mt ph hoi.
 Hnh 2.28

Ch : to cc mu t cng loi v cng cht e c th s dng ng n tng

ng trn Hnh 2.25 b . Mt ph hoi bt buc l mt ngang tip xc gia hai na ca hp nn.
Kt qu th nghim ct trc tip vi t ct: Th hin trn Hnh 2.26.
Hnh 2.26a biu th quan h gia /s ct v bin dng trt tng ng vi cc ng
sut php n1 < n2 < n3 . Hnh 2.26b l quan h chuyn v ng vi : u tin H hoc V
gim nh (p co), tip theo H hoc V tng ln (n ra); khi ng sut php tng, t cng hn
s hn ch tnh n ca mu t trong khi ct

Hnh 2.29: Kt qu th nghim ct trc tip vi t ct cht

Hnh 2.26c th hin Phng trnh ng Coulomb vi t ri:

f = tg (2.30)

Trong :
- gc ma st trong ca ct
f - l cng chng ct ca t ct
- ng sut php tc dng trn mt ct
Kt qu th nghim ct trc tip vi t st: Th hin trn Hnh 2.27.
ng quan h f ~ giao vi trc tung ti im c ta = c,

f = tg + c (2.31)

v c l cc thng s bn ca t, chng khng phi l cc c tnh c hu ca vt liu;

ngc li chng ph thuc vo cc iu kin khi tin hnh th nghim.
- gc ma st trong
c - lc dnh n v
f - l cng chng ct ca t dnh
- ng sut php tc dng trn mt ct

Hnh 2.30: Kt qu th nghim ct trc tip vi t st

3. nh lut coulomb (1776)

Kt qu ca rt nhiu th nghim chng minh rng: Biu cng chng ct ca t
ri l mt ng rt thng, Pt (2.30).
i vi t st, khi p lc khng ln (< 700 kPa) th tt c cc im th nghim nm chnh
xc trn ng thng, Pt. (2.31).
nh lut Coulomb v cng chng ct ca t:
Cng chng ct ca t ri l lc ma st, t l bc nht vi ng sut php,

f = tg (2.30)

Cng chng ct ca t dnh l hm s bc nht ca ng sut php, v gm 2 phn:

Lc ma st, t l bc nht vi ng sut nn, tg
Lc dnh n v c, khng ph thuc ng sut nn
f = tg + c (2.31)

i vi t ri (t ct) c = 0, do c th coi biu thc (2.30) l trng hp c bit ca

biu thc (2.31).
Tiu chun ph hoi Mohr - Coulomb

4. ng sut ti mt im v vng Mohr ng sut

4.1. Lp cc cng thc v biu din trng thi ng sut ti mt im bng vng trn
Mohr ng sut
t l vt th ri, rng, do c th p dng l thuyt v ng sut ti mt im trong
vt th lin tc th cn phi coi ng sut trong t l lc trn mi din tch n v, theo din
tch xt n l ton b mt ct ngang hay din tch k thut. Din tch ny bao gm c din tch
tip xc gia cc ht v cc l rng.
Gi s mt khi t chu tc dng ca
mt nhm lc F 1 , F 2 , , F n , nh minh ha
trn Hnh 2.28. Ti thi im tnh ton, gi
thit rng cc lc tc dng trong mt mt
phng hai chiu.
C th phn tch cc lc ny ra thnh
cc lc thnh phn trn mt phn t nh ti
im bt k trong khi t (v d nh ti im
O). Cc lc thnh phn c chiu l php tuyn Hnh2.3
v tip tuyn trn mt mt phng i qua im
O to vi phng ngang mt gc nh trn
Hnh 2.29, l hnh nh phng to ca mt phn
t nh ti im O.
Quy c du:
cc lc v ng sut (ng sut php)
gy nn l dng.
cc lc ct dng gy mmen theo
chiu kim ng h quanh im pha ngoi
phn t
Gc quay tng ng cng c coi
Hnh2.32: Phn tch cc lc trong Hnh 10.1
nh dng.
thnh cc thnh phn trn mt phn t nh
Cc quy c ny ngc vi cc quy c ti im O. Cc quy c du c th hin
gi nh thng thng trong c hc kt cu. nh hnh nh pha trn.
Gi thit khong cch AC = 1 n v, v
chiu dy vung gc vi mt phng trang giy = 1 n v th kch thc cc cnh khc th hin
trn Hnh 2.29.
Tng hnh chiu cc lc theo cc phng ngang v ng l:
F h = H Tcos Nsin = 0 (2.32a)
F v = V + Tsin Ncos = 0 (2.32b)
x sin cos sin = 0 (2.33a)

y cos sin cos = 0 (2.33b)

 Gii h phng trnh (2.33), thu c:
x + y x y
= x sin 2 y cos 2 = + cos 2 (2.34)
2 2
x y
= ( x y ) sin cos = sin 2 (2.35)
2
Nu ly bnh phng hai v sau cng hai phng trnh ny, s c phng trnh ca
mt vng trn vi bn knh ( x - y )/2, c tm ti im [( x + y )/2, 0]. Vng trn v ln h
trc ~ , c gi l vng trn Mohr ng sut (Mohr, 1887), c trng cho trng thi ng
sut ti mt im khi cn bng.
V x v y l cc ng sut chnh ( x = 1 , y = 3 ), nn:
1 + 3 1 3
= + cos 2 (2.36)
2 2
1 3
= sin 2 (2.37)
2
C th x/ ( 1 , 3 ) theo cc thnh phn /s ( x , y , zx ):

y + x y x
2

1 = + xy
2
(2.38)
3 2 2
Gc nghing ca ng sut 1 vi phng ng (phng ng sut y ), c th xc nh
theo cc cng thc:
xy 2 xy
tg = hoc tg 2 = (2.39)
1 x y x

C th biu din v theo cc thnh phn /s ( x , y , zx ) bng cch thay 1 , 3 trong

(2.38) vo cc Ptr. (2.36, 2.37).

4.2. Cc bi ton tnh ng sut thng gp:

Tnh ng sut php , v ng sut ct trn mt phng nghing gc bt k khi bit
cc thnh phn ng sut chnh ( 1 , 3 ). C hai trng hp xy ra:
Trng hp x v y thuc cc mt phng chnh
Cc ta ( , ) trn Hnh. 2.30b c th c xc nh bng cc Pt. 2.36 v 2.37.
Cng t cc phng trnh ny, thy rng ta ca tm vng trn Mohr l [( 1 + 3 )/2, 0], vi
bn knh ( 1 - 3 )/2.
Trng hp tng qut, trong x v y khng thuc cc mt phng chnh:
Ta d dng c th suy ra cc phng trnh cho trng hp tng qut ny. Chng han, c
th biu din v theo cc thnh phn /s ( x , y , zx ) bng cch thay 1 , 3 trong (2.38)
vo cc Ptr. (2.36, 2.37).
 Tuy nhin, trong thc t s dng phng php gii tch i lc kh phc tp, khi c
th dng phng php gii. Phng php gii da trn mt im duy nht trn vng trn
Mohr gi l cc hay gc ca cc mt phng.
c tnh ca im cc l, bt k ng thng no v qua im cc s ct vng trn
Mohr ti mt im, im ny cho bit trng thi ng sut trn mt phng nghing cng
phng trong khng gian vi ng thng .

Hnh 2.33: (a) phn t lc cn bng; (b) Vng trn Mohr ng sut.
Khi nim ny c ngha l nu bit trng thi ng
sut, v trn mt phng trong khng gian, ta c
th v mt ng thng song song vi mt phng
q```ua cc``` ta v trn vng trn Mohr.
im cc y chnh l giao im ca ng thng
vi vng trn Mohr.
Khi im cc c xc nh, th c th tm c
cc thnh phn ng sut trn bt c mt phng no,
n gin bng cch v mt ng thng t im cc
song song vi mt phng; cc ta ca im giao
vi vng Mohr chnh l cc thnh phn ng sut
trn mt phng .
V d 2.5: (Trng hp x v y thuc cc
mt phng chnh)
Cho bit: Cc thnh phn ng sut trn mt
phn t nh trn hnh
Yu cu: Xc nh ng sut php v ng
sut ct trn mt phng nghing gc =35o so
vi mt phng quy chiu nm ngang.

Hnh Vd. 2.5

Bi gii:
1) V vng trn Mohr theo t l thch hp (xem Hnh. Vd. 2.1b).
- Tm ca vng trn =
1 + 3 52 + 12
= = 32 kPa
2 2
- Bn knh ca vng trn =
1 3 52 12
= = 20 kPa
2 2
2) Xc nh gc ca cc mt phng hay im cc: - Dng mt phng nm ngang chu tc dng ca 1,
c trng thi s l im A. V mt ng thng qua A v song song vi mt phng 1 s tm c im
cc P c ta (3 , 0)
ng thng i qua im cc P nghing gc = 35o so vi mt phng nm ngang s song song
vi mt phng trn phn t trong Hnh Vd.10.1a, y cng l mt phng m trn ta cn tnh
ng sut php v ng sut ct. Giao im l im C trn Hnh Vd.10.1b, vi = 39 kPa v
= 18.6 kPa.
C th kim tra li cc kt qu ny bng cch s dng cc Pt. 2.36 v 2.37. Ch rng l
dng v im C xut hin p hn trn trc honh. Do chiu ca trn mt phng nghing
gc 350 c xc nh nh trn Hnh Vd.2.1.c, d, n i din cho phn nh v y ca phn t
cho (u l dng).

V d 2.6: (Trng hp x v y khng thuc cc mt phng chnh)

Cho bit: Cng xt phn t trn vi cc thnh
phn ng sut nh Hnh Vd.2.1a, nhng lc ny
phn t xoay mt gc 200 so vi phng ngang,
nh trn Hnh Vd.2.5.
Yu cu: Nh trong V d 2.5, xc nh ng sut
php v ng sut ct trn mt nghing
gc 350 so vi mt y ca phn t.
Bi gii:
1) V vng trn Mohr (Hnh Vd.2.7)

2) Xc nh im cc ca vng trn. Tng

t nh trong v d trc, nu li bt u vi mt
mt ng sut chnh ln nht, mt ny nghing
gc 20o so vi mt ngang. Bt u t im A, ti
giao im ca ng thng ny v vng trn
Mohr, xc nh im cc P ca vng trn.

Hnh vd.2.7
 3) By gi tm cc thnh phn ng sut trn mt phng nghing gc 350 so vi y ca phn
t. T ng AP, m gc 350 c cng hng nh trn phn t, cc thnh phn ng sut trn mt
phng c xc nh bi giao im ca ng thng vi vng trn Mohr (trong trng hp ny
l im C). T ta ca C theo t l ta xc nh v . Ch rng cc ng sut ny cng
tng t nh trn Hnh Vd. 2.1. iu xy ra l do khng c g thay i, ngoi tr hng ca
phn t trong khng gian.

5. Tiu chun ph hoi Mohr - Coulomb

Phn trn ta cp nh lut Coulomb v cng chng ct ca t v th hin bng Pt.
Coulomb (2.31):

f = tg + c (2.31)

Cng bit Tiu chun ph hoi Mohr, Pt. (2.40):

ff = f ( ff ) (2.40)

T 2 Phng trnh trn, ta c nhn xt quan trng sau: /s ct tng nhng khng th vt qu f
(ngha l lun lun f ).
Cng nh vy, lun lun c ff , m trng thi /s ti phn t l duy nht, do c th kt
hp phng trnh Coulomb, Pt.2.31, vi tiu chun ph hoi Mohr, Pt. 2.40, bng cch:

Ly xp x ng cong ny bng mt ng thng i qua mt s gi tr ng sut cho trc;

sau lp c phng trnh ca ng thng theo cc thng s bn Coulomb, ngha
l cho ff = f
T Tiu chun ph hoi Mohr Coulomb c th vit nh sau:

ff = ff tg + c (2.41)

Tiu chun (2.41) c vit di dng /s php ff v /s tip ff trn mt trt. y l tiu chun n
gin, d p dng, n c rt nhiu u im ring bit khi so snh vi cc tiu chun ph hoi khc. N l
tiu chun ph hoi duy nht, d on c cc ng sut trn mt ph hoi ti thi im ph hoi, v do
cc khi t c quan st n khi ph hoi trn cc mt rt khc bit, ta c th d on c trng
thi ng sut trn cc mt trt tim nng.

6. Vn dng tiu chun ph hoi M-C

T tiu chun M-C ta cn lu cc vn sau:
6.1. H s an ton ca t:
Mt phn t t c xc nh cc ng sut chnh, c tr s nh hn cc ng sut gy ra
ph hoi. Trng thi ng sut nh th c th c biu th bng vng trn Mohr nh trn
Hnh.10.9a. Trong trng hp ny f l sc khng ct c huy ng trn mt ph hoi tim
nng, v ff l cng chng ct vn c (ng sut ct trn mt ph hoi ti thi im ph
hoi). V vn cha t ti mc ph hoi, vn cn li bn d tr, nn c th nh ngha v h s
an ton ca vt liu. nh sau:
 ff (vn c)
H s an ton (FS) =
f (tc dng)

Nu tng cc ng sut cho n khi xut hin ph hoi, th vng trn Mohr s tin ti tip
xc vi ng bao ph hoi Mohr. Theo cc gi thit ph hoi Mohr, s ph hoi xut hin trn
mt phng nghing gc f , vi ng sut ct trn mt l ff .

6.2. Gc ca mt ph hoi v cc ng sut trn mt ph hoi:

C th chng minh gc ca mt ph hoi so vi mt ng sut chnh ln nht:

f = 45o + (2.42)
2

Hnh 2.34
Cc ng sut php v tip trn mt trt:
1 + 3 1 3
f = + cos 2 f
2 2
(2.43)
1 3
f = sin 2 f (2.44)
2

Hnh 2.35

6.3. nh gi trng thi ng sut ti mt im:

Hnh 2.35 ch ra cc trng thi ng sut (c biu th bng vng Mohr) khi dng tiu
chun ph hoi Mohr-Coulomb:
Hnh (a): Trng thi ng sut trc khi ph hoi;
Hnh (b): Trng thi ng sut ti thi im ph hoi. Ni chung, ff khng phi l max v nh
hn max :

1f 3f
=
max > ff
2
Hnh (c): ng bao ph hoi Mohr ca loi vt liu thun dnh ( = 0), l ng nm
ngang. S ph hoi v mt l thuyt xy ra trn mt 450, v
1 f 3 f
f = max =
2
1 f + 3 f
f =
2
6.4. Tiu chun ph hoi MohrCoulomb biu th qua cc ng sut chnh:
R
Kho st Hnh 2.34, ch rng: sin =
D
1 f 3 f
1 f 3 f
sin = 2 sin = (2.45)
1 f + 3 f 1 f + 3 f + 2c ctg
+ c cos
2
C th bin i (2.45) a v dng thng dng:

1 f = 3 f tan 2 45 + + 2c tan 45 + (2.46)
2 2
Cc Ptr. 2.45 v 2.46 l tiu chun ph hoi Mohr-Coulomb biu th qua cc thnh phn ng sut
chnh 1f v 3f .
1 f 3 f
Nu c = 0 sin = (2.47)
1 f + 3 f

1 f 1 + sin 1 f
Sp xp li (10.13), ta c: = hoc = tan 2 45o +
3 f 1 sin 3f 2
(2.48)
3 f 1 sin 3f
Ly nghch o (10.14): = hoc = tan 2 45o
1 f 1 + sin 1 f 2
(2.49)
Cc phng trnh 2.48 v 2.49 c gi l cc quan h nghing v nghing (hay dc)
ln nht ca ng bao ph hoi Mohr xut hin khi c bng khng.
Cc ta ca im tip xc ca ng bao ph hoi v vng trn Mohr ( ff , ff ) l cc ng sut
trn mt phng ( f = 45o+/2) vi nghing ln nht trong phn t t, (xem Hnh 2.35b) . Ni
cch khc, t s ff / ff l ln nht trn mt phng ny. Mt phng vi ng sut ct ln nht ( =
45o) c nghing nh hn gi tr ln nht v

max ff
<
1 + 3 ff
2
Cc quan h nghing rt hu ch khi nh gi cc d liu trong th nghim ba trc v trong cc
l thuyt v p lc hng ca t.

Th nghim ba trc
Nm 1930, A. Casagrande bt u nghin cu s pht trin ca cc th nghim nn
mu hnh tr khc phc mt s nhc im c bn ca th nghim ct trc tip. Ngy nay,
ngi ta thng gi th nghim ny l th nghim ba trc, cho n nay so vi th nghim ct trc
tip, n c dng ph bin hn mc d phc tp hn nhiu.
 Nguyn l ca th nghim ba trc nh minh ha trn Hnh 2.36a.:
Mu t th nghim thng c bc trong mt mng cao su khng cho cht lng
gy p lc (thng l nc) xm nhp vo trong cc l rng ca t.
Ti trng dc trc c t vo thng qua mt piston
o bin thin th tch ca mu th nghim trong th nghim thot nc hoc s bin i
p lc nc l rng trong th nghim khng thot nc.
Ta c th kim sot nc ngm vo v thot ra khi mu, v vi mt s gi thit c th
iu chnh cc ng ng sut tc dng ln mu th nghim.
V c bn, ta gi thit cc ng sut trn mt bin ca mu l cc ng sut chnh
(Hnh.2.36b).
Mt ph hoi khng phi l mt bt buc mu th nghim b ph hoi t do ti bt c
mt yu no, hay i khi xy ra dng cong n gin.

Hnh 2.36: (a) S thit b th nghim ba trc; (b) Cc iu kin ng sut gi thit trn mu th
nghim ba trc.
Ch :
axial = chnh lch gia cc ng sut chnh ln nht v ng sut chnh nh nht; n c
gi l chnh lch ng sut chnh (hay l ng sut lch).
2 = 3 = cell ; cell = ng sut bung
Cc iu kin thot nc trong th nghim ba trc
Cc iu kin hay ng thot nc trong th nghim ba trc l m hnh ca cc trng
hp thit k ti hn ring cn cho phn tch n nh trong thc t xy dng. Chng thng c
k hiu bng hai ch ci. Ch u tin cho bit iu g xy ra trc khi ct mu c c c kt
hay khng. Ch th hai biu th cc iu kin thot nc trong sut qu trnh ct. C ba ng
thot nc cho php trong th nghim ba trc nh sau:
 ng thot nc

Trc khi ctTrong khi ct K hiu

Khng c ktKhng thot nc UU

(UnconsolidatedUndrained)

C ktKhng thot nc CU
(ConsolidatedUndrained

C ktThot nc CD
(ConsolidatedDrained)

Th nghim khng c kt - thot nc (UD) kh gii thch, khng c ngha.

V d 2.7:
Hai mu t dnh cng loi c =200. Mu th nht ct trn my 3 trc vi p lc mt bn
3 =200kN/m2. Mu th 2 ct trn my ct phng vi p sut php tuyn p=200kN/m2 c cng
chng ct 0 =90kN/m2. Hy xc nh:
a) Lc dnh n v ca t .
b) Gi tr 1 lm mu t ct 3 trc b ph hoi.
c) Gi tr ng sut php v ng sut tip trn mt ph hoi ca mu t ct 3 trc.
Bi gii:
a) Xc nh lc dnh n v (C)
Ta c: f = .tg + C

90 = 200 tg 20 0 + C
C = 17,246 (kN/m2)
b) T iu kin cn bng gii hn Mohr-Coulomb:

1 = tg 2 (45 0 + ). 3 + 2C tg (45 0 + )
2 2
20 20
= tg 2 (45 0 + ) 200 + 2 17,246 tg (45 0 + )
2 2
=456,286 (kN/m2).
c) Gi tr ng sut php v ng sut tip trn mt ph hoi
1 1
f = ( 1 + 3 ) + ( 1 3 ) Cos 2f
2 2
 1 1
= (456,286 + 200) + (456,286 200) cos(2 55 0 )
2 2
=284,433(kN/m2)
1
f = ( 1 3 ). sin 2f
2
1
= (456,286 200) sin( 2 55 0 )
2
= 120,458 (kN/m2)
20
Vi f = 450+ = 450+ =550.
2 2

Cng chng ct ca t ct

7. ng x ca t ct bo ho khi ct thot nc
Th nghim ba trc hai mu ct, mt mu vi h s rng rt cao (ct xp), v mt mu c
h s rng rt thp (ct cht), Hnh 2.37. Cc mu c th nghim trong iu kin c kt-thot
nc (CD), tc l nc s t do thot ra v i vo mu t trong qu trnh ct m khng gp s
cn tr no.

Hnh 2.37: Th nghim ba trc c kt - thot nc c o bin thin th tch

Nu mu t bo ho, d dng o c lng nc i vo hoc i ra khi mu t v
l s bin i th tch v cng l s bin i h s rng ca mu t. Trong qu trnh ct:
Lng nc i ra khi mu t = Lng gim th tch ca mu,
Lng nc i vo mu t = Lng tng th tch ca mu.
Trong c hai th nghim,
p lc bung cell = 3 gi khng i, v
 ng sut dc trc 1 tng cho n khi xy ra s ph hoi mu t.
S ph hoi c xc nh nh sau:
lch ng sut chnh ln nht, ( 1 - 3 ) max
H s ng sut chnh hiu qu ln nht, ( 1 / 3 ) max
ng sut = ( 1 - 3 )/2 ti mt bin dng quy nh
lch ng sut chnh ln nht xc nh ti thi im ph hoi, cng l cng
khng nn ca mu t.
Phn tch kt qu th nghim (xem Hnh 2.38):
Khi ct mu ct xp, lch ng
sut chnh tng dn n gi tr cui ln
nht hoc gii hn ( 1 - 3 ) ult . ng
thi, khi ng sut tng th h s rng
gim t e l (e-xp) xung e cl (e c -xp), rt
gn vi h s rng ti hn e crit .
H s rng ti hn l h s rng
gii hn, ti xy ra bin dng lin tc
khi lch ng sut chnh khng i,
(Casagrande, 1936).
Khi ct mu ct cht, lch
ng sut chnh t gi tr ln nht, sau
gim ti gn gi tr ( 1 - 3 ) ult ca ct
xp. ng cong quan h ng sut-h
s rng cho thy ban u mu ct cht
gim nh th tch, sau n ra t ti
e cd (e-cht). Lu rng h s rng lc
ph hoi e cd rt gn vi gi tr e cl . V l
thuyt, c hai gi tr bng vi gi tr
h s rng ti hn e crit . Tng t, cc gi
tr ca ( 1 - 3 ) ult i vi c hai th
nghim phi nh nhau.
Khi t n ph hoi, mu t
xp ch phnh ra, trong khi mu t
cht thng ph hoi dc theo mt mt
phng r rng nghing mt gc khong
450+(/2) vi phng nm ngang. Hnh 2.38: Th nghim ba trc trn mu ct xp
v cht: (a) ng cong ng sut- bin dng (b)
bin i h s rng khi ct (theo Hirschfeld, 1963)

8. nh hng ca h s rng v p lc ng hng n s thay i th tch

S thay i th tch trong qu trnh ct mu t khng ch ph thuc vo h s rng ban
u v cht tng i m cn ph thuc vo p lc ng hng, 3 . Trong mc ny s trnh
by nh hng ca p lc ng hng n ng sut-bin dng v cc c trng th tch ca t
ct trong ct thot nc (CD).
nh hng ca 3 (trong th nghim thot nc 3 = 3 , v p lc nc l rng d lun
bng khng) c nh gi bng cch chun b mt s mu c cng h s rng v th nghim
chng cc cp p lc ng hng khc nhau. Khi tng 3 th sc khng ct tng. biu din
cc s liu gia lch ng sut chnh ~ bin dng c th v th quan h gia h s ng sut
chnh 1 / 3 ~ bin dng,. Hin nhin trong th nghim thot nc th 1 / 3 = 1 / 3 . Ti thi
im ph hoi, h s ng sut l ( 1 / 3 ) max . T cng thc 2.48, ta c:

1 1 + sin
= = tan 2 45o + (2.50)
3 max 1 sin 2

lch ng sut chnh v h s ng sut chnh c quan h nh sau:

1
1 3 = 3 1 (2.51)
3
Ti thi im ph hoi, quan h ny l:

( 1 3 ) f = 3 f 1 1 (2.52)
3 max

8.1. Kho st ng x ca ct xp:

Hnh 2.39a th hin nhng kt
qu th nghim nn ba trc in hnh cho
ct ri sng Sacramento.
Lp th 1 / 3 ~ (%), vi
cc p lc c kt hiu qu 3c khc
nhau.
Lu rng cc mu ct xp
khng c ng cong no c im cc
i r rng (tng t ng cong cho
ct xp trong hnh 2.38).
Lp th V/V o (%) ~ (%),
vi cc p lc c kt hiu qu 3c khc
nhau. Trong , V/V o l bin dng
th tch tnh theo %, v l bin
dng dc trc tnh theo %.
Hnh 2.39b cho thy khi bin
Hnh 2.39: Kt qu th nghim ba trc thot nc
dng dc trc tng, bin dng th tch
ca ct xp Sng Sacramento: (a) h s ng sut
gim. (nh trong hnh 2.38b) chnh vi bin dng dc trc; (b) bin dng th tch
Tuy nhin, nhng cp p lc vi bin dng dc trc (theo Lee, 1965).
ng hng thp (v d, 0.1 v 0.2
MPa), bin dng th tch c gi tr dng (th tch mu t n ra). V vy c th ni rng mu ct
xp ban u ng x nh ct cht, ngha l th tch tng nu ng sut 3c nh.
8.2. Kho st ng x ca ct cht:
Hnh 2.40 th hin nhng kt
qu th nghim nn ba trc thot nc
ca ct cht sng Sacramento. Mc d
cc kt qu tng t nh hnh 2.39,
vn c nhng khc bit quan trng sau
y:
Th hin cc nh r rng trn
cc ng cong ( 1 / 3 )~bin dng,
chng c trng cho t ct cht (so
snh vi hnh 2.38a).
C s tng ln ca bin dng
th tch (n). Tuy nhin, nhng cp p
lc ng hng cao hn, t ct cht th
hin ng x ca ct xp, l gim th
tch hoc bin dng nn.

Hnh 2.40: Kt qu th nghim ba trc thot nc

ca ct cht Sng Sacramento: (a) h s ng sut
chnh vi bin dng dc trc; (b) bin dng th tch
vi bin dng dc trc (theo Lee, 1965).

8.3. Quan h gia bin dng th tch lc ph hoi v h s rng hay cht tng i:
C th xc nh quan h ny bng cch th nghim nhiu mu ca mt loi ct c cng h
s rng hoc cht nhng di nhng cp p lc c kt hiu qu khc nhau. Trng thi ph
hoi c th c xc nh qua gi tr cc i ca ( 1 - 3 ) hoc 1 / 3 . Cc im ph hoi c
th hin bng cc mi tn nh nh trong hnh 2.40.
 Hnh 2.41: Quan h gia bin
dng th tch lc ph hoi vi h
s rng khi kt thc c kt t th
nghim ba trc thot nc vi
cc p lc ng hng khc
nhau (theo Lee, 1965).

Kt qu thu c hin th trn Hnh 2.41. C th nhn thy rng i vi mt cp p lc ng

hng cho trc th bin dng th tch gim (thin v gi tr m) khi cht gim (h s rng
tng).
Theo nh ngha, h s rng ti hn l h s rng lc ph hu khi bin dng th tch bng
khng. V vy vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca p lc c kt hiu qu 3c trong hnh 2.41, e crit l h
s rng khi V/V o = 0. V d, e crit khi 3c = 2.0 MPa l 0.555.

8.4. S bin i ca ecrit theo p lc ng hng:

Quan h e crit ~ 3crit c lp bng cch ly cc gi tr h s rng ti hn trong Hnh
2.41 tng ng vi p lc c kt hiu qu 3c v th hin trong hnh 2.42. y 3c c
coi l p lc ng hng ti hn 3crit bi v y l p lc ng hng hiu qu ti vi h s
rng cho trc khng c bin dng th tch lc xy ra ph hoi.

Hnh 2.42: Quan h

gia h s rng ti hn vi p
lc ng hng t th nghim
ba trc thot nc. S liu t
Hnh 2.41 (theo Lee. 1965).

8.5. Quan h gia bin dng th tch lc ph hoi v p lc ng hng i vi cc

gi tr h s rng khc nhau sau c kt :
Hnh 2.43 th hin mi quan h , mc d cc h s rng hin th l h s rng ban u
v khng phi l h s rng sau c kt. Lu rng gi tr 3c khi V/V o = 0 l p lc ng
hng hiu qu ti hn, 3crit . V l cc th nghim thot nc, 3c = 3f . Cng c th nhn
c quan h ny t hnh 2.41 bng cch nh du cc gi tr bin dng th tch ti cc h s
rng khng i v biu din quan h gia V/V o vi 3c .
 Hnh 2.43: Quan h
gia bin dng th tch lc
ph hoi vi ng sut c kt
hiu qu i vi cc h s
rng ban u khc nhau (theo
Lee, 1965).

9. ng x ca t ct bo ho khi ct
khng thot nc
c im c bn ca th nghim ba
trc khng thot nc l khng cho php thay
i th tch khi gia ti dc trc. Tuy nhin,
khi p lc ng hng xy ra l 3crit , mu
t s c xu hng thay i th tch trong khi
gia ti.
Mc ch ca th nghim ny l gip
d on ng x ca t ct khi ct khng
thot nc thng qua th nghim ct thot
nc khi bit nhng xu hng thay i th
tch.
Trng hp 3c > 3crit :
Cc vng trn Morh ng vi thi im
ph hoi trong trng hp ny c th hin
trong Hnh 2.44a. Vng trn t nt E th hin
cc ng sut hiu qu, vng trn lin nt T
biu din cc ng sut tng. V cng thc
2.29, = + u lun duy tr, nn hai vng
trn tch ri nhau bi gi tr p lc l rng d
Hnh 2.44: Cc vng Mohr ca th nghim
u hnh thnh trong qu trnh ct mu. Do th
nn ba trc khng thot nc v thot nc:
tch c xu hng gim, hnh thnh p lc l
(a) trng hp 3c > 3crit; (b) trng hp
rng dng (gia tng), dn ti ng sut hiu
3c < 3crit .
qu gim (xem H. 2.43). V vy, trong v d
ny, p lc l rng d u = 3c 3f = 3c
3crit . lch ng sut chnh ti thi im mu ph hu ( 1 - 3 ) f c tnh theo cng thc
2.52 khi p lc ng hng ti thi im ph hu l 3crit :

( 1 3 ) f = 3 crit 1 1 (2.52)
3 max
 Cng nh vy, nu tin hnh th nghim thot nc vi p lc ng hng bng vi 3c
ti im C, th sc khng ct thot nc s ln hn rt nhiu so vi sc khng ct khng thot
nc v vy vng trn Mohr ca n phi tip xc vi ng bao ph hoi Mohr ng sut hiu
qu. Kch thc tng i ca hai vng Morh ng sut hiu qu th hin trong hnh 2.44a.
Trng hp 3c < 3crit :
ng x ca t s khc nu th nghim vi cp p lc ng hng hiu qu nh hn p
lc ng hng hiu qu ti hn 3crit . T biu trong Hnh 2.43, c th cho rng mu t c
xu hng n ra. V thc t khng cho php mu t tng th tch, p lc l rng m hnh thnh
lm tng ng sut hiu qu t im D (A) ti im H ( 3crit ). Do , nh trong mu trc, ng
sut hiu qu gii hn l p lc ng hng hiu qu ti hn 3crit .
Vng Mohr i din cho trng hp 3c < 3crit th hin trong hnh 2.44b. Th nghim
ct khng thot nc xut pht p lc ng hng hiu qu 3c , im A, v v p lc nc l
rng m, p lc ng hng hiu qu tng cho ti khi xy ra ph hu mu ti im H. Lu rng
cc vng Mohr ng sut hiu qu E lc ph hoi trong hnh 2.44a, v b c cng kch thc bi
v, vi h s rng e c , ng sut hiu qu khi mu b ph hu 3crit l nh nhau.
Nu ng sut hiu qu v h s rng ca cc mu nh nhau th chng phi c cng sc
khng nn, 1f 3f ; do cc vng Mohr c cng ng knh. Lu rng vng Mohr ng
sut tng T, khi mu b ph hoi, cng c cng kch thc vi vng Mohr ng sut hiu qu v
lch ng sut ( 1 3 ) f l nh nhau cho c vng Mohr T v E; v vng Mohr T nm bn tri
vng Mohr E. Trng hp ny ngc li vi Hnh 2.44a. (ng ph hoi ca vng Mohr ng
sut tng b b qua hnh ny c n gin.) Cng cn lu rng, vng Mohr cho trng
hp ct thot nc v c bn nh hn vng Morh ng sut hiu qu trong trng hp ct khng
thot nc. Nh cp, vng Mohr xut pht t 3c , v phi tip xc vi ng bao ph hoi
vng Mohr ng sut hiu qu. V h s rng sau c kt e c cho tt c cc th nghim l nh nhau
nh trong hnh 2.44, tt c cc vng Mohr ng sut hiu qa phi tip xc vi ng bao ph
hoi vng Mohr ng sut hiu qu.
Nhng chnh tho lun v c th hin trong hnh 2.44 c tng kt trong bng 2-
1. nghin cu ton din cc c tnh khng ct khng thot nc ca t ct c th tham kho
Seed v Lee (1967).
 Bng 2-1 Kt lun nhng khi nim trong hnh 2.44

Vng Morh
p lc c
kt hiu qu Thot nc, Khng thot nc, Khng thot nc,
Hiu qu = Tng Hiu qu Tng

Nh hn thot nc:
Nh hn thot nc:
Ln hn khng Pha bn tri vng
3c > 3crit Morh ng sut tng Pha phi vng Morh
thot nc
ng sut hiu qu
3f < 3c
Ln hn thot nc:
Pha phi vng Morh Ln hn thot nc:
Nh hn khng
3c < 3crit ng sut tng Pha tri vng Morh
thot nc
ng sut hiu qu
3f > 3c
Tt c cc vng Morh ging nhau: bi v khng c s thay i th tch,
3c 3crit
u = 0 trong khi th nghim

Cng chng ct ca t st
V t dnh c tnh thm nc nh hn rt nhiu so vi t ct v cui si nn cn thi
gian di hn nc thm vo hoc ra khi khi t. Nhn chung, cc loi ti trng tc dng
nhanh hn s thot nc ra khi l rng ca t st, v v vy hnh thnh p lc thu tnh hay p
lc l rng d. Nu ti trng tc dng nh trn m mu khng b ph hoi th p lc l rng tiu
tn v thay i th tch tin trin, qu trnh c gi l c kt.
Cng khng ct ca t ch ph thuc vo ng sut hiu qu m khng ph thuc
vo p lc nc l rng. iu khng c ngha l p lc l rng hnh thnh trong t l khng
quan trng. Ngc li, khi ng sut tng thay i bi nhng lc ngoi th p lc nc l rng
cng thay i, v trc khi t c trng thi cn bng ca cc ng sut hiu qu th mt n
nh c th xy ra.
Th nghim nn ba trc, c nhng iu kin gii hn v thot nc trong th nghim m
phng cc trng thi thc ngoi hin trng. l nhng iu kin th nghim nh sau: ct c
kt - thot nc (CD), c kt - khng thot nc (CU), khng c kt - khng thot nc (UU).

10. Th nghim c kt - thot nc (CD)

10.1. Ni dung Th nghim CD
Th nghim CD c th tin hnh trn my nn ba trc hoc my ct trc tip. y ta
trnh by th nghim ba trc.
ng sut c kt c th l thy tnh (ng sut cc hng bng nhau, i khi gi l ng
hng) hoc khng thy tnh (ng sut cc hng khc nhau - d hng). Khi qu trnh c kt kt
thc, phn C ca th nghim CD hon thnh.
Trong phn D, cc van thot nc vn m v tc dng lch ng sut mt cch t t
khng pht trin p lc nc l rng d trong qu trnh th nghim. Gio s A. Casagrande
gi th nghim ny l th nghim S-test (S ch Slow). Th nghim C Kt-Ct Chm.
 Trong hnh 2.45 th hin ng sut tng, trung ho, v hiu qu trong th nghim nn ba
trc CD ti cui c kt, trong khi gia ti dc trc v ti thi im ph hoi. Ch s (v) v (h) k
hiu phng thng ng v phng ngang; (c) l c kt. i vi th nghim nn mt trc thng
thng, ng sut c kt ban u l ng hng.
Ch :
v = h = 3c , p lc bung lun khng i trong sut qu trnh tc dng ng sut
dc trc .
Trong th nghim nn dc trc, = 1 - 3 , v ti thi im ph hoi f = ( 1 -
3 )f .

Hnh 2.45: Cc iu kin ng sut trong th nghim nn ba trc c kt-thot nc (CD).

mi thi im trong th nghim CD, p lc nc l rng cn phi bng khng, v vy:
3c = 3c = 3f = 3f
1f = 1f = 3c + f
Nu mu chu tc dng ca ng sut c kt d hng th:
1f = 1f
= 1c + f .

10.2. Th nghim CD hai mu t st vi cng mt cp p lc ng hng:

Mu t qu c kt v mu t c kt bnh thng.
 Kt qu th nghim c th hin
trn Hnh 2.46.
Mu t qu c kt c cng cao
hn mu t st c kt thng, c mun
tng bin dng ln hn, ph hoi max =
( 1 - 3 ) f xy ra vi bin dng nh hn so
vi mu c kt thng.
ng x ca t st khi ct tng t
nh ng x ct thot nc ca t ct.
Trong khi ct, t st qu c kt tng th
tch cn t st c kt bnh thng li nn
cht hoc c kt khi ct.
Cng tng t nh ng x ca t
ct, t st c kt bnh thng c ng x
tng t t ct ri, trong khi t st qu
c kt c ng x ging nh t ct cht.
Hnh 2.46: Cc ng cong ng sut~bin
i vi t st c kt bnh thng: dng v thay i th tch ~ bin dng in
Hnh 2.47 hin th ng bao ph hoi Mohr hnh ca th nghim nn dc trc CD khi
ca mu t st ch b cng nh mu t st cng ng sut ng hng hiu qu.
nguyn dng c kt bnh thng trong th
nghim ct thot nc
dc ca ng bao xc nh
thng s cng Morh-Coulomb, - l
gc ma st trong theo ng sut hiu qu. Khi
ko di ng bao ph hoi th s ct trc
ng sut ct vi gi tr nh. V vy, trong tt
c cc ng dng thc tin, thng gi thit
rng thng s c- lc dnh ca t st c kt
bnh thng cha xi mng ho l bng Hnh 2.47
khng (c 0).
i vi t st qu c kt: thng s
c > 0, Hnh 2.48b. Phn qu c kt ca
ng bao bn (DEC) nm trn ng
bao c kt bnh thng (ABCF). Phn DEC
ny ca ng bao ph hoi Morh c gi
l dc g tin c kt. ng cong quan h e
v trong hnh 2.48a gii thch cho c
tnh ny ca t. (ng cong nn nguyn
sinh c phn lm hng ln trn).
 im C tng ng p - l ng
sut tin c kt
Khi ti trng tc dng ln hn
nhiu so vi p lc tin c kt p th
khng cn quan tm n lch s ng sut
ca t na.

11. Th nghim c kt - khng thot

nc (CU)

11.1. Ni dung Th nghim CU

Trc tin, mu t c c kt (m
cc van thot nc) di tc dng ca ng
sut c kt yu cu. ng sut c kt c th
ng hng hoc d hng. Sau khi qu
trnh c kt kt thc, ng cc van thot
nc, v mu t c gia ti ti khi ph
hoi trong iu kin ct khng thot nc.
C th o c p lc nc l rng pht
trin trong qu trnh ct, v c th tnh c
c ng sut tng v ng sut hiu qu trong
qu trnh ct v ti thi im ph hoi. V
vy th nghim ny c th va l th nghim
ng sut tng va l th nghim ng sut
hiu qu.
iu kin ng sut tng, trung ho,
hiu qu trong mu t trong mt vi giai
on ca th nghim CU c th hin trong
hnh 2.49. Trong Hnh l trng hp tng
qut ca c kt d hng, nhng tiu biu
cho th nghim ba trc thng thng l c
kt ng hng di mt cp p lc bung
khng i trong sut qu trnh ct. Do ,

Hnh 2.49: Cc iu kin trong mu khi cell = vc = hc = 1c = 3c = 3f

th nghim nn dc trc c kt-khng 3f
th t (CU) f = ( 1 - 3 ) f
 Ging vi th nghim CD, c th gia tng ng sut dc trc theo tng cp hoc theo mt
tc bin dng khng i.
Sau , tng ng sut dc trc ti khi mu ph hoi (th nghim nn dc trc).
p lc nc l rng d u pht trin trong khi ct c th l dng (tng) hoc m (gim),
do mu c xu hng b nn cht hoc n ra trong qu trnh ct. Cn nh rng, trong th nghim
ny khng cho php th tch thay i (U) v v vy khng c nc thot ra hay i vo trong mu
trong qu trnh ct.
Do thay i th tch b ngn chn, xu hng thay i th tch gy ra p lc nc l rng
xy ra nh sau:
Nu mu c xu hng co li hoc c kt (p nc ra khi l rng) trong qu trnh ct
th p lc nc l rng to ra s dng. p lc l rng dng hnh thnh trong t st c kt
bnh thng.
Nu mu c xu hng phnh ra hay trng n (ht nc vo trong l rng, nhng
khng th) trong qu trnh ct th p lc nc l rng s gim v thm ch c th m (di khng
ca p sut k). p lc l rng m hnh thnh trong t st qu c kt. V th, nh th hin
trong hnh 2.49, hng ca p lc nc l rng u l quan trng v n nh hng trc tip ti
ln ca ng sut hiu qu.
Cng cn lu rng trong th nghim
thc t p lc nc l rng ban u thng ln
hn khng. chc chn mu t bo ho
hon ton, thng tc dng mt p lc ngc
u o (Hnh 2.49) ln mu th nghim. Khi p lc
ngc tc dng ln mu, p lc bung cng
phi tng mt lng cn bng vi p lc
ngc v th ng sut hiu qu s khng i.
Do ng sut hiu qu trong mu khng thay i
nn cng ca mu khng b thay i bi p
lc ngc.

11.2. ng cong in hnh gia cc ng

sut , u v 1/3 vi bin dng v
trong th nghim CU cho c trng hp
st c kt thng v qu c kt.
Hnh 2.50 cho dng ca ng cong
ng sut - bin dng in hnh, u v 1 / 3 ,
ca th nghim CU, cho c trng hp t st
c kt bnh thng v qu c kt. Hnh cng so
snh ng cong ng sut - bin dng ca t
st qu c kt ti ng sut c kt hiu qu thp. Hnh 2.50: Cc ng cong in hnh v ,
Sau khi t ti im ng sut nh, ng sut u v v 1/3 v i vi t st c kt
suy gim trong khi bin dng tng (vt liu ho bnh thng v qu c kt trong th nghim ct
mm). khng thot nc (CU).
 ng cong quan h p lc l rng vi bin dng trong qu trnh ct cho thy:
p lc nc l rng dng hnh thnh trong mu c kt bnh thng.
Trong mu qu c kt, ban u p lc l rng tng nh, sau gim v m (m l so
vi p lc ngc u o ).

11.3. Dng ng bao ph hoi Mohr ca th nghim CU

Vi t st c kt bnh thng:
Vng Mohr ng sut hiu qu s di
chuyn v pha tri, v gc to , bi v
p lc l rng dng hnh thnh trong
qu trnh ct v = - u, Hnh 2.51
Vng Mohr ng sut hiu qu v
ng sut tng c cng kch thc v mu
t ph hoi gi tr ng sut ln nht
( 1 - 3 ) = ( 1 3 ).
Khi hai ng bao ph hoi c
v, cc thng s cng Mohr- Hnh 2.51: Cc vng Mohr lc ph hoi v
Coulomb c xc nh, cho c trng
cc ng bao ph hoi Mohr cho ng sut
tng (T) v hiu qu (E) ca t st c kt
hp ng sut tng (c, , hoc c T, T) v
bnh thng.
ng sut hiu qu (c, ). Nh trong th
nghim CD, ng bao ph hoi ca t
st c kt thng i qua gc ta , v v
th trong thc t ly c bng khng, iu
ny cng ng vi thng s c tng ng
vi ng sut tng. Lu rng T nh hn
, v thng th bng khong mt na
ca .
Vi t st qu c kt: V mu t
qu c kt c xu hng tng th tch khi
ct, p lc nc l rng gim, thm ch
m, nh trong hnh 2.50. Do 3f = 3f - (- Hnh 2.52: Cc vng Mohr lc ph hoi v cc
u f ) hoc 1f = 1f - (-u f ) nn ng sut ng bao ph hoi Mohr cho c hai ng sut
hiu qu ln hn ng sut tng v vng tng (T) v hiu qu (E) ca t st qu c kt.
Mohr ng sut hiu qu lc ph hoi dch
v bn phi ca vng Mohr ng sut tng,
nh trong hnh 2.52, i khi cho gi tr
< T .
Hnh 2.53 cho thy cc ng bao
ph hoi Mohr trong phm vi ng sut kh
rng qua c ng sut tin c kt. V th
mt s mu l qu c kt v s khc th c
kt thng. Cn lu rng ng sut ti Hnh 2.53: Cc ng bao ph hoi Mohr
trn phm vi ng sut m rng qua c ng
im gy khc trn ng bao ng sut
sut tin c kt..
tng (im z) c gi tr ln hn khong hai ln p i vi t st tiu biu (Hirschfeld, 1963).
Hai nhm vng Mohr trong hnh 2.53 tng ng vi hai th nghim trong hnh 2.50 cho mu c
kt thng v mu qu c kt ti ng sut hc thp.

12. Th nghim khng c kt - khng thot nc (UU)

12.1. Ni dung Th nghim UU

Trong th nghim ny, mu t c t trong bung ba trc c cc van thot nc c
ng ngay t u. V th, khi tc dng p sut ng hng, nu mu t bo ho 100% th khng
xy ra qu trnh c kt.
Sau , ging nh th nghim CU, mu b ct khng thot nc. Mu b gia ti ti ph
hoi trong vng khong 10 n 20 pht; thng thng trong th nghim ny khng o p lc
nc l rng. y l th nghim ng sut tng v cho cng khng ct di dng ng sut
tng. A. Casagrande u tin gi th nghim ny l Q-test (ct nhanh - quick) mu c gia
ti n ph hoi nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi th nghim S-test.
Th nghim c trnh by trong hnh 2.54 l kh ph bin trong thng tc dng p
lc bung, v mu b ph hoi bng cch tng ti trng dc trc, thng vi mt tc bin dng
khng i. lch ng sut lc ph hoi l ( 1 3 ) max .

Hnh 2.54: Cc iu kin trong mu t khi th nghim nn dc trc khng c kt-khng thot
nc (UU).
12.2. Cc ng quan h tiu biu t th
nghim UU
Hnh 2.55: Thng thng, cc ng
cong ng sut - bin dng ca cng mt loi
t t th nghim UU khng khc nhiu so vi
ng cong ng sut - bin dng t th nghim
CU hoc CD.
i vi mu t nguyn dng ph
thuc nhiu vo cht lng ca mu, c bit
l nhng on u ca ng cong (modul tip
tuyn ban u).
nhy nh hng n hnh dng ca
nhng ng cong ny; st c nhy cao th Hnh 2.55: Cc ng cong ng sut-bin
dng UU ca (A) st ch b v m cht, (B)
ng cong ng sut - bin dng c nh nhn.
st nguyn dng nhy trung bnh v (C) st
lch ng sut cc i thng t nguyn dng nhy cao
c bin dng rt nh, thng l di 0.5%.
ng bao ph hoi Mohr ca th nghim UU ca t st bo ho 100% c th hin
trong hnh 2.56. Tt c cc mu t st bo ho hon ton c cng m (v h s rng), v do
chng s c cng cng khng ct v khng cho php t c kt.
V th tt c cc vng
Mohr lc ph hoi c cng ng
knh v ng bao ph hoi Morh
s l ng thng nm ngang.
Th nghim UU cho
cng khng ct di dng
ng sut tng, v gc T = 0.
Giao ca ng bao ny vi trc
xc nh thng s cng ng
sut tng c, hoc f = c, trong
f l cng khng ct khng
thot nc.
i vi t bo ho mt
phn, mt nhm cc th nghim
UU s cho mt ng bao ph
hoi cong on u (hnh
2.56b) cho ti khi st bo ho Hnh 2.56: Cc ng bao ph hoi Mohr ca th
hon ton 100% ch do p lc nghim UU: (a) st bo ha 100%; (b) st bo ha
bung. Mc d vy cc van thot mt phn
nc vn ng, p lc ng
hng s nn kh trong cc l rng v gim h s rng. Khi tng p lc ng hng, mu s b
nn nhiu hn v thm ch khi p lc ln th mu bo ho 100%. Sau , nh vi trng hp
mu bo ho 100% ngay t u, ng bao ph hoi Mohr tr nn nm ngang, nh th hin
pha bn phi ca hnh 2.56b.

2.4. Tnh m cht ca t

ngha thc t v Mc ch ca m cht t

Trong thc t a k thut, t thng khng p ng c nhng yu cu k thut cho
xy dng. t c th chu ti thp, tnh nn cao, hay c tnh thm ln so vi yu cu khi xt n
cc kha cnh v kinh t hay k thut.
t thng c gia cng bng cc phng php c hc hoc ho hc, thm ch cc
phng php nhit v in cng c p dng hay cn nhc. Trong phn ny, chng ta quan tm
ti s n nh c hc hay m nn ca t v c gi chung l tnh m cht.
m cht v n nh l nhng c tnh quan trng khi t c dng lm vt liu xy
dng (cng trnh c lm bng t). p t, v ng cao tc l nhng v d in hnh v
cng trnh t. Nu cng trnh t ch c ng hoc m nn khng cn thn s dn ti
n nh thp v bin dng ln cho cng trnh.
t khng dnh th c m cht hiu qu bi lc rung ng. Ngoi hin trng, t
ct v t si c m nn bng cc my m bn hay m cc. m bnh cao su cng c th
c dng lm cht t ct. Thm ch, ngi ta cn dng nhng vt nng ri t do m
cht t xp.
t mn v t dnh c th c m cht trong phng th nghim bng ba hay vt
nng, hay bng cc my nn tnh. Ngoi hin trng, cc thit b thng c dng nh my
m tay, my m cc, my m cao su v cc thit b m loi ln khc. S m cht cng c
th t c mt cch ng k nu ta b tr mt cch hp l chu trnh ng i cc thit b trong
thi gian xy dng cng trnh.
Mc ch ca vic m cht nhm gia cng cc tnh cht k thut ca t. Ngoi ra
chng cn dn ti mt s li ch khc:
Ngn nga hoc gim thiu ln.
Gia tng cng chu lc v n nh mi dc.
Tng cng sc chu ti ca nn
Tnh m cht l qu trnh nn cht ca t di tc dng ca cc lc c hc. Qu trnh
ny cng c th lin quan n s thay i m v cp phi ht ca t.

Nguyn l m cht

1. Th nghim m nn tiu chun trong phng th nghim:

Th nghim m cht tiu chun trong phng th nghim da theo cc nguyn l ca
Proctor (1933) thng c gi l th nghim Proctor.
Cng m c nh gi bng nng lng c hc tc dng ln khi t. Theo h thng
o lng SI , cng m thng c o bng J / m3 (J = joules); 1 J = 1 N . m
 Proctor tiu chun:

phng th nghim, cc phng php m nn hay m ng, m trn v m tnh thng

c p dng. Trong , phng php m nn thng c s dng nht bng cch cho qu m ri
t do nhiu ln ln mu t ng trong ci m. Khi lng qu m, chiu cao ri t do, s ln m,
s lp t m v th tch ci m u c xc nh c th.

Hnh 2.58: S ln
Hnh 2.57: Ci m v ln t trong t trong ci m
ci m
Th nghim Proctor tiu chun (nh trong tiu chun AASHTO v ASTM):
Khi lng ba: 2,495 kg
chiu cao ri: 304,88 mm
t c chia thnh 3 lp, mi lp m 25 ln
th tch ca ci m 0,944x10-3 m3 (xp x 1 lt).
Cng m = 592,7 kJ/m3
Th nghim Proctor ci tin:
Khi lng ba: 4,536 kg
chiu cao ri:457 mm
t c chia thnh 5 lp, mi lp m 25 ln
th tch ca ci m 0,944x10-3 m3 (xp x 1 lt).
Cng m = 2693 kJ/m3 (cao hn)
 Bng Quy cch cc loi ci m tiu chun

Khi lng Chiu cao S lp m Th tch ci

Kiu ci m qu m m ri t (lp) m (m)
(kg) do (m)

Trung Quc 2,50 0,46 3 0,001

Lin X 2,50 0,30 3 0,001
Proctor tiu chun ~2,50 ~0,30 3 ~0,001
Proctor ci tin 4,536 0,457 5 ~0,001

2. c tnh bin dng ca t di tc dng ca ti trng c chu k:

Nu cho mt ti trng xung kch nht nh tc dng lp li nhiu ln trn mt khi t
p trong mt ci kim loi cng, th quy lut bin dng ca khi t nh Hnh 2.59.
T hnh v thy rng, trong qu trnh tc dng lp li nhiu ln ca mt ti trng xung
kch nht nh, phn bin dng d ngy cng gim, cui cng ch cn phn bin dng n hi
iu chng t mu t c m n trng thi cht nht v ngi ta gi l gii hn
m cht ca t.

Hnh 2.59: S thit b m v kt qu m vi ti trng c chu k

S d c hin tng trn, v lc u khi t cn xp, phn ln cng sinh ra do ti trng
ng xung kch c dng vo vic khc phc ma st gia cc ht t hoc m ht a
chng v th n nh hn. Cng v sau khi cc ht t c xp xp th n nh ri, cng
ch b tiu hao bi tnh n hi ca ht t, ca bc kh kn hoc nc l rng trong t m thi.
R rng khi t c m cht nh vy, tnh thm v tnh p co s gim nh, cng chng
trt s tng ln, v vy trong thc t dng t lm vt liu xy dng (p p, lm nn ng
v.v ... ), ngi ta thng dng cc bin php m cht t (m xung kch, m ln, ... ) m
bo tnh n nh ca cng trnh t.
Trong xy dng thu li, do iu kin kinh t v k thut khng ch nn khng i hi
m t ti gii hn m cht m thng ch m t n mt cht no y tho mn yu cu
thit k cng trnh, tng ng vi mt cng nng m nn cn thit nh nht.
Trong xy dng ng giao thng, nn ng thng c m n gii hn n hi
tng ng vi mt loi ti trng thit k nht nh (v d, ti trng t..) s trnh to g li lm
mt ng

3. Quy lut chung v tnh m cht ca t:

Proctor chng t rng, m cht l hm ca bn tham s:
1) dung trng kh d ,
2) m w,
3) cng m
4) loi t (cp phi ht, s c mt ca cc khong vt st...).
m nn mt loi t dnh vi cc m (w) khc nhau gy ra dung trng khc nhau
( d ). Dung trng kh c th tnh theo v w :
Ms
d =
Vt

1
M t
1+ w
= = (2.53)
Vt 1+ w
Xy dng biu quan h d v w :
Mi im trn ng cong i din cho mt th nghim m cht, thng thng ng
cong m nn c yu cu xc nh t bn hoc nm th nghim m cht ring l.
ng cong ny l duy nht i vi mt loi t khi p dng mt phng php m v
cng m no .
Dung trng kh ln nht d max thu c ti m ti u w opt . (Ch : ch l dung
trng kh ln nht cho mt cng m v mt phng php m c th ch khng phi l dung
trng kh ln nht c th t c ngoi thc t).
Cc gi tr tiu biu:
d max = 1,6 2,0 Mg / m3, thm ch bin thin t 1,3 2,4 Mg / m3.
w opt =10% 20% hoc 5% 40%.
phng trnh ng cong th hin bo ha khc nhau:
wS
d =

w+ w S
s (2.54)
bo ho ti u S ca cc loi t thng thng khong 75%. Thm ch khi tng m
trong t th ng cong m nn u nm pha di ng bo ho S = 100%.
iu ny cng xy ra tng t khi ta tng cng m, chng hn nh ng cong B trn
hnh 2.60. ng cong B l kt qu ca th nghim m nn Proctor ci tin: qu m c khi
lng ln hn (4,536 kg), chiu cao ri qu m ln hn (457 mm), chia thnh 5 lp t v mi
lp m 25 ln. Khi cng m tng ng s l 2693 kJ / m3.
Theo kt qu th nghim, khi tng cng m th dung trng kh ln nht tng ln v
m ti u gim xung.
ng thng i qua cc im nh ca ng cong m nn vi cc gi tr cng m
khc nhau gn nh song song vi ng cong bo ho 100%. N c gi l ng ti u.:

Hnh 2.60: ng cong m nn Proctor tiu chun v ci tin

Cc ng cong m nn c trng ca cc loi t khc nhau c minh ho trn hnh
2.61. t ct c cp phi ht tt (SW, ng cong trn cng) th c dung trng kh ln hn t
u ht (SP, ng cong di cng). Cn vi t st, dung trng kh ln nht c xu th gim dn
khi tnh do ca t tng.
 Hnh 2.61: Quan h gia m v dung trng kh ca 8 loi t nn theo phng php th
nghim Proctor tiu chun
Ti sao cc ng cong m nn li c hnh dng c trng nh trn hnh 2.60 v 2.61.

Hnh 2.62: Quan h gia m w %v dung trng wet cho thy s tng ca dung trng khi
thm nc v m nn. t l loi st cha bi, LL = 37, PI =14. m nn Proctor tiu chun.
Xem hnh 2.62: Bt u m thp, khi m tng, cc ht t pht trin ln hn v
mng nc bao quanh chng tng ln, c xu hng bi trn nn cc ht t d dng di chuyn v
sp xp li khin mu t cht hn. Tuy nhin, ti mt m no th dung trng ca t
khng th tng hn na v nc bt u thay th cc ht t trong ci m. Do w << s nn
ng cong dung trng kh bt u i xung.
Ch rng, t khng bao gi t ti trng thi bo ho cho d c cho thm bao nhiu
nc i na trong qu trnh m cht.

Cc nhn t nh hng n tnh m cht ca t

Ngoi nh hng ca cng m v m nh ni trn, loi t cng l mt nhn t
quan trng nh hng ti tnh m cht ca t :

dmax
Loi t opt (%)
(kN/m)

t ct 8 12 18 18,8
t st 9 15 18,5 20,8
t st 19 23 15,8 17,0

Ni chung, t ct m d t trng lng ring kh ln so vi t dnh. Trong iu kin

Vit Nam thng gp t c lng ht st ln v m cao, nhng trong nhiu trng hp phi
dng p p do kh t trng lng ring kh ln, nu thit k khng linh hot, d a ti
gi thnh cng trnh cao.
Vi cng mt loi t, cp phi ca n cng c nh hng ti tnh m cht, c bit l
i vi t ri. Ni chung, vi mt cng m n v nh nhau, ng cong m cht ca loi ct
c cp phi tt s v tr cao v dc hn ng cong m cht ca loi ct ht u.
Trong t c ln nhiu cht mn hu c th kh m t trng lng ring kh cao, v
cht ny c tnh n hi ln, tnh ht nc cao, ng thi c tc dng lm cho ht t lin kt li.
Hn na, sau ny cht mc nt cn c th b phn gii, lm cho tnh cht c hc ca t xu i.
Khong thi gian di hay ngn sau khi nho trn t, vt liu t c dng li hay khng,
nhit lc m cht u c nh hng nht nh ti tnh m cht ca t.
Bi tp chng 2
1) Kt qu th nghim thm i vi mt loi t dnh cho kt qu sau:
I 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 12
V, cm/ngm 0 0 0 0,8 2,0 6,5 9,5 16,0

Hy v ng quan h V-I; t tm dc thy lc ban u (I 0 ), h s thm k v vit

phng trnh biu th nh lut Daxcy cho t th nghim.
2) Th nghim nn khng n hng trong phng mt mu t vi p 1 =100kN/m2 xc nh c h
s rng 1 =1,20, ng vi p 2 =200kN/m2 xc nh c h s rng 2 =1,10. Hy tnh h s p co a
v m duyn bin dng ca loi t . (Bit =0,8).
3) Th nghim ct c kt hai mu t cng loi n khi ph hoi cho kt qu sau:
Mu th nghim Mu s 1 Mu s 2
max , kN/m2 200 260
min , kN/m
2
50 80

Hy xc nh: Gc ma st trong , lc dnh n v c, h s khng ct tg 50 ca t, gc

nghing gia phng mt trt vi phng ca ng sut chnh ln nht max v phng ng
sut chnh nh nht min .
4) Kt qu th nghim mt mu t ct cho n khi ph hoi, c 1 =150kN/m2 v 3 =50kN.
a) Hy xc nh gc ma st trong ca t ?
b) Mt mt nghing ab ct qua mu t phn t c ng sut php =100 kN/m2. Hi phng
ca mt trt c trng vi phng mt nghing ab khng?
mt trt
5) Mt mu t ct c =300. Hy xc nh :
1
a)Gi tr 1 lm cho mu t b ph hoi khi b
25

3 =100kN/m2.
b) Gi tr ng sut php v ng sut tip trn mt
trt. 3
a
c)Gi tr ng sut php v ng sut tip trn mt
nghing ab khi mu t b ph hoi.
Mt t
6) Cho mt tng t ct c cc ch tiu c l cho trong hnh =19kN/m3
bn. Hy xc nh cng chng ct theo mt nm ngang
ab. Cho bit mc nc ngm cch mt t 2,5m.
bh =19kN/m3

=30 0 a b

Kt thc Chng II
 CHNG 3. XC NH NG SUT TRONG T

3.1. Cc loi ng sut trong t v cc gi thit c bn tnh ton

Cc loi ng sut trong t:

xt n nh v cng v bin dng ca khi t (nn cng trnh, p v mi
dc) di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn t v ti trng cng trnh, trc ht cn bit trng
thi ng sut sinh ra trong khi t, cn nghin cu v tnh ton cc gi tr ng sut trong t
trc v sau khi xy dng cng trnh.
Ty nguyn nhn gy ra ng sut trong t, c th phn bit cc loi ng sut sau y:
ng sut bn thn: ng sut trong t do trng lng bn thn ca t gy ra gi l
ng sut bn thn.
p sut y mng: p sut ti mt tip gip gia nn v y mng do ti trng cng
trnh truyn xung thng qua mng gi l p sut y mng.
ng sut tng thm: ng sut trong t do p sut y mng (tc do ti trng cng
trnh) gy ra gi l ng sut tng thm.
ng sut thm: ng sut trong t do dng thm gy ra gi l ng sut thm (ng sut
thy ng).

Cc gi thit tnh ton:

Trong c hc t, thng dng l thuyt n hi nghin cu v tnh ton quy lut phn
b ng sut trong t (tr ng sut thm). V t l mi trng ri rc, phn tn, khng lin tc
cho nn khi dng l thuyt n hi tnh ton ng sut a vo mt s gi thit sau y:
Coi t l mt vt th bn khng gian v hn bin dng tuyn tnh. iu ny c th
xem l tha mn nu khng ch ti trng cng trnh p khng vt qu ti trng gii hn tuyn
tnh p 0 (p p 0 ) nh nu trong chng 2.
t l mt vt th lin tc ng nht ng hng. iu ny c th xem l tha mn i
vi t st do hoc t ct cht thun cht.
Coi trng thi ng sut bin dng ca t l trng thi lc c kt kt thc, tc tr
s ng sut y l ng sut tng hon ton truyn vo ct t, tc ng sut hiu qu khi qu
trnh c kt hon thnh (c kt hon ton).
3.2. Xc nh ng sut bn thn

ng sut bn thn trong nn t:

xt s phn b ng sut bn thn trong nn t, theo gi thit th nht, coi t l mt
vt th bn khng gian v hn bin dng tuyn tnh. Tc l khi t c mt mt gii hn l mt
t nm ngang, cn chiu su v bn hng l v hn. Nh vy, trn mi mt phng thng ng v
nm ngang khng tn ti ng sut ct (=0), ch c thnh phn ng sut php ( x , y , z ). Xt
cc trng hp c th sau:
1. Trng hp nn ng cht:

Xt im M cch mt nn mt su z (hnh 3.1a), cc thnh phn ng sut php ( x , y ,

z ) c tnh theo cc biu thc sau:
z = z (3.1)
0
x = y = 0 z = z (3.2)
1 0
Trong :
, 0 , 0 ln lt l trng lng ring, h s p lc hng v h s n hng ca t
x , y , z cc thnh phn ng sut bn than php tuyn theo phng x, y, z.
Trong trng hp nn ng cht, s thay i trng lng ring theo chiu su khng
ng k (c th coi =const). Do quy lut phn b ng sut bn thn s tng tuyn tnh theo
chiu su v biu phn b s c dng tam gic nh hnh 3.1a.
2. Trng hp nn nhiu lp:

Trong trng hp nn t gm nhiu lp, cc lp c trng lng ring khc nhau (hnh
3.2). Cc thnh phn ng sut php ti im A s c tnh theo nhng biu thc di y v
biu ng sut php z c th hin trn hnh 3.2:
n
z = h
i =1
i i
(3.3)

n
0 n
x = y = 0 i hi =
i =1 1 0
h
i =1
i i (3.4)

Trong :
i trng lng ring ca lp t th i (i = 1,2, n)
n s lp t
h i dy ca lp t th i
0 , 0 ln lt l h s p lc hng v h s n hng ca t ti A.
Tng ng sut bn thn c xc nh theo biu thc:
1 + 0 n
= z + x + y = h (3.5)
1 0 i =1
i i

3. Trng hp c mc nc ngm trong nn:

Trong trng hp t nn c mc nc ngm, cc tnh ton ng sut bn thn tng t nh
trng hp nn t c nhiu lp v trng lng ring ca cc lp t nm di mc nc ngm
c tnh bng trng lng ring y ni ( = = sat - w ).

ng sut bn thn trong cng trnh t:

Vic tnh ton ng sut bn thn trong cng trnh t (, p,...) khc vi tnh ton cho
nn t bn khng gian v hn, v hai pha hng ca cng trnh b gii hn vi mi thng lu v
mi h lu, khin cho bin dng ca mi p v thn p khc vi bin dng ca nn p.
Tuy vy, khi tnh ton, n gin vn gi thit ng sut bn thn ti mt im bt k
trong thn p bng trng lng ct t pha trn im v tnh theo cc cng thc (3.13.5).
Biu phn b ng sut bn thn trn cc mt phng ngang v mt phng ng trong thn p
c biu din nh trn hnh 3.3.

V d 3.1:
Cho mt bnh cha t (Hnh v d 3.1) c khi lng ring bo ha l 2.0 Mg/m3.
Tnh ng sut tng, trung ha v hiu qu ti cao trnh A khi:
(a) mc nc ti cao trnh A
(b) mc nc dng ln n cao trnh B.

Hnh v d 3.1
Bi gii:
a) Gi s t trong bnh l bo ha ti thi im ban u (nhng khng b ngp nc).
Mc nc ti cao trnh A. Tnh cc ng sut ti cao trnh A:
ng sut tng:

=
sat gh =
2.0 Mg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 5 m
= 98100
= N/m 2 98.1 kPa
 ng sut trung ha:

u= w gzw= 1.0 Mg/m3 9.81 m/s 2 0 m= 0

ng sut hiu qu : =' = 98.1 kPa

b) Nu mc nc dng ln cao trnh B, ng sut hiu qu ti cao trnh A thay i v t
t bo ha tr thnh t b ngp nc hay y ni. Cc ng sut ti cao trnh A gy ra bi t v
nc trn s c tnh nh sau:
ng sut tng:
= sat gh + w gzw
= ( 2.0 9.81 5 ) + (1 9.81 2 ) = 117.7 kPa

ng sut trung ha:

=u w g ( zw + h )
= 1.0 9.81 ( 2 + 5 ) = 68.7 kPa

ng sut hiu qu :
' = u = ( sat gh + w gzw ) w g ( zw + h )
= 117.7 68.7 = 49.0 kPa

V d 3.2:
Cho lp t nh trong hnh di y.
Yu cu tnh ng sut tng v ng sut hiu qu ti im A.

Hnh v d 3.2
Bi gii:
u tin ta cn tnh d v sat ca ct, khi ny cn nh li cc quan h v cc pha trong
t. Ly V t = 1 m3, khi n = V v v:
 Vs =1 Vv =1 n
M s s (1 n )
=
= 2.70 (1 0.5 )= 1.35 Mg (1350 kg)

= = 1.35 Mg/m3 (1350 kg/m3 )

M s 1.35
d
=
Vt 1
M s + M w M s + wVv
= sat =
Vt Vt
1.35 + 1 0.5
= = 1.85 Mg/m3
1
ng sut tng ti im A l gh
i i

= =
gh
i i

= 1.35 9.81 2 + 1.85 9.81 2 + 2.0 9.81 4

= 26.49 + 36.30 + 78.48 = 141.27 kN/m 2 = 141.3 kPa
ng sut hiu qu ti im A l:
=' w gh
) 82.4 kPa
= 141.3 (1 9.81 6=

ng sut hiu qu cng c th c tnh theo gh

i i trn mc nc ngm v gh
i
'
i

di mc nc ngm, hay:

= i ghi + i' ghi =

= 1.35 9.81 2 + (1.85 1.0 ) 9.81 2 + ( 2.0 1.0 ) 9.81 4
= 26.49 + 16.68 + 39.24 = 82.41 kPa

3.3. Xc nh p sut y mng

Khi nim:
p sut y mng l p lc trn mt n v din tch ti mt nn do ti trng cng trnh
truyn xung thng qua mng. Ni cch khc, p sut y mng l cng ti trng c
truyn t y mng ti t nn, hay cn gi l p sut tip xc. S phn b p sut y mng ph
thuc c vo cng ca mng v cng ca t nn.
Khi tnh ton ng sut trong nn phc v tnh ln ca nn cng trnh cho php dng biu
p sut y mng theo lut ng thng. V khi p dng dng biu ny tnh ton ng
sut v bin dng ca nn s nhn c kt qu vi sai s khng ln, trong phm vi cho php.
Xc nh p sut y mng (cho mng cng)

1. Trng hp ti trng thng ng tc dng ng tm:

Hnh 3.4
Trng hp ny (Hnh 3.4) p sut y mng phn b u v c tnh theo biu thc sau:
P
p= (3.6)
F
Trong : p p sut y mng
P tng ti trng thng ng
F din tch y mng, F = l.b

2. Trng hp ti trng thng ng tc dng lch tm:

2.1. Trng hp ti trng thng ng tc dng lch tm hai chiu:

Hnh 3.5
 Trng hp ny (Hnh 3.5) ti trng P tc dng ti im N bt k trong phm vi y
mng. Gi tr p sut ti im M bt k mt y mng c tnh theo biu thc sau:

P Mx My
p= + y+ x (3.7)
F Jx Jy

Trong :
x, y ta im M, ti cn xc nh p sut y mng p.
F= l.b din tch y mng
P tng ti trng thng ng
J x , J y mmen qun tnh i vi trc xx v yy

bl 3 lb 3
Jx = , Jy =
12 12
M x mmen i vi trc xx, M x = P.e y
M y mmen i vi trc xx, M y = P.e x
e x , e y lch tm ca ti trng P

2.2. Trng hp ti trng thng ng tc dng lch tm mt chiu:

Hnh 3.6
 Trng hp ny (Hnh 3.6) ti trng P t trn mt trc no , chng hn trn trc xx.
Khi e y = 0, do p sut y mng ti hai mp A, B c xc nh theo biu thc sau:

p max P 6e x
= (1 )
min F b
C th vit gn:

p max P 6e
= (1 ) (3.8)
min F b
3. Trng hp mng bng:

Hnh 3.7
i vi mng c l>>b th c th coi l mng bng. Lc ch cn tnh p sut y mng
cho 1m chiu di mng v do cng thc (3.8) tr thnh:

p max P 6e
= (1 ) (3.9)
min b b
Ty theo gi tr lch tm e, biu phn b p sut y mng s c dng khc nhau:
Khi e < b/6, biu c dng hnh thang (hnh 3.7a).
Khi e = b/6, biu c dng tam gic (hnh 3.7b)
Khi e > b/6, tn ti biu m, tc ti xut hin lc ko (hnh 3.7c).
4. Trng hp ti trng c dng tng qut:
Trong thc t xy dng, thng gp nhiu cng trnh ng thi chu ti trng ng v
ngang tc dng (hnh 3.8a)

Hnh 3.8
Trong trng hp ny, tnh p sut y mng c th phn tng ti trng R ra hai thnh
phn ng v ngang.
p sut y mng do thnh phn ti trng thng ng P gy ra tnh theo cc biu thc
(3.6 3.10).
p sut y mng do thnh phn ti trng ngang T thng gi thit phn b u v c
tnh theo biu thc di y:
T
t= (3.10)
F
Trong :
t p sut y mng ngang
F din tch y mng, F = l.b

3.4. ng sut tng thm trong nn cng trnh

Hai bi ton c bn:

xc nh ng sut tng thm trong nn di tc dng ca cc dng ti trng khc nhau
t trn nn, trong c hc t thng da vo cc bi ton gii trong l thuyt n hi. Cc bi
ton ny cho li gii v ng sut v chuyn v trong vt th bn khng gian v hn bin dng
tuyn tnh ng nht ng hng di tc dng ca lc tp trung thng ng v nm ngang t
trn mt v trong bn khng gian v hn. y l cc bi ton c bn v chng rt c ngha v
mt l thuyt v l c s l lun gii cc bi ton ng sut bin dng trong c hc t.
1. Bi ton Boussinesq:
Ni dung: Tnh ton ng sut v chuyn v trong bn khng gian di tc dng ca ti
trng thng ng tp trung.
Cho mt bn khng gian chu ti trng thng ng tp trung P t trn mt (hnh 3.9).

Hnh 3.9
Bi ton ny do Boussinesq xut nm 1885 v a ra li gii sau y:
Cc thnh phn ng sut:

3P z 3
z = (3.11)
2 R 5
3P x 2 z (1 2) 1 (2R + z )x 2 z
x = [ 5 + ( - - 3 )] (3.12)
2 R 3 R( R + z ) ( R + z ) R
2 3
R

3P y z
2
(1 2) 1 ( 2 R + z )y 2 z
y = [ 5 + ( - - 3 )] (3.13)
2 R 3 R( R + z ) ( R + z ) R
2 3
R

P z
= x + y + z = (1 + ) 3 (3.14)
R
3P xz 2
xz = . (3.15)
2 R 5

3P yz 2
zy = (3.16)
2 R 5
3P xyz (1 2) (2R + z )xy
xy = [ - ] (3.17)
2 R 5 3 (R + z) 2 R 3
Cc thnh phn chuyn v:
 P (1 + ) z 2 1
z = [ 3 + 2(1 - ) ] (3.18)
2E R R
P(1 + ) xz x
x = [ 3 - (1 - 2) ] (3.19)
2E R R( R + z )

P(1 + ) yz y
y = [ 3 - (1 - 2) ] (3.20)
2E R R( R + z )

Trong :
- h s poison ca vt th bn khng ian
E mdun n hi ca vt th bn khng gian.
T cng thc (3.11) c th thy s ph thuc ca thnh phn z theo chiu su, ln
ca ti trng P v khong cch nm ngang so vi im t lc P.

3P z 3
z = (3.21)
2 R 5
r
Trong : R2 = x2 + y2 + z2 = r2 + z2 = z2(1 + ( )2)
z
1
r
hoc R = z [1 + ( ) 2 ] 2
z
Nhn c:
3 P
z = [
[ ]
].
2 1 + (r / z )
2 5/2
z2

3 P
t K = z = K.
2[1 + (r / z ) ]
ta c (3.22)
2 5/2
z2

K l h s phn b ng sut khng th nguyn, ph thuc t s r/z, tra bng 3.1.

Nu c nhiu ti trng P i (i = 1,2, ... n) tc dng trn mt nn th c th dng phng
php cng tc dng tnh ng sut z ti im M bt k su z theo cng thc sau:
n
Pi 1 n
z = Ki
i =1 z2
=
z2
K
i =1
i Pi (3.23)

ri
Trong : K i - h s ng sut ca lc P i , tra bng 3.1 nh t s
z
r i - khong cch nm ngang t im M n ng thng ng i qua im t
lc P i .
 Bng 3.1: Gi tr h s K trong cng thc 3.22

r/z K r/z K r/z K r/z K

0.00 0.4775 0.58 0.2313 1.16 0.0567 1.74 0.0147

0.02 0.4770 0.60 0.2214 1.18 0.0539 1.76 0.0141

0.04 0.4756 0.62 0.2117 1.20 0.0513 1.78 0.0135

0.06 0.4732 0.64 0.2024 1.22 0.0489 1.80 0.0129

0.08 0.4699 0.66 0.1934 1.24 0.0466 1.82 0.0124

0.10 0.4657 0.68 0.1846 1.26 0.0443 1.84 0.0119

0.12 0.4607 0.70 0.1762 1.28 0.0422 1.86 0.0114

0.14 0.4548 0.72 0.1681 1.30 0.0402 1.88 0.0109

0.16 0.4482 0.74 0.1602 1.32 0.0384 1.90 0.0105

0.18 0.4409 0.76 0.1527 1.34 0.0365 1.92 0.0101

0.20 0.4329 0.78 0.1455 1.36 0.0348 1.94 0.0097

0.22 0.4242 0.80 0.1386 1.38 0.0332 1.96 0.0093

0.24 0.4151 0.82 0.1320 1.40 0.0317 1.98 0.0089

0.26 0.4054 0.84 0.1257 1.42 0.0302 2.00 0.0085

0.28 0.3954 0.86 0.1196 1.44 0.0288 2.10 0.0070

0.30 0.3849 0.88 0.1138 1.46 0.0275 2.20 0.0058

0.32 0.3742 0.90 0.1083 1.48 0.0263 2.30 0.0048

0.34 0.3632 0.92 0.1031 1.50 0.0251 2.40 0.0040

0.36 0.3521 0.94 0.0981 1.52 0.0240 2.50 0.0034

0.38 0.3408 0.96 0.0933 1.54 0.0229 2.60 0.0029

0.40 0.3294 0.98 0.0887 1.56 0.0219 2.70 0.0024

0.42 0.3181 1.00 0.0844 1.58 0.0209 2.80 0.0021

0.44 0.3068 1.02 0.0803 1.60 0.0200 2.90 0.0017

0.46 0.2955 1.04 0.0764 1.62 0.0191 3.00 0.0015

0.48 0.2843 1.06 0.0727 1.64 0.0183 3.50 0.0007

0.50 0.2733 1.08 0.0691 1.66 0.0175 4.00 0.0004

0.52 0.2625 1.10 0.0658 1.68 0.0167 4.50 0.0002

0.54 0.2518 1.12 0.0626 1.70 0.0160 5.00 0.0001

0.56 0.2414 1.14 0.0595 1.72 0.0153 >5.00 0.0000

2. Bi ton Cerruti:

Hnh 3.10
Ni dung: Tnh ton ng sut v chuyn v trong bn khng gian di tc dng ca ti
trng nm ngang tp trung.
Cho mt bn khng gian chu tc dng ca ti trng ngang tp trung T (hnh 3.10).
Li gii ca bi ton:

3T xz 3
z = . (3.24)
2 R 5
(1 + )Tx
= x + y + z = (3.25)
R3

ng sut tng thm trong nn ng cht khi mt nn chu ti trng phn b

trn din tch hnh ch nht:
Trong thc t rt t khi gp bi ton tnh ton ng sut tng thm trong nn do ti trng tp
trung gy ra. Thng thng cc cng trnh u c t trn mng c din tch hu hn, do vy ti
trng do cng trnh truyn xung t nn c phn b trn din tch y mng. Trong phn ny gii
thiu cc mt nn chu ti trng phn b trn mng c din tch hnh ch nht

3. Trng hp ti trng thng ng phn b u

Cho mt nn hnh ch nht chu tc dng ca ti trng phn b hnh ch nht nh trn Hnh
3.11. Cc thnh phn ng sut ti im M bt k trong nn gm c x, y, z , xy, yz, zx.
 Hnh 3.11
tnh ton cc thnh phn ng sut ti im M, ta ng dng bi ton Boussinesq bng
cch chia din tch y mng ABCD thnh nhiu din tch phn t c cnh dx v dy. Ti trng
tc dng trn mi din tch phn t c coi l mt lc tp trung dP = p.dx.dy.Ti trng ny gy
ra ng sut tng thm d z , ti im M nm trn ng thng ng i qua gc mng A, c th
tnh ton theo cng thc sau:

3 z3
d z = pdxdy (a)
(
2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2

Tch phn biu thc (a) (vi h ta xyz ti A) cho ton mt ti trng ABCD c din
tch F s nhn c :

3p.z 3 l b
1
z = d z =
2 0 (x .dxdy
F 0
2
+ y + z 2 )5 / 2
2

p l.b.z.(l + b + 2z )
2 2 2
l.b
= + arctg( ) (b)
2 (l 2 + z 2 )(b 2 + z 2 ) l 2 + b 2 + z 2 z. l 2 + b 2 + z 2

t m = l/b v n = z/b, ta c l = m.b v z = n.b, thay l v z vo cng thc (b) ta c:

p m.n.(1 + m 2 + 2n 2 ) m
z = 2 + arctg( )
2 (m + n 2 )(1 + n 2 ). 1 + m 2 + n 2 n. 1 + m 2 + n 2

C th vit gn : z = k 1 .p (3.26)
Trong :
k 1 = f(m=l/b, n=z/b) tra bng 3.2
k 1 h s ng sut tng thm thng ng z ti M nm trn ng thng ng i qua gc
mng trong trng hp ti trng phn b u trn din tch hnh ch nht,.
l, b ln lt l cnh di v cnh ngn ca hnh ch nht
 tnh tng ng sut ti im M di gc mng A c th dng phng php tch phn
cng thc:
1 + 0 pz
d = dxdy
R3
Ly tch phn cho ton mt ti trng ta c:

p(1 + 0 )z
l b
= d = dxdy
F 0 0
R 3

1 + 0
l b
1
= pz 2 dxdy
0 0
( x + y + z 2 )3 / 2
2

p lb
= (1 + 0 ) arctg
z b 2 + l2 + z 2
Hay
p m
= (1 + 0 ) arctg
n 1 + m2 + n 2
C th vit gn: = (1 + 0 )1 p (3.26)

Trong :
1 m l z
1 = arctg = f (m = , n = ) tra bng 3.3
n 1 + m2 + n 2 b b
1 h s tng ng sut tng thm ti M di gc mng trong trng hp ti trng
thng ng phn b u trn din tch hnh ch nht.
Phng php im gc:
i vi nhng im (v d M 0 ) khng nm trn ng thng ng i qua cc im gc
(A,B,C,D) ca mng, ta dng phng php im gc tnh cc thnh phn ng sut tng thm
ti im (hnh 3-12).
Xc nh tr s ng sut thng ng ti im c su z v ngoi din chu ti.
Qua im M 0 chia din tch ti trng ABCD thnh nhng din tch ch nht c M 0 lm
gc chung.
Cng (tr) cc ng sut thnh phn nhn c ng sut tng do ti trng cho gy
ra ti im M 0 .

Hnh 3.12
Hnh 3.12 l cc din tch ABCD (chu ti trng p) nhn trn mt bng ca 4 trng hp
vi im M 0 cc v tr khc nhau.
 Cch tnh z ti M nh sau: Qua im M 0 chia din tch ti trng ABCD thnh cc din
tch ch nht nhn M 0 lm gc chung. Rt d nhn thy ng sut z ti im M di im gc
M 0 su z do ton mt ti trng ABCD gy ra s bng tng cng cc ng sut z do ti trng
trn tng din tch ch nht gy ra.
Vi hnh 3.12a
z = zI + zII = (k 1I + k 1II ).p
Trong :

b z l2 z
k 1I = f( m = , n = ) ; k 1II = f( m = , n = ) tra bng 3.2
l1 l1 b b
Vi hnh 3.12b
z = zI + zII + zIII + zIV = (k 1I + k 1II + k 1III + k 1IV ).p
Trong :
l1 z l z
k 1I = f( m = , n = ) ; k 1II = f( m = 2 , n = )
b1 b1 b1 b1

l2 z b z
k 1III = f( m = ,n = ) ; k 1IV = f( m = 2 , n = ) tra bng 3.2
b2 b2 l1 l1
Vi hnh 3.12c
z = zM 0 aBd + zM 0 bCd zM 0 aAe zM 0 bDe = (k1M 0 aBd + k1M 0 bCd k1M 0 aAe k1M 0 bDe ).p
__ __
aB z bC z
Trong : k 1M 0aBd = f( , ) ; k 1M 0 bCd = f( , )
l1 l1 l2 l2

l1 z l2 z
k 1M 0aAe = f ( , ) ; k 1M 0 bDe = f ( , ) tra bng 3.2
b1 b1 b1 b1
Vi hnh 3.12d
z = zM 0aDe zM 0aAd zM 0 bCe + zM 0 bBd = (k 1M 0aDe k 1M 0aAd k 1M 0 bCe + k 1M 0 bBd ).p
__ __
M e z M a z
Trong : k 1M 0aDe = f ( __0 , __ ) k 1M 0aAd = f( 0 , )
l1 l1
De De
__
M e z l1 z
k 1M 0 bCe = f( 0 , ) k 1M 0 bBd = f ( , ) tra bng 3.2
b1 b1 b1 b1
Cn lu l l cnh di v b l cnh ngn ca cc hnh ch nht sau khi chia.
4. Trng hp ti trng thng ng phn b tam gic

Hnh 3.13

Cho mt nn hnh ch nht chu tc dng ca ti trng phn b hnh ch nht nh trn
Hnh 3.13. Tng t nh ti trng thng ng phn b u, ng dng bi ton Boussinesq bng
cch chia din tch y mng ABCD thnh nhiu din tch phn t c cnh dx v dy. Ti trng
tc dng trn mi din tch phn t c coi l mt lc tp trung dP.Ti trng ny gy ra ng
sut tng thm d z , ti im M nm trn ng thng ng i qua gc mng A (ti A ti trng
bng 0), c th tnh ton theo cng thc sau:

3 pT .x.z3
dz = . dx.dy
2 b.( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )5 / 2
ng sut z do ton mt ti trng ABCD gy ra s l:
l b
3pT 3 x
z = d z = .z 2 2 2 5 / 2 dx.dy
F 2 0 0 b.( x + y + z )

m.n 1 n2
= 2 p T
2 m + n 2 (1 + n 2 ) 1 + m 2 + n 2

C th vit gn: z = k 2 .p T
Trong :
k 2 = f(m=l/b, n=z/b) tra bng 3.4
 k 2 h s ng sut tng thm thng ng z ti M nm trn ng thng ng i qua gc
mng A (ti A ti trng bng 0) trong trng hp ti trng phn b tam gic trn din tch hnh
ch nht
Bng cch tng t cng lp c cng thc tnh tng ng sut tng thm nh sau:

n 1 + n2 m + m2 + n 2
=(1+ 0 ) ln .p T
n m + 1 + m 2 + n 2

C th vit gn: = (1+ 0 ) 2 p T

Trong :

n 1 + n2 m + m2 + n 2 z
2 = ln = f(m = l , n = ) tra bng 3.5.
n m + 1 + m 2 + n 2 b b

2 h s tng ng sut tng thm ti M di gc mng trong trng hp ti trng

thng ng phn b tam gic trn din tch hnh ch nht.
5. Trng hp ti trng ngang phn b u
Tng t nh trn, chia din tch chu ti ABCD thnh cc din tch phn t v coi ti
trng ngang tc dng trn mi din tch phn t nh mt ti trng tp trung ri p dng bi ton
Cerruti xc nh cc thnh phn ng sut ti im m nm di im gc A (A l im ngn
ca vecto ti trng ngang) :

Hnh 3.14
 3z 3xt
d z = dxdy
2(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )5 / 2

(1 + 0 )xt
d = dxdy
(x + y 2 + z 2 )3 / 2
2

Tch phn trn ton b mt ti trng ta c cng thc tnh ng sut z v ti A v B.

Rt gn ta c:
z = k 3 .t (3.34)
= (1 + 0 ) 3 .t (3.35)
Trong :

m 1 n2
= f(m = l , n = z ) tra bng 3.6
k3 =
2 m 2 + n 2 (1 + n 2 ) 1 + m 2 + n 2
b b

(1 + 0 ) 1+ n 2 m + m2 + n2
= f(m = l , n = z ) tra bng 3.7
3 = ln
n m + 1+ m 2 + n 2
b b

Du (+) dng khi M nm di A (A l gc mng ngn ca vec t ti trng ngang)

Du (-) dng khi M nm di B (B l gc mng gc ca vec t ti trng ngang)
6. Trng hp tng qut
Trong thc t, ta thng gp cc bi ton mng chu c ti trng ng v ngang. Khi ,
gii quyt bi ton, ta phn tch cc lc tc dng v cc dng c bn a ra trn, tnh ton
cho tng biu ring l, ri cng li c gi tr tng qut.
V d 3.3:
y mng cng trnh c chiu di l = 10m, chiu rng b = 5m, chu ti trng thng ng
phn b hnh thang v ti trng ngang phn b u (hnh 3.15). Yu cu tnh v v biu ng
sut tng thm thng ng z v tng ng sut tng thm trn ng thng ng i qua gc
mng A, gc mng B v tm mng O n su 6m. Cho bit h s n hng ca t nn 0 =
0,4.
 Hnh 3.15

Bi gii:
1. Tnh v v biu ng sut z v trn ng thng ng i qua gc mng A.
Trng hp ny c th chia biu ti trng thnh 3 dng c bn sau y:

a) Kt qu tnh ton z ti cc im trn ng thng ng i qua gc mng A

l 10
z = z - z + z , m = = =2
b 5
z z =k 1 . k2 z =k 2 .p T z = z
z n= k1 p (kN/m2) k3 k 3 .t (kN/m2)
(m) b
(kN/m2) (kN/m2)
0 0 0,250 50 0 0 0,159 7,95 57,95
1 0,2 0,249 49,8 0,031 3,1 0,153 7,65 54,35
2 0,4 0,244 48,8 0,055 5,5 0,136 6,80 50,10
3 0,6 0,233 46,6 0,070 7,0 0,116 5,80 45,40
4 0,8 0,218 43,6 0,076 7,6 0,095 4,80 40,80
5 1,0 0,200 40,0 0,077 7,7 0,077 3,85 36,15
6 1,2 0,182 36,4 0,075 7,5 0,062 3,10 32,00
b) Kt qu tnh ton ti cc im trn ng thng ng i qua gc mng A
l 10
= - + , m= = =2 , 1 + 0 = 1 + 0,4 = 1,4
b 5
z =(1+ 0 ) =(1+ 0 ) 2 =(1+ 0 ) 3
n=
z (m) b 1 1p 2 pT 3 t
(kN/m2)
(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
0 0 0,5 140 0 0
1 0,2 0,430 120,40 0,100 14,00 0,500 35,00 141,40
2 0,4 0,364 101,92 0,119 16,66 0,298 20,86 106,12
3 0,6 0,307 85,96 0,117 16,38 0,194 13,58 83,16
4 0,8 0,258 72,24 0,107 14,98 0,133 9,31 66,57
5 1,0 0,218 61,04 0,095 13,30 0,095 6,65 54,39
6 1,2 0,185 51,80 0,083 11,62 0,069 4,83 45,01

, , - l tng ng sut tng thm ln lt do ti trng thng ng phn b u, ti trng

thng ng phn b tam gic v ti trng ngang phn b u gy ra.
2. Tnh v v biu ng sut z v trn ng thng ng i qua gc mng B.
Trng hp ny c th chia biu ti trng thnh 3 dng c bn sau y:

a) Kt qu tnh ton z ti cc im trn ng thng ng i qua gc mng B

l 10
z = z + z - z , m= = =2
b 5
z z =k 1 . z =k 3 .
n= z =k 2 .p T z
z (m) b k1 p k2 k3 t
(kN/m2) (kN/m2)
(kN/m2) (kN/m2)

0 0,0 0,250 25,0 0,000 0,0 0,159 7,95 17,05

1 0,2 0,249 24,9 0,031 3,1 0,153 7,65 20,35
2 0,4 0,244 24,4 0,055 5,5 0,136 6,80 23,10
3 0,6 0,233 23,3 0,070 7,0 0,116 5,80 24,50
4 0,8 0,218 21,8 0,076 7,6 0,096 4,80 24,60
5 1,0 0,200 20,0 0,077 7,7 0,077 3,85 33,85
6 1,2 0,182 18,2 0,075 7,5 0,062 3,10 22,60
b) Kt qu tnh ton ti cc im trn ng thng ng i qua gc mng B
l 10
= + - , m= = =2 , 1 + 0 = 1 + 0,4 = 1,4
b 5
z =(1+ 0 ). 1 . =(1+ 0 ) =(1+ 0 ).
n=
z (m) b 1 p 2 . 2 .p T 3 3 .t (kN/
(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) m2)
0 0,0 0,500 70,00 0,000 0,00
1 0,2 0,430 60,20 0,100 14,00 0,500 35,00 39,20
2 0,4 0,364 50,96 0,119 16,66 0,298 20,86 46,76
3 0,6 0,307 42,98 0,117 16,38 0,194 13,58 45,78
4 0,8 0,258 36,12 0,107 14,98 0,133 9,31 41,79
5 1,0 0,218 30,52 0,095 13,30 0,095 6,65 37,17
6 1,2 0,185 25,90 0,083 11,62 0,069 4,83 32,69

3. Tnh v v biu ng sut z v trn ng thng ng i qua tm mng O.

Dng im O lm im gc chung chia din tch ABCD thnh 4 hnh ch nht bng nhau vi
cnh di 5m, cnh ngn 2,5m, ti trng thng ng trung bnh:
p max + p min 200 + 100
p tb = = = 150kN / m 2
2 2

Hnh 3.16
ng sut z v ti O do ti trng ngang t gy ra bng khng. Vy:
z = 4k 1 .p tb
= 4(1 + 0 ) 1 .p tb
l' 5
m= = = 2 , 1 + 0 = 1 + 0,4 = 1,4
b' 2,5
Kt qu tnh z v ti cc im trn ng thng ng i qua O:
z z z = 4k 1 .p tb = 4(1+ 0 ) 1 p tb
z (m) n= = k1 1
b 2.5 (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

0 0,0 0,250 150,0 0,500 420,00

1 0,4 0,244 146,4 0,364 302,40
2 0,8 0,218 130,8 0,258 216,72
3 1,2 0,182 109,2 0,185 155,40
4 1,6 0,148 88,8 0,136 114,24
5 2,0 0,120 72,0 0,102 85,68
6,25 2,5 0,097 55,8 0,075 63,00

Biu phn b ng sut z trn ng thng ng i qua A, B, O:

Hnh 3.17

ng sut tng thm trong nn ng cht bi ton phng:

Trong thc t xy dng thng gp nhiu mng cng trnh c dng hnh bng, v d mng
bng di tng nh, di tng chn t, di p dng v.v Nhng mng ny thng c chiu di l
rt ln so vi nhiu rng b v ti trng cng trnh thng phn b dc theo b vi quy lut nht nh v
khng i dc theo chiu di l ca mng to nn ti trng hnh bng.
 Hnh 3.18
Rt d nhn thy khi chiu di l ca mng bng (theo phng y) v cng ln th bin dng
ca t nn theo phng s bng 0 (e y =0) v trng thi ng sut trn mi mt phng thng
ng bt k xOz vung gc vi phng y u ging nhau.

Hnh 3.18
Trng thi ng sut bin dng nh vy thuc bi ton bin dng phng v ch cn tnh
ton ba thnh phn ng sut x , z , xz trn mt phng xOz.
Trong thc t khng c trng hp mt ti trng di ra v hn. Theo quy nh ca quy
phm khi t s gia chiu di vi chiu rng > 3 th c coi l bi ton phng.

7. Bi ton Flament
Bi ton Flament tnh ton ng sut trong nn do mt ng ti trng thng ng phn
b u di v hn. Li gii ca bi ton Flament nh sau:
 Hnh 3.20
Trn ng ti trng ly mt vi phn chiu rng dy, coi ti trng qdy nh mt ti trng
tp trung dP v p dng cng thc Boussinesq tnh ng sut tng thm d z ti im M bt k
trong nn:

3q z 3 dy 3q z 3 dy
d z = =
2 R 5 2 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 5 / 2
Tch phn c ng ti trng ta c:
+ +
3q z 3 dy 2q z 3 2q
z = d z =


2 ( x + y + z )
2 2 2 5/ 2
= =
R 1 R 1
4
cos 3 (3.36)

Tng t:

2q x 2 z 2q
x = = cos sin 2 (3.37)
R1 4
R 1

2q xz 2 2q
xz = = cos 2 sin (3.38)
R1 4
R 1
Trong :
x z
sin = , cos =
R1 R1

8. ng sut tng thm do ti trng hnh bng phn b u

Cho mt mt nn chu ti trng hnh bng phn b u p nh trn hnh 3.21.
 Hnh 3.21
ng dng li gii ca Flament, dc theo b ly mt vi phn b rng dx, q=pdx coi nh
cng ca mt ng ti trng di v hn dc theo bng ti trng.
R 1 d pR 1 d
Ta c: dx = , do : q = pdx =
cos cos
pR 1 d
Thay q = vo cc cng thc ca bi ton Flament ri tch phn cho ton b chiu
cos
rng bng ti trng trong khong t 2 n 1 s nhn c cc thnh phn ng sut x , z , xz
ti im M:
1 1
2p 1
2p 1 p 1
z = z = cos 2
d = 2 (1 + cos 2 ) d = (1 + cos 2)d
2 2 2
2

p 1 p 1 p p 1 1
=
2
d +
2
cos 2d = (1 2 ) + sin 21 sin 2 2
2 2
Vit gn ta c:
p 1 1
z = (1 + sin 21 2 sin 2 2 ) (3.39)
2 2
1 1
2p 2 2p 1 1 p 1
x = x = sin d = 2 (1 cos 2 ) d = (1 cos 2)d
2 2
2
2

Sau khi tch phn v vit gn ta c:

p 1 1
x = (1 sin 21 2 + sin 2 2 ) (3.40)
2 2
1 1
2p
xz = xz = sin cos d
2 2

Sau khi tch phn v vit gn ta c:

p
xz = (cos 2 2 cos 21 ) (3.41)
2
 Cn ch , khi im M nm trong phm vi 2 ng thng ng AA' v BB' (hnh 3.27a)
th gc 2 s c chiu quay ngc li, khi cn i du gi tr gc 2 trong cc cng thc
(3.39), (3.40) v (3.41).
Nu gi 2 l gc nhn t im M n 2 mp A, B v l gc kp gia ng phn gic
ca gc nhn vi phng thng ng MN (hnh 3.27b) th ta c:
1 = + v 2 = - .
Thay 1 v 2 vo cc cng thc (3.39), (3.40) v (3.41) ta s nhn c dng ca z , x
v xz nh sau:
p
z = (2 + sin2cos2)

p
x = (2 - sin2cos2) 3.42)

p
xz = sin2sin2

Thay z , x v xz cng thc (3.42) vo cng thc (2.30) s nhn c ng sut chnh
ln nht 1 v ng sut chnh nh nht 3 ti im M nh sau:
p
1 = (2 + sin2)
(3.43)
p
3 = (2 - sin2)

C th thy rng ng phn gic ca gc nhn 2 chnh l phng ca ng sut chnh
ln nht 1 . Bi v gi tr gc lch ca phng ny nghim ng biu thc di y c
nu trong chng 2:
2 xz
tg2 = (2.30)
z x

Nu tr li li gii Flament vi cch biu din cc ng sut z , x theo to cc

ta c:

2q z 3 2p z3
z = = dx
R 14 (x 2 + z 2 ) 2

2q x 2 z 2 p x 2z
x = = dx
R 14 (x 2 + z 2 ) 2

tin tnh ton thng lp cng thc xc nh ng sut z , x ti im M nm trn

ng thng ng i qua mp A (hoc B) ca bng ti trng bng cch tch phn hai biu thc
trn cho ton b chiu rng bng ti trng t b n + b nh sau :
2 2
 b b
+ +
2
2p2
z3 p 1 n
z = z = b (x 2 + z 2 ) 2 dx = (arctg n + n 2 + 1)
b

2 2

b b
+ +
2
2p 2
x 2z p 1 n
x = x = dx = (arctg 2 )
b (x + z ) n n +1
2 2 2
b

2 2

Cng hai thnh phn ng sut trn ta c tng ng sut:

2p 1
' = x + z = arctg
n
Vit gn ta c:
z = k1 p (3.44)
' = 1 p (3.45)
1 1 n z
Trong : k1 = (arctg + 2 ) = f(n = )
n n +1 b
2 1 z
1 = arctg = f(n = )
n b
Tra bng 3.8.
9. ng sut tng thm do ti trng hnh bng phn b tam gic

Hnh 3.22
ng sut tng thm z v ti im M nm trn ng thng ng i qua mp A ca
bng ti trng (ti A ti trng bng 0), c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
z = k2 pT (3.46)
' = 2 .p T (3.47)
Trong :
z z
k 2 = f(n = ), 2 = f(n = ) tra bng 3.9.
b b
Bng 3.9 Gi tr h s ng sut tng thm k 2 v 2 trong cng thc (3.46) v (3.47) (Bi ton phng)

z z
n= k2 2 n= k2 2
b b
0,0 0,0000 0,0000 2,6 0,1067 0,1142
0,1 0,0315 0,1469 2,8 0,1008 0,1070
0,2 0,0612 0,2074 3,0 0,0955 0,1006
0,3 0,0876 0,2383 3,2 0,0906 0,0949
0,4 0,1088 0,2522 3,4 0,0862 0,0898
0,5 0,1273 0,2561 3,6 0,0871 0,0852
0,6 0,1404 0,2538 3,8 0,0783 0,0810
0,7 0,1495 0,2478 4,0 0,0709 0,0772
0,8 0,1553 0,2396 4,2 0,0717 0,0737
0,9 0,1583 0,2303 4,4 0,0688 0,0705
1,0 0,1592 0,2206 4,6 0,0661 0,0676
1,2 0,1565 0,2014 4,8 0,0636 0,0649
1,4 0,1506 0,1837 5,0 0,0619 0,0624
1,6 0,1431 0,1679 6,0 0,0516 0,0523
1,8 0,1351 0,1541 7,0 0,0996 0,0450
2,0 0,1293 0,1421 8,0 0,0392 0,0395
2,2 0,1199 0,1315 9,0 0,0349 0,0351
2,4 0,1130 0,1223 10,0 0,0315 0,0317
10. ng sut tng thm do ti trng hnh bng phn b nm ngang

Hnh 3.23
ng sut tng thm z v ti im M nm trn ng thng ng i qua 2 mp A v B
ca bng ti trng, c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
z = k3 t (3.48)
' = 3 t (3.49)
Trong :
z z
k 3 = f(n = ), 3 = f(n = ) tra bng 3.10.
b b
Du (+) dng khi M nm di A (A l gc mng ngn ca vec t ti trng ngang)
Du (-) dng khi M nm di B (B l gc mng gc ca vec t ti trng ngang)
Bng 3.10 Gi tr h s ng sut tng thm k 3 v 3 trong cng thc (3.48) v (3.49) (Bi ton
phng)

z z
n= k3 3 n= k3 3
b b
0,0 0,3183 2,6 0,0410 0,0439
0,1 0,3152 1,4690 2,8 0,0360 0,0382
0,2 0,3061 1,0371 3,0 0,0318 0,0335
0,3 0,2920 0,7939 3,2 0,0283 0,0297
0,4 0,2744 0,6306 3,4 0,0253 0,0264
0,5 0,2546 0,5123 3,6 0,0228 0,0237
0,6 0,2341 0,4231 3,8 0,0206 0,0213
0,7 0,2136 0,3540 4,0 0,0187 0,0193
0,8 0,1941 0,2995 4,2 0,0171 0,0176
0,9 0,1759 0,2559 4,4 0,0156 0,0160
1,0 0,1592 0,2206 4,6 0,0144 0,0147
1,2 0,1305 0,1679 4,8 0,0132 0,0135
1,4 0,1075 0,1312 5,0 0,0122 0,0125
 1,6 0,0894 0,1050 6,0 0,0086 0,0087
1,8 0,0751 0,0856 7,0 0,0064 0,0064
2,0 0,0637 0,0710 8,0 0,0049 0,0049
2,2 0,0545 0,0598 9,0 0,0039 0,0039
2,4 0,0471 0,0510 10,0 0,0032 0,0032

Mt s phng php xc nh ng sut tng thm:

Ngoi cc xc nh cc thnh phn ng sut tng thm theo bng tra nh gii thiu
phn trn, cn c th xc nh thnh phn ng sut tng thm thng qua cc biu cc mi
quan h gia h s cho trc da vo kt qu ca bi ton Boussinesq.

11. Trng hp ti trng thng ng tp trung (bi ton Boussinesq)

Nm 1885, Boussinesq a ra cc phng trnh trng thi ng sut trong bn khng
gian n hi tuyn tnh, ng nht, ng hng khi mt ti trng tp trung tc dng vung gc b
mt. Tr s ca ng sut thng ng khi :

z =
( )
Q 3z 3
(3.50)
(
2 r 2 + z 2 )
5
2

Trong Q=ti trng tp trung,

z= su t mt t n v tr xt z ,

r= khong cch ngang t im t lc n v tr xt z .

Phng trnh 3.50 cng c th vit nh sau:
Q
z = NB (3.51)
z2
Trong N B l h s nh hng bao gm cc s hng khng i trong cng thc 3.50 v
l hm ca r/z. Nhng s hng ny c th hin hnh 3.24a. Quan h gia N B r/z c th
hin hnh 3.24b.
 Hnh 3.24 (a) nh ngha cc s hng dng trong phng trnh 3.50 v 3.51; (b) Quan h gia
N B ; N w , v r/z cho ti trng tp trung (theo Taylor,1948).

12. Trng hp ti trng thng ng phn b u trn din tch hnh ch nht
Phng trnh xc nh ng sut thng ng di cc im gc ca din tich ch nht
chu ti trng phn b u :

z = qo
1
2
( ) (
2mn m 2 + n 2 + 1 2 m 2 + n 2 + 2
1

)+
( )
2mn m 2 + n 2 + 1 2 (3.52)
1

4 m + n + 1 + m n
2
(
2 2
m2 + n2 + 1) arctan
m 2 + n 2 + 1 m 2 n 2

Trong q o = ng sut trn mt hay tip xc,

m= x z, (3.53)

n= y z, (3.54)
x,y = chiu di v chiu rng ca din chu ti.
 Cc thng s m,n c th thay th cho nhau c. Phng trnh 3.52 cng c th vit li,
cho thun li:
z = qo I (3.55)

Trong I l h s nh hng ph thuc vo m v n.

Cc gi tr ca I tng ng vi cc tr s m v n khc nhau c th hin hnh 3.25.

Hnh 3.25: Gi tr nh hng ca ng sut thng ng ti im gc camng hnh ch nht chu

ti trng phn b u.(theo U.S.Navy, 1971)
13. Trng hp ti trng thng ng phn b u trn din tch hnh trn
Cc bc tnh tng t cng c thc hin xc nh ng sut ng trong nn di
tc dng ca ti trng phn b u trn din trn. Dng Hnh 3.26 nhn c cc gi tr nh
hng theo x r v z r ,
Trong : z l su,
r = bn knh ca din chu ti,
x = khong cch ngang t tm din chu ti,
q o = p sut y mng, kPa.
 z

Hnh 3.26: Cc gi tr nh hng xc inh tnh theo phn trm p sut y mng qo ca mng trn chu
ti trng phn b u (theo Foster v Ahlvin, 1954).
14. Trng hp ti trng thng ng phn b hnh thang
Tch phn khc cc phng trnh ca Boussinesq cho ti trng hnh thang c th hin
hnh 3.27, m hnh ti trng ny do khi p ko di gy ra. Cc gi tr nh hng lin quan n
cc kch thc a v b th hin trn hnh v.

Hnh 3.27: Cc gi tr nh hng ca ng sut thng ng z di tc dng ca khi p di v

hn (Ngun U.S.Navy, 1971, theo Osterberg,1957).
15. Trng hp ti trng thng ng phn b tam gic

Hnh 3.28: Cc gi tr nh hng ca ng sut thng ng z ti im gc ca mng chu ti

trng phn b tam gic c kch thc hu hn (theo U.S.Navy, 1971).
V d 3.4:
Cho lp p c chiu dy 2 m (=2.04 Mg/m3) c m cht trn din tch ln. Trn nh
khi p t mt mng ch nht vi ti trng tc dng 1400 kN. Gi thit rng khi lng ring
trung bnh ca t nn trc khi cht ti trng l 1.68 Mg/m3. Mc nc ngm rt su.
Yu cu:
a. Tnh v v biu ng sut hiu qu thng ng theo chiu su trc khi c lp p.
b. Tnh v v ng sut tng thm, , do khi p.

Hnh v d 3.4
Bi gii:
a. S phn b ng sut hiu qu ban u c tnh v v Hnh v d 3.4.
Ti mt t(z=0) tr s ng sut bng 0,
su z=20m tr s ng sut l 330 kPa ( gz = 1.68 x9.81x 20 = 330 kPa).
b. ng sut tng thm do 2 m p gy ra 2x2.04x9.81=40 kPa. Th hin Hnh v d 3.4
bng ng thng song song vi ng ng sut hiu qu ban u ti ch.
Lu su bt k, ng sut tng thm gy bi khi p lun lun bng 40 kPa, bi v
p trn din tch rng v th m 100% ti trng c truyn qua nn.
ng sut tip xc o gia mng v t bng ti trng ct t 1400 kN chia cho din tch
mng, 3x4m v c:
Taitrong 1400
o = = = 117 kN/m2 hay kPa
dientich 12
V d 3.5:
Cho mng ch nht c kch thc 3x4 v d 3.4 chu ti trng phn b u vi cng bng
117 kPa.
Yu cu
a. Xc nh ng sut thng ng ti im gc mng su 2 m.
b. Xc nh ng sut thng ng su 2 m di tm mng.

Bi gii
a. x=3 m; y=4 m; z = 2m, t phng trnh 3.53 v 3.54, c:
x 3
m= = = 1.5
z 2
y 4
n= = =2
z 2
T Hnh 3.25, xc nh c I=0.223. T phng trnh 3.55
z = q o I =117 x 0.223 = 26 kPa
b. tnh ton ng sut ti tm mng, th phi chia mng ch nht 3x4m thnh 4 mng nh vi
kch thc 1.5 x 2 m. Xc nh tr s ng sut ti gc ca mi mng nh, ri nhn gi tr ny vi
4. C th thc hin c vic ny v vi vt liu n hi, c th p dng nguyn l cng tc dng.
x=1.5 m; y=2 m; z=2m th
x 1.5
m= = = 0.75
z 2
y 2
n= = =1
z 2
Gi tr tng ng ca I t Hnh 3.25 l 0.159. T phng trnh 3.55
z = 4q o I = 4 x 117 x 0.159 = 74 kPa.
V vy ng sut thng ng ti tm mng ch nht trong trng hp ny gp 3 ln ng
sut ti gc mng. iu ny cng thy hp l v ti tm mng ti trng tc dng t mi hng
cn gc th khng c.
V d 3.6:
Cho b trn ng knh 3.91 m chu ti trng phn b u l 117 kPa.
Yu cu
a. Xc nh tr s ng sut su 2 m so vi y b, ti v tr tm b.
b. Xc nh tr s ng sut su 2 m so vi y b, ti v tr cnh b.
Bi gii
a. T hnh 3.26: z=2m
r = 3.91/2 = 1.95 m
x = 0;
z / r = 2 / 1.95 = 1.02
x / r = 0 / 1.95 = 0
Xc nh c I=0.63. Dng phng trnh 3.55 ta c:
z = q o I = 117 x0.63 = 74 kPa
( Kt qu ny so snh chnh xc vi z =74 ti tm mng ch nht kch thc 3 x 4m v d 3.5.
Trong c hai trng hp din tch u l 12 m2)
b. Ln na lin h vi hnh 3.26, tnh ng sut ti cnh din chu ti hnh trn:
z=2m
r = 3.91/2 = 1.95 m
x = r = 1.95 m;
z / r = 2 / 1.95 = 1.02
x / r = 1.0
Xc nh c I = 0.33. Dng phng trnh 3.55 ta c:
z = q o I = 117 x0.33 = 39 kPa
(Kt qu ny so snh vi z =26 kPa ti tm mng ch nht kch thc 3 x 4 chu ti
trng phn b u. Trong c hai trng hp din tch l nh nhau)

V d 3.7:
Cho khi p ca ng cao tc, th hin Hnh v d 3.7. Gi thit khi lng ring trung bnh
ca vt liu p l 2 Mg/m3.
Xc nh ng sut thng ng z ti im gia (tm mng) cc su 3 m v 6 m.

Hnh v d 3.7
Bi gii
Trc ht xc nh p sut y mng q o v cc kch thc a, b ca khi p.

qo = gh = 2.0 9.81 3 = 59 kPa

T hnh 3.27 v hnh v d 3.7: b= 5 m
a=2x3=6m
Tnh ton ng sut thng ng ti su z = 3 m: a z = 6 3 =2

b z = 5 3 = 1.67

T hnh 3.27, I = 0.49 , nn z = q o I = 59x0.488 = 29 kPa

Cho mt na mt ct khi p hay 58 kPa cho ton b mt ct. V vy tr s ng sut z v tr
nng s gn vi tr s p sut y mng.
Tnh ng sut thng ng z su z = 6 m: a z = 6 6 =1

b z = 5 6 = 0.83

T hnh 3.27, I=0.44 , nn z = q o I = 59 x0.44 x 2 = 52 kPa.

Cu hi n tp
1- C my loi ng sut? l nhng loi no?
2- Nu cc gi thit dng xt khi gii cc bi ton ng sut?
3- Nu cch xc nh ng sut bn thn trong cc trng hp nn ng cht v nn nhiu lp?
Khi c mc nc ngm th phi lu iu kin g?
4- S v cng thc xc nh ng sut tng thm thng ng z v tng ng sut tng thm
i vi ti trng thng ng v nm ngang tp trung (Bi ton Boussinesq v Cerruti).
5- ng dng bi ton Boussinesq v Cerruti xc nh ng sut z v khi mt nn chu ti
trng phn b trn din tch ch nht nh th no?
6- Ni dung ca phng php im gc?
7- Hy nu bi ton Flament xc nh z v do mt ng ti trng tc dng trn mt nn gy
ra. T bi ton Flament s xc nh z v do ti trng hnh bng gy ra nh th no? (ly ti
trng thng ng phn b hnh bng lm v d).
8- Cng thc z v cng vi bng tra K v km theo c s dng tnh i vi im no?
Mun tnh z v i vi im bt k th gii quyt th no?

Bi tp:
1 - Cho mt mt ct t bao gm 5 m st pha ct nn cht, tip theo l 5 m ct cht trung bnh.
Di lp ct l lp st pha bi nn c dy 20 m. Mc nc ngm ban u nm ti y ca lp
th nht (5 m di mt t). Khi lng ringca ba lp t ln lt l 2.05 Mg/m3 (), 1.94
Mg/m3 ( sat ) v 1.22 Mg/m3 (). Tnh ng sut hiu qu ti im gia ca lp t st c kh
nng nn. Sau gi s rng lp ct cht trung bnh vn bo ha, tnh li ng sut hiu qu trong
lp st ti im gia khi m mc nc ngm h xung 5 m n nh ca lp st cng. Bnh lun
v s khc bit ca ng sut hiu qu.
2- Cho mt mt ct a tng gm 2 lp t. Pha trn l lp t ct dy 4m, c = 1500 kg/m3,
pha di l lp t st dy 30m, c = 1800 kg/m3. Ngi ta xy mt b cha nc c mng
hnh ch nht kch thc 3x4m, ti trng phn b u bng ln y mng l 200kPa. y mng
su 2m so vi mt t. Gi thit mc nc ngm rt su.
Hy tnh v v biu ng sut tng thm, ng sut bn thn ti cc im nm trc i qua gc
mng v cch mt t 4 m, 6 m, 8 m.
3- Cho mt mng hnh ch nht c b rng b = 4m, chiu di l = 8m ti trng tc dng ln mng
cho nh hnh v:

250 kPa
150 kPa

A O 100 kPa B
Tnh v v biu ng sut tng thm ca nhng im nm trn ng thng ng i qua 3
im A, 0, B. V n su z = 6 m.
4- Cho mt mng hnh ch nht b rng b = 3m, chiu di l = 6m chu ti trng phn b u c
cng p = 200kPa.
Hy tnh v v biu ng sut tng thm ca nhng im nm trn ng thng ng i qua
tm mng v gc mng. V n su z = 6 m.
5- Cho mt mng bng c b rng b = 6m ti trng tc dng ln mng cho nh hnh v:

250 kPa
150 kPa

A 100 kPa B

Tnh v v biu ng sut tng thm ca nhng im nm trn ng thng ng i qua im

A,B. V n su z = 6 m.
6- Cho mt mng bng c b rng b = 6m ti trng tc dng ln mng cho nh hnh v:

200 kPa
150 kPa

A 100 kPa B

Tnh v v biu ng sut tng thm ca nhng im nm trn ng thng ng i qua im

A. V n su z = 6 m.
7- Cho lc tp trung P tc dng thng ng trn b mt t. Tnh ng sut z ti cc im A, B,
C, D nm trn cc ng tc dng ca lc v ng sut z ti cc im E, G, H, I nm trn trc
ngang (z=const); tr s P v ta cc im ghi bng di y:
Trng P R=0, su z (m) ca cc im Khong cch nm ngang r (m) ca cc im v su
hp (kN) A B C D E G H I Z
a 400 1,5 3,0 4,5 6,0 -4,0 -2,0 2,0 4,0 2,0
b 700 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 -3,0 -1,5 1,5 3,0 3,5
c 900 1,0 2,5 5,0 7,0 -5,0 -3,0 3,0 5,0 5,0

8 Mt mng hnh ch nht kch thc y lxb. ng sut di y mng phn b u c cng
p. Tnh ng sut ti cc im A, B, C trn trc qua tm mng v ti cc im D, E, G trn trc
qua gc mng theo cc s liu cho trong bng sau:
 Kch thc mng (m) Ti trng su im xt (m)
Trng hp
L b p (kN/m2) A v D B v E C v G

A 15 6 150 1,0 2,0 3,0

B 20 8 300 1,5 3,0 4,5

c 25 10 400 2,0 3,5 5,0

 CHNG 4. SC CHU TI CA NN T

4.1. M u
Khi xy dng cc cng trnh trn nn t, nu khng tnh ton thit k nn mng hp l,
rt d xy ra hin tng mt n nh nn v cng , v d trt, lt v/hoc mt n nh v
bin dng, v d ln, chnh lch ln qu nhiu. V vy, m bo n nh nn, cn tnh ton p
sut y mng ln nht do tc dng ca ti trng ngoi m nn t pha di mng c th chu
c trc khi b ph hoi. Ni cch khc, cn phi tnh ton sc chu ti ca nn thit k an
ton.

4.2. Cc hnh thc mt n nh ca nn khi chu ti

Th nghim bn nn chu ti trng thng ng

nghin cu sc chu ti ca nn, c th xem xt th nghim bn nn ti hin trng,
chu tc dng ca ti trng thng ng (Hnh 4-1). Kt qu th nghim quan h gia ti trng v
ln cng c th hin trong Hnh 4-1.

O
Po
Kch gia ti Dm gia ti
P (kN/m2)

ng
M h
A l
Bn
B

S (mm)

Hnh 4.1: Th nghim bn nn hin trng

Cc hnh thc ph hoi nn

Xt mt mng bng c chiu rng B chu tc dng ca ti trng ngoi. Theo Das (2007),
di tc dng ca ti trng thng ng, c 3 hnh thc ph hoi sc chu ti ca nn l: ph
hoi ct tng qut (Hnh 4-2), ph hoi ct cc b (Hnh 4-3) v ph hoi ct xuyn ngp (Hnh
4-4).
 Lc/din tch n v, q

Mt ph
hoi
ln

Hnh 4.2. Ph hoi ct tng qut

Lc/din tch n v, q

Mt ph
hoi
ln
Hnh 4.3: Ph hoi ct cc b
Lc/din tch n v, q

Mt ph
hoi

ln

Hnh 4.4: Ph hoi ct xuyn ngp

Cc kt qu th nghim cho thy hnh thc ph hoi ct tng qut, cn gi l ph hoi
hon ton, xy ra khi mng t trn nn ct cht (D r > 67%) hoc nn t dnh cng. Khi b ph
hoi theo hnh thc ct tng qut, cc mt trt pht trin lin tc trong nn, phn t trn b mt
b y tri. Biu ng sut- ln c im cc i (Hnh 4-2).
Nu mng t trn tng ct hoc st c cht trung bnh (30%< Dr < 67%) th c kh nng
xy ra ph hoi ct cc b. Mt trt pht trin su di nn nhng c on khng lin tc n b mt
t (ng nt t trn Hnh 4-4). t nn b y tri t hn so vi trng hp ph hoi ct tng qut.
Biu ng sut- ln khng c im cc i (Hnh 4-3).
Nu mng t trn tng t tng i xp ri (Dr <30%) th d xy ra ph hoi ct xuyn
ngp. Mt trt pht trin su di nn. t nn ch yu b ln, khng b y tri. Biu ng
sut- ln khng thy xut hin im cc i (Hnh 4-4).
Trong chng ny ch xt trng hp ph hoi ct tng qut.

4.3. L thuyt sc chu ti ca Terzaghi

Cc gi thit
Xt mng bng c chiu rng B, t nng, chiu su t mng D f (Hnh 4-5). t nn
gi thit ng nht, ng hng, do tuyt i, c trng lng ring , gc ma st trong ' v lc
dnh c'. Gi thit di tc dng ca ti trng ngoi tc dng ng tm, mng b ph hoi theo
hnh thc ct tng qut. Cn xc nh sc chu ti ca nn q u .

t
Trng lng ring:
Lc dnh: c'
Gc ma st trong '
Hnh 4.5: Hnh thc ph hoi ca mng bng
Vng t trn y mng c xem nh ti trng cht thm tng ng (ti trng bn),
c cng q = D f .
C th chia vng t nn b ph hoi di mng thnh ba phn:
1. Vng tam gic ACD ngay st y mng
2. Vng ct ca tia ADF v CDE, vi cc ng cong DF v DE l cc cung xon c logarit
3. Hai tam gic b ng Rankine AFH v CEG
Cc gc CAD v ACD c xem nh bng gc ma st trong ca t (=')
B qua sc chng ct ca t dc theo cc mt ph hoi GI v HJ (Hnh 4-5).

Cng thc tnh ton

Sc chu ti ca mng bng c tnh theo cng thc sau, i vi trng hp ph hoi ct tng qut.
1
qu = c' N c + qN q + BN (4-1)
2
Trong :c l lc dnh ca t, l trng lng ring ca t
q l ti trng tng ng ca phn t pha trn mng (ti trng bn)
N c , N q , N l cc h s sc chu ti, khng th nguyn v ch ph thuc vo ', c
tnh theo cc cng thc (4-2), (4-3) v (4-4) di y:

e 2(3 / 4 '/ 2 ) tan '
N c = cot ' 1 = cot ' (N q 1) (4-2)
2 '
2 cos 4 + 2

e 2(3 / 4 '/ 2 ) tan '

Nq = (4-3)
2 cos 2 (45 + ' / 2 )

1 K p
N = 1 tan ' (4-4)
2 cos 2 '

Trong : K p l h s p lc b ng
Bng 4.1:. Cc h s sc chu ti ca mng bng theo Terzaghi (Cc phng trnh 4-2, 4-3, 4-4).
Nc Nq N Nc Nq N*
0 5.7 1 0 26 27.09 14.21 9.84
1 6 1.1 0.01 27 29.24 15.9 11.6
2 6.3 1.22 0.04 28 31.61 17.81 13.7
3 6.62 1.35 0.06 29 34.24 19.98 16.18
4 6.97 1.49 0.1 30 37.16 22.46 19.13
5 7.34 1.64 0.14 31 40.41 25.28 22.65
6 7.73 1.81 0.2 32 44.04 28.52 26.87
7 8.15 2 0.27 33 48.09 32.23 31.94
8 8.6 2.21 0.35 34 52.64 36.5 38.04
9 9.09 2.44 0.44 35 57.75 41.44 45.41
10 9.61 2.69 0.56 36 63.53 47.16 54.36
11 10.16 2.98 0.69 37 70.01 53.8 65.27
12 10.76 3.29 0.85 38 77.5 61.55 78.61
13 11.41 3.63 1.04 39 85.97 70.61 95.03
14 12.11 4.02 1.26 40 95.66 81.27 115.31
15 12.86 4.45 1.52 41 106.81 93.85 140.51
16 13.68 4.92 1.82 42 119.67 108.75 171.99
17 14.6 5.45 2.18 43 134.58 126.5 211.56
18 15.12 6.04 2.59 44 151.95 147.74 261.6
19 16.56 6.7 3.07 45 172.28 173.28 325.34
20 17.69 7.44 3.64 46 196.22 204.19 407.11
21 18.92 8.26 4.31 47 224.55 241.8 512.84
22 20.27 9.19 5.09 48 258.28 287.85 650.67
23 21.75 10.23 6 49 298.71 344.63 831.99
24 23.36 11.4 7.08 50 347.5 415.14 1072.8
25 25.13 12.72 8.34

* Theo Kumbhojkar (1993)

Sc chu ti ca mng vung:
qu = 1.3 c' N c + qN q + 0.4 BN (4-5)

Sc chu ti ca mng trn:

qu = 1.3 c' N c + qN q + 0.3 BN (4-6)

4.4. H s an ton
tnh ton sc chu ti cho php, q all ca mng nng, i hi mt h s an ton (FS):
qu
qall = (4-7)
FS
Tuy nhin, mt s k s thc t li thch dng mt h s an ton nh sau:
sc chu ti gii hn thc
Lng tng ng sut thc t trn t = (4-8)
FS
Sc chu ti gii hn thc c xc nh bng p sut gii hn ca mng m t c th
chu c d thm so vi p sut gy ra bi t xung quanh ti cao trnh y mng. Nu b qua
s khc nhau gia trng lng ring ca b tng lm mng v trng lng ring ca t xung
quanh th:
q net(u) = q u - q (4-9)
trong : q net(u) l sc chu ti gii hn thc
q = D f

qu q
Nn q all (net ) = (4-10)
FS
H s an ton xc nh bi phng trnh (4-10) phi t nht l 3 trong mi trng hp.
V d 4.1:
Mt mng vung c kch trong mt bng l 1.5 m x 1.5 m. t nn c gc ma st = 20,
v c' = 15.2 kN/m2. Trng lng n v ca t, , bng 17.8 kN/m2. Hy xc nh tng ti trng
cho php trn mng vi h s an ton (FS) l 4. Cho rng su t mng (D f ) l 1m v xy ra
ph hoi ct tng th trong t.
Bi gii
T PT (4-5), q u = 1,3c'N c + qN q + 0,4B N
T bng 4.1, v = 20
N c = 17.69 N q = 7.44 N = 3.64
Vy, q = (1.3)(15.2)(17.69) + (1 x 17.8)(7.44) + (0.4)(17.8)(1.5)(3.64)
= 349.55 + 132.43 + 38.87 - 520.85 = 521 kN/m2
Vy ti trng cho php trn n v din tch mng (p sut cho php) l
qu 521
q all = = = 130,25 kN/m2 130 kN/m2
FS 4
Nh vy, tng ti trng cho php l
Q = (130)B2 = (130)(1.5 x 1.5) = 292.5 kN

4.5. Phng trnh sc chu ti tng qut

Khi qut
Cc phng trnh sc chu ti gii hn (4-2), (4-5), v (4-6) ch dng c cho mng
bng, mng vung v mng trn ch khng dng c cho mng ch nht. Ngoi ra, cc phng
trnh ni trn khng xt sc chng ct dc theo mt trt ca t pha trn y mng (phn mt
trt k hiu GI v HJ trong Hnh 4-5).
Thm vo , thc t nhiu trng hp ti trng trn mng c th nghing. xt ti
tt c nhng thiu st , Meyerhof (1963) xut mt phng trnh sc chu ti tng qut.

Phng trnh tng qut ca Mayerhof

1
qu = c' N c Fcs Fcd Fci + qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi + BN Fs Fd Fi
2 (4-11)
Trong : Fcs, Fqs , Fs = cc h s hnh dng mng
Fcd, Fqd , Fd = h s chiu su
Fci, Fqi, Fi = h s nghing ti trng
Nc, Nq , N = Cc h s sc chu ti

1. Cc h s sc chu ti
Theo Mayerhof, gc trong Hnh 4-5 c thay bng gc 45 + /2 ch khng phi bng
theo Terzaghi. Do vy, cc gi tr ca Nc, Nq, v N i vi gc ma st ca t cho trong
Bng 4-1 cng s b thay i:

'
N q = tan 2 45 + e tan ' (4-12)
2

N c = cot ' (N q 1) (4-13)

Phng trnh (4-13) cho N c , c Prandtl (1921) tm ra u tin, v phng trnh (4-
12) cho N q c Reissner (1924) gii thiu. Caquot v Krisel (1953) v Vesic (1973) xut
gi tr N nh sau:
N = (N q + 1)cot ' (4-14)
 Bng 4.2: Cc h s sc chu ti (Cc phng trnh 4-12, 4-13, 4-14)

Nc Nq N Nc Nq N

0 5.14 1 0 26 22.25 11.85 12.54

1 5.38 1.09 0.07 27 23.94 13.2 14.47

2 5.63 1.2 0.15 28 25.8 14.72 16.72

3 5.9 1.31 0.24 29 27.86 16.44 19.34

4 6.19 1.43 0.34 30 30.14 18.4 22.4

5 6.49 1.57 0.45 31 32.67 20.63 25.99

6 6.81 1.72 0.57 32 35.49 23.18 30.22

7 7.16 1.88 0.71 33 38.64 26.09 35.19

8 7.53 2.06 0.86 34 42.16 29.44 41.06

9 7.92 2.25 1.03 35 46.12 33.3 48.03

10 8.35 2.47 1.22 36 50.59 37.75 56.31

11 8.8 2.71 1.44 37 55.63 42.92 66.19

12 9.28 2.97 1.69 38 61.35 48.93 78.03

13 9.81 3.26 1.97 39 67.87 55.96 92.25

14 10.37 3.59 2.29 40 75.31 64.2 109.41

15 10.98 3.94 2.65 41 83.86 73.9 130.22

16 11.63 4.34 3.06 42 93.71 85.38 155.55

17 12.34 4.77 3.53 43 105.11 99.02 186.54

18 13.1 5.26 4.07 44 118.37 115.31 224.64

19 13.93 5.8 4.68 45 133.88 134.88 "'271.76

20 14.83 6.4 5.39 46 152.10' 158.51 330.35

21 15.82 7.07 6.2 47 173.64 187.21 403.67

22 16.88 7.82 7.13 48 199.26 222.31 496.01

23 18.05 8.66 8.2 49 229.93 265.51 613.16

24 19.32 9.6 9.44 50 266.89 319.07 762.89

25 20.72 10.66 10.88

2. Cc h s hnh dng.
Cc h s hnh dng c xy dng t nhiu th nghim trong phng. Theo De Beer (1970):
 B N
Fcs = 1 + q (4-15)
L N c

B
Fqs =
1 + tan ' (4-16)
L
B
v F s= 1 0, 4 (4-17)
L
trong L = chiu di mng (L > B)

3. Cc h s su:
Theo Hansen (1970):
Khi D f /B 1:
Df
Fcd = 1 + 0,4 (4-18)
B
Df
Fqd = 1 + 2 tan ' (1 sin ')
2
(4-19)
B
F d = 1 (4-20)
Khi D f /B > 1:
Df
Fcd = 1 + (0,4 ) tan 1 (4-21)
B
Df
Fqd = 1 + 2 tan ' (1 sin ') tan 1
2
(4-22)
B
F d = 1 (4-23)
Trong cc PT (4-21) v (4-22), s hng tan-1(D f /B) tnh theo radian.

4. Cc h s nghing
Theo Meyerhof (1963) v Hanna v Meyerhof (1981):
2
o
Fci = Fqi = 1 (4-24)
90
2
o
Fi = 1 (4-25)
'

y, l gc nghing ca ti trng trn mng so vi ng thng ng.

 V d 4.2
Mt mng ct vung chng mt
tng khi lng thc cho php l 15.200 kg.
su t mng l 0,7m. Ti trng nghing
gc 200 vi ng thng ng. (xem Hnh
di). Hy xc nh b rng mng, B. Dng
PT (4-11) v vi h s an ton l 3.

Bi gii:
1
Vi c = 0, q u = qN q F qs F qd F qi + B N F s F d F i
2
vi q = (0,7)(18) = 12,6 kN/m2
v = 18 kN/m2
T Bng 4-2, vi = 300 tra c N q = 18.4, N = 22.4

B
F qs = l + tan = 1 + 0.577 = 1.577
L

B
F s = 1 - 0.4 = 0,6
L
Df
F qd = 1 + 2tan(1 - sin) B = 1 + 2 (0,289)(0,7 ) = 1 + 0,202
b B
2
0
2
20
F qi = 1 0 1 = 0,605
90 90
2
20
2

v Fi = 1 0 = 1 = 0,11
' 30
Do vy,

0,202
qu = (12,6)(18,4)(1,577 )1 + (0,605) + (0,5)(18)(B )(22,4 )(0,6 )(1)(0,11)
B
(a)
44,68
= 221,2 + 13,3B
B
Nh vy,
qu 14,89
qall = = 73,73 + + 4,43B (b)
3 B
Chng ta cho Q = tng ti trng cho php = q all x B2 , hay
 15, 290 9,81 150
=q all 2
N / m 2 2 kN / m 2 (c)
B B
Cn bng v phi ca (b) v (c) c
150 14,89
2
= 73,73 + + 4,43
B B
Bng cch th ng dn, tnh c B 1,3m.

Tnh sc chu ti ca nn trong trng hp ti trng lch tm

Trong nhiu trng hp, mng chu tc dng ng thi ca momen un v ti trng
thng ng (Hnh 4-6a). Trong nhng trng hp ny, p sut y mng trn t khng phn b
u. Phn b p sut y mng c th c tnh nh sau:
Q 6M
q max = + (4-26)
BL B 2 L
Q 6M
q min = (4-27)
BL B 2 L
trong , Q = tng ti trng tc dng theo phng thng ng, M = momen tc dng
trn mng

Hnh 4.6: Cc mng chu ti lch tm

Hnh 4.6b cho thy mt h lc tng ng vi h nu trong Hnh 4.6a.
lch tm c tnh nh sau:
 M
e= (4-28)
Q
Thay PT (4-28) vo cc PT (4-26) v (4-27) cho
Q 6e
q max = 1 + (4-29)
BL B
v
Q 6e
q min = 1 (4-30)
BL B
Ch rng trong nhng phng trnh ny, khi lch tm e=B/6, q min =0. Khi e > B/6,
q min <0, iu c ngha l s ko s pht trin. V t khng th chu bt k s ko no, nn s
xy ra s phn tch gia mng v t nn. Tnh cht phn b p sut trn t c nu trong
Hnh 4-7a. Gi tr ca q max l
4Q
q max = (4-31)
3L(B 2e )
Phn b chnh xc ca p sut y mng kh d tnh c.
H s an ton do ph hoi v sc chu ti i vi cc loi ti trng ny c th c d
tnh bng cch dng phng php do Meyerhof (1953) ngh, thng c quy gi l phng
php din tch hiu qu. Sau y l trnh t cc bc xc nh ti trng gii hn m t c th
chu v h s an ton chng ph hoi v sc chu ti.

5. Xc nh kch thc hiu qu ca mng:

Chiu rng hiu qu B = B - 2e
Chiu di hiu qu L = L
Ch rng nu lch tm theo phng chiu di mng, gi tr Lphi bng L - 2e. Gi
tr ca B tt nhin bng B.
Cnh nh hn trong hai kch thc (L v B ) l chiu rng hiu qu ca mng.

6. Dng PT (4-11) cho sc chu ti gii hn:

1
qu = c' N c Fcs Fcd Fci + qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi + B' N Fs Fd Fi (4-32)
2
nh gi F cs , F qs v F s dng cc PT t (4.15) n (4.17) vi chiu di v chiu rng
hiu qu thay cho L v B. xc nh F cd , F qd v F d , dng cc PT t (4.18) n (4.23). Khng
thay B bng B.

7. Tng ti trng gii hn m mng c th chng c l

=
Q ult q=
'
u .A ' q ,u ( B')( L ') (4-33)

Trong A' = din tch hiu qu

8. H s an ton v ph hoi do sc chu ti l
Qult
FS = (4-34)
Q

9. Kim tra h s an ton i vi qmax hay FS = q'/qmax

4.6. Cc phng php tnh sc chu ti ca nn t theo tiu chun

Vit Nam

Cc giai on lm vic ca t nn

vng bin dng do cc b

Hnh 4-7. Cc giai on lm vic ca t nn

Da trn kt qu th nghim bn nn hin trng (Hnh 4-7), trong trng hp ct tng
qut, c th chia ng quan h ti trng~ ln thnh 3 giai on vi cc c im nh sau:

1. Giai on bin dng ng thng

Trong trng hp ti trng nh (0<p< p gh
I
), quan h p~S gn nh ng thng. Cc ht
t ch yu dch chuyn theo phng thng ng i xung. L rng trong t b thu hp, t nn
b nn cht. y l giai on nn cht. p gh
I
l ti trng gii hn tuyn tnh.

2. Giai on bin dng trt cc b

Khi ti trng tc dng trong khong ( p gh
I II
<p< p gh ), quan h p~S l ng cong.

t nn b chuyn dch ng v chuyn dch ngang. Xut hin vng bin dng do cc b
ti 2 mp mng.

3. Giai on ph hoi nn
Khi ti trng tng p> p gh
II
, vng bin dng do cc b ti 2 mp mng m rng, pht
trin trong ton nn to nn mt trt lin tc. t nn b trt su, p tri ln
II
p gh : Ti trng gii hn ln nht m nn c th chu c (ti trng ph hoi).
Cc phng php xc nh sc chu ti ca nn
tnh sc chu ti ca nn c th da vo vic xc nh cc ti trng gii hn trong
trng hp ph hoi ct tng qut. C 2 phng php xc nh sc chu ti ca nn nh s c
trnh by di y.
Th nht, sc chu ti ca nn c th tnh da vo s pht trin ca vng bin dng do.
Bng cch khng ch trng thi ng sut nn, khng cho vng bin dng do hnh thnh c th
xc nh c ti trng gii hn tuyn tnh, t tnh c sc chu ti ca nn.
Th hai, sc chu ti ca nn cng c th tnh c nu xc nh c ti trng ph hoi
v p dng mt h s an ton tng th. Ti trng ph hoi c xc nh t l thuyt ph hoi
do (iu kin cn bng gii hn).
C th xc nh cc ti trng gii hn theo phng php l thuyt v thc nghim. Tuy
nhin, chng ny ch tp trung trnh by cch xc nh ti trng gii hn theo phng php l
thuyt.

Xc nh sc chu ti ca nn da vo s pht trin ca vng bin dng do.

xc nh sc chu ti ca nn c th s dng li gii n hi tnh ng sut v iu
kin cn bng gii hn Mohr-Coulomb xc nh vng bin dng do.
Xt bi ton mng bng chu ti trng thng ng, phn b u. Gi thit t nn ng
cht. Khi p> p gh
I
, vng bin dng do pht sinh ti hai mp mng. Trong vng bin dng do,
trng thi ng sut bn thn ca t ti im bt k trong nn ging trng thi p sut thu tnh
( x = y = z = z). Ta cn xc nh ng bao vng bin dng do (Hnh 4-8).
Da trn li gii l thuyt n hi, ng sut chnh ln nht v nh nht do ti trng ngoi
P gy ra ti mt im M trong nn khng trng lng c tnh nh sau:

31 =
P
(2 sin 2 ) (4-35)

Nu xt tc dng ng thi ca t hp ti trng P, ti trng bn q v trng lng bn
thn t nn th cc ng sut chnh ln nht v nh nht c tnh nh sau:
P 2 hm
31 = (2 sin 2 ) + 1z + 2hm (4-36)

Hnh 4.8: ng bao vng bin dng do cc b ti hai mp mng

trong , 1 v 2 ln lt l trng lng ring ca t nn pha di v trn y mng.
Theo iu kin cn bng gii hn Mohr-Coulomb:

1 = 3 m + 2c m (4-37)

(
m = tan 2 45 o + / 2 ) (4-38)
Thay (4-36) vo (4-37) xc nh c chiu su vng bin dng do:

P 2 hm sin 2 c
z= 2 1 hm (4-39)
1 sin 1 tan 2

tm chiu su ln nht, Z max , tm cc tr hm z trong phng trnh (4-39):

dz 2( p 2 hm ) cos 2
= 1 = 0 (4-40)
d 1 sin
suy ra sin = cos 2 (4-41)
t tnh c:
p 2 hm
z max = (cot / 2 + ) c
2 hm (4-42)
1 1 tan 1
Ti trng gii hn tuyn tnh l ti trng gii hn trc khi nn xut hin vng bin dng
do (Z max =0): p gh
I
=P o .

Hnh 4.9: Chiu su ln nht ca vng bin dng do

cot cot + + / 2
Z max = 0 Po = c + 2 hm (4-43)
cot + / 2 cot + / 2
Po = cN * c + qN * q (4-44)

cot
N *c = (4-45)
cot + / 2
 cot + + / 2
N *q = (4-46)
cot + / 2
q = 2 hm (4-47)

N* c , N* q l cc h s sc chu ti ca nn, c tnh theo cc cng thc (4-45) v (4-46),

xem Bng 4-3.
Xc nh sc chu ti ca nn
Nu chn p o trong cng thc (4-44) lm sc chu ti l qu thin an ton i vi nn t bnh
thng bi v khi ti trng vt qu ti trng gii hn tuyn tnh p o (xut hin vng bin dng
do), cng trnh vn lm vic bnh thng.
Kinh nghim thc t cho thy sc chu ti nn ly bng tr s ti trng gy ra vng bin dng
1
do t su Z max =1/4B (B: b rng mng). V vy, thay Z max = B vo phng trnh (4-42)
4
rt ra:

cot cot + + / 2 0.25

P1 / 4 = c + 2 hm + 1 B (4-48)
cot + / 2 cot + / 2 cot + / 2
P1/ 4 = cN *c + qN *q + 1BN * (4-49)

0.25
N * = (4-50)
cot + / 2
N* c , N* q c xc nh theo cng thc (4-45) v (4-46).
Xem Bng 4-3 v cc gi tr h s N* c , N* q , N* ng vi cc gc ma st trong khc nhau.
Nhn xt
Cng thc xc nh P 1/4 n gin, thun tin i vi cng trnh chu ti trng hnh
bng, thng ng, phn b u.
Tuy nhin, dng li gii n hi khi vng bin dng do m rng l cha hp l.
Gi thit ng sut do trng lng bn thn tun theo lut p lc thu tnh l cha hp l.

Bng 4.3: Cc h s sc chu ti theo TCVN (Cc phng trnh 4-45, 4-46, 4-50)
N* c N* q N* N* c N* q N*
0 3.14 1.00 0.00 26 6.90 4.37 0.84
1 3.23 1.06 0.01 27 7.14 4.64 0.91
2 3.32 1.12 0.03 28 7.40 4.93 0.98
3 3.41 1.18 0.04 29 7.67 5.25 1.06
4 3.51 1.25 0.06 30 7.95 5.59 1.15
5 3.61 1.32 0.08 31 8.24 5.95 1.24
6 3.71 1.39 0.10 32 8.55 6.34 1.34
 7 3.82 1.47 0.12 33 8.88 6.76 1.44
8 3.93 1.55 0.14 34 9.22 7.22 1.55
9 4.05 1.64 0.16 35 9.58 7.71 1.68
10 4.17 1.73 0.18 36 9.97 8.24 1.81
11 4.29 1.83 0.21 37 10.37 8.81 1.95
12 4.42 1.94 0.23 38 10.80 9.44 2.11
13 4.55 2.05 0.26 39 11.25 10.11 2.28
14 4.69 2.17 0.29 40 11.73 10.85 2.46
15 4.84 2.30 0.32 41 12.24 11.64 2.66
16 4.99 2.43 0.36 42 12.79 12.51 2.88
17 5.15 2.57 0.39 43 13.37 13.46 3.12
18 5.31 2.73 0.43 44 13.98 14.50 3.38
19 5.48 2.89 0.47 45 14.64 15.64 3.66
20 5.66 3.06 0.51 46 15.34 16.89 3.97
21 5.84 3.24 0.56 47 16.09 18.26 4.31
22 6.04 3.44 0.61 48 16.90 19.77 4.69
23 6.24 3.65 0.66 49 17.77 21.44 5.11
24 6.45 3.87 0.72 50 18.70 23.29 5.57
25 6.67 4.11 0.78

V d 4.3
Mt mng bng c b rng B=6m, chn mng h m =0.9m. Mc nc ngm nm ngang mt
t thin nhin. Trng lng ring y ni ca t nn n =1.1kN/m3, =20o, c=50 kN/m2. Yu
cu xc nh:
1) Ti trng gii hn tuyn tnh P o
2) Sc chu ti ca nn P 1/4
Bi gii:
1) P o =cN* c +qN* q
Tra bng (4-3) vi =20o N* c =5.66, N* q = 3.06
P o =50*5.66+ 11*0.9*3.06 = 313.3 kN/m2
2) P 1/4 =cN* c +qN* q +B n N*
Tra bng (4-3) vi =20o N* c =5.66, N* q = 3.06, N* =0.51
P 1/4 =50*5.66 +11*0.9*3.06 + 11*6*0.51 = 347 kN/m2
Xc nh sc chu ti theo ti trng ph hoi (phng php Evdokimov)
xc nh p gh
II
, c th s dng l thuyt ph hoi do, trong hai phng php ng
cong c trng (cn gi l l lun cn bng gii hn im) v Phn tch cn bng gii hn (cn
gi l l thuyt cn bng gii hn c th) thng c p dng.

4. Xc nh p gh
II
da trn phng php ng cong c trng

Theo phng php ng cong c trng, khi t trng thi cn bng gii hn khi mi
im trong khi t cng t trng thi cn bng gii hn. Ti mt im t trng thi cn bng
gii hn c 2 mt trt i qua im v lm vi nhau mt gc (90-). Li gii da vo iu
kin cn bng tnh ca ng sut v tiu chun ph hoi Mohr-Coulomb.
iu kin cn bng ng sut phng:

z xz
z + x =

x xz = 0
x z
Tiu chun ph hoi Mohr-Coulomb: 1 3 = 2c cos + ( 1 + 3 ) sin

Nh vy c 3 phng trnh, 3 tham s x , z , xz . Tuy nhin, li gii khng n gin v

cc quan h ca chng kh phc tp.

5. Xc nh p gh
II
da trn phn tch cn bng gii hn c th

Theo l lun cn bng gii hn c th, khi t trng thi cn bng gii hn khi trong
t nn hnh thnh mt mt trt lin tc bao ngoi khi trt. Ch nhng im trn mt trt
mi trng thi cn bng gii hn. Khi trt c xem nh l khi rn. tnh p gh
II
, trc ht
gi thit hnh dng mt trt, sau t iu kin cn bng lc ca khi trt (trng thi gii hn)
tnh c p gh
II
.

Di y trnh by phng php Evdokimov tnh ti trng ph hoi da trn phn tch
cn bng gii hn c th.

5.1. Xc nh p gh
II
trong trng hp t ri

Xt bi ton mng bng chu ti trng thng ng v nm ngang phn b u. t nn l

t ri, ng cht. t nn l vt liu do l tng. Khi trt l mt vt rn tuyt i, cc im
trn mt trt tho mn iu kin ng sut gii hn.
xc nh p gh
II
, c th s dng phng php gii hoc phng php gii tch. Di
y trnh by phng php gii. Phng php gii tch c trnh by trong mc III di y.
Cc bc thc hin theo phng php gii bao gm 4 bc nh sau:
Gi thit hnh dng mt trt, khi trt
Chi tit cch xc nh mt trt, khi trt c th hin trong Hnh 4-10.
 C th thy 3 khi trt I, II, III, trong Khi I l khi b nn; khi II l khi qu v
khi III l khi b p tri. Kch thc hnh hc cc khi trt c xc nh da vo di cc
cnh v cc gc trong Hnh 4-10.
Xc nh lc tc dng vo cc khi trt
Cc lc tc dng tc dng vo cc khi III, II, I nh sau:

Khi III: Q = q ED , P3 , R3 , T2

Khi II: P2 , T '2 , T1 , R2

Khi I: P1 , T '1 , R1 , R II gh

V a gic lc trng thi cn bng gii hn

a gic lc khp kn c v trong Hnh 4-10, bt u t khi III, n khi II v khi I.
v chnh xc, cn dng giy k li.

RIIgh II
P gh q ED
TIIgh E D
A 45o-/2
T1
o
I P1 III 45 -/2
T2 T2 P3
T1 R
P II 3
R1 2 C
B
F R2

Hnh 4.10: Mt trt trong trng hp t ri

sin
= 0.5 ar cos +
sin R3
q ED
= 90 o +
T2
P3
= 90 o
T2
i tg R2
ri = ro e P2
0 i T1
P1
= 45 / 2 +
o T1

i = 0 ri = ro = EB
R II gh R1
i = ri = EC
T 1 //AB, T 2 //CD, R 1 //EB, R 2 //EF, R 3 //EC
 II
p gh
Xc nh ti trng gii hn
Sau khi xc nh c R gh
II
, ti trng gii hn c tnh theo cc cng thc sau:

PghII
R II gh
p II
gh = = cos (4-51)
F B
TghII R II gh
II gh = = sin (4-52)
F B
trong , F=B.L (L=1m).

5.2. Xc nh p gh
II
trong trng hp t dnh

Trong trng hp nn t dnh, p dng nguyn l p lc dnh tng ng ca Caquot,

theo thay th lc dnh trong t nn bng mt p lc ngoi n = c / tg (p lc dnh) tc dng
ln ton b mt nn. Do vy, nn t dnh c coi nh nn t ri v p dng li gii i vi t
ri ni trn i vi trng hp ny.
Chi tit xc nh ti trng gii hn theo phng php gii c th hin trong Hnh 4-11.
Ti trng gii hn c tnh theo cc cng thc di y:

R II gh
p II gh = cos 'n (4-53)
B
R II gh
II gh = sin ' (4-54)
B
Ch rng trong cng thc (4-53), tnh ti trng gii hn phi tr gi tr p lc dnh.

B
II
R gh
PIIgh
II
R' gh q ED + n ED
'
II
nb
T E
A
gh
D
45o-/2 o
III 45 -/2
I P1 T1
T2 T2 P3
R3
T II
1
P2 C
R1 B
F R2

sin '
= 0.5 ar cos + '
sin
= 90 o +

= 90 o
 ri = ro ei tg
R3
0 i
(q + n) ED
= 45 / 2 +
o T2
P3
T2
i = 0 ri = ro = EB R2
P2
i = ri = EC T1
T 1 //AB, T 2 //CD, R 1 //EB, R 2 //EF, R 3 //EC P1
T1

'
R' II gh R1

Hnh 4.11: Mt trt trong trng hp t dnh

5.3. Xc nh p gh
II
theo phng php gii tch

thun tin tnh ton, quy phm TCVN 4253-86 c trnh by cch tnh ti trng ph
hoi theo cng thc gii tch (4-55).

R II gh = N c cB + N q qB + N B 2 (4-55)

trong , N c , N q , N : Cc h s ph thuc , ' : tra Bng 4-4 di y.

, c, : trng lng ring, lc dnh v gc ma st trong ca t nn di y mng.

q = 1 hm : ti trng bn,

1 : trng lng ring ca t pha trn y mng

hm : chiu su y mng

B : chiu rng y mng.

p dng cng thc (4-53) v (4-54) tnh p gh
II
v gh
II
.

Ch : khi c ti trng lch tm th thay b rng B bng B= B -2e trong cng thc (4-
55), (4-54) v (4-53), trong e l lch tm ca ti trng; Bl b rng hiu qu ca mng.
Tm tt chng 4
1) Da trn kt qu th nghim bn nn hin trng, c th phn chia cc hnh thc ph
hoi nn di tc dng ca ti trng theo 3 hnh thc ph hoi sau: ph hoi ct tng qut, ph
hoi ct cc b v ph hoi ct xuyn ngp.
2) i vi hnh thc ph hoi ct tng qut, da trn kt qu th nghim bn nn quan h
ti trng ~ ln, c th chia s lm vic ca nn khi chu ti thnh 3 giai on lm vic nh
sau: giai on bin dng ng thng, giai on bin dng trt cc b v giai on ph hoi.
 3) C hai loi ti trng gii hn, l ti trng gii hn tuyn tnh pI gh v Ti trng ph
hoi pII gh ( ti trng ln nht m nn c th chu c).
4) pI gh c xc nh theo li gii n hi-do.
pII gh c xc nh theo phng php cn bng gii hn.
5) Sc chu ti ca nn c th c xc nh theo 2 cch:
a) Da vo ti trng ph hoi v h s an ton tng th
b) Da vo s khng ch pht trin vng bin dng do ti mp mng.
Bng 4.4: H s N c , N q , N theo cng thc (4-55)
Bng 4.4: H s N c , N q , N theo cng thc (4-55) (tip)
Bi tp chng 4
4.1 Cho mt mng bng c cc thng s sau: B = 2 m, D f = 1 m, = 17 kN/m3 , = 30, c'
= 0. Hy dng phng trnh Terzaghi vi h s an ton l 4 xc nh sc chi ti tng cho
php thng ng thc. Gi thit s ph hoi tng th xy ra trong t.
4.2 Mt mng ct vung c kch thc trn mt bng l 2m x 2m. Cho bit D f = 1.5 m,
= 16.5 kN/m3, = 36, v c' = 0. Gi nh rng s ph hoi trt tng th c th xy ra, hy dng
phng trnh Terzaghi v ly h s an ton l 3 xc nh tng ti trng cho php thng ng
thc tc dng ln ct.
4.3 Cho mt mng bng c cc thng s sau: B = 2 m, D f = 1 m, = 17 kN/m3 , = 30, c'
= 0. Hy dng phng trnh tng qut ca Mayerhof xc nh sc chu ti tng cho php
thng ng thc. Vi cc h s sc chu ti, h s hnh dng v h s su t mng theo
Meyerhof.
4.4 Mt mng ct vung c kch thc trn mt bng l 2m x 2m. Cho bit D f = 1.5 m,
= 16.5 kN/m3, = 36, v c' = 0. Hy dng phng trnh tng qut ca Meyerhof xc nh
sc chu ti tng cho php thng ng thc. Vi cc h s sc chu ti, h s hnh dng v h s
su t mng theo Meyerhof .
4.5 Cho mt mng ct nh nu trong Hnh 4.13. Hy dng phng trnh tng qut ca
Mayerhof v cc h s sc chu ti, h s hnh dng v h s su t mng theo Meyerhof
xc nh ti trng cho php thc [PT (4.10)] m mng c th chu. Cho FS = 3 .

Mc nc ngm

Hnh 4.13
4.6 Cho mt mng vung, vi D f = 2 m, = 16.5 kN/m3 = 30, c' = 0, tng ti trng cho
php Q all = 3330 kN, v FS = 4. Hy xc nh kch thc mng. Cho dng phng trnh
Meyerhof v cc h s sc chu ti, h s hnh dng v h s su t mng theo Meyerhof.
4.7. Mt mng chu ti lch tm nh nu trong Hnh 4-14. Cho dng FS = 4, hy xc nh
ti trng gii cho php mng c th mang c. Cho dng cc h s sc chu ti, h s hnh dng
v h s su t mng theo Mayerhof.

Hnh 4.14

ng tm
 CHNG 5. LC T LN TNG CHN

5.1. M u
Trong thc t xy dng, chng ta thng gp mt s cng trnh hoc b phn cng trnh
c nhim v ch yu l chn gi t th c gi l tng chn t. Chng hn nh, cc loi
tng chn dng chn b dc hoc sn i hai bn ng (hnh 5.1), cc m cu hai b
va dm cu va dng chn t hoc tng bn ca cc cng nc va l mt b phn
thn cng va dng chn t (hnh 5.2)...

Hnh 5.1

Hnh 5.2
Trc khi xy dng tng chn thng phi o t to mt bng thi cng. Sau khi xy
xong, t sau tng chn b o b s c p tr li. Do vy t sau tng chn thng l t
p dm cht ch khng phi t t nhin. Cc ng t nt trn hnh 5.1, 5.2 l ranh gii o t
to mt bng thi cng. Khi t nm pha trong ranh gii u l t p.
Mt tip gip gia t p v tng chn gi l lng tng. Phn khng tip xc vi khi t
p c gi l ngc tng. B phn pha di ca tng tip xc vi nn c gi l bn y.
Vic phn loi tng chn t thng ch yu da vo hnh dng, cu to v iu kin
lm vic ca tng. C th phn chia tng chn thnh cc loi nh sau (hnh 5.3):
- a) Tng trng lc: Loi tng ny c kch thc ln, vt liu thng l xy hoc b
tng thng. Trong trng hp ny th s n nh ca tng c m bo nh trng lng bn
thn tng.
 - b) Tng bn trng lc: y l mt dng bin i ca tng trng lc nhm gim kch
thc ca tng do thng c b tr thm ct thp chu ko.
- c) Tng bn gc khng chng: Cu to ca tng gm c mt bn gc lin kt vi
bn y. Vi loi tng ny th s n nh ca tng ch yu da vo p lc ca khi t p
sau tng tc dng ln bn y.
- d) Tng bn gc c chng: Cng tng t nh tng bn gc khng chng nhng
c b tr thm bn chng nhm tng cng kh nng chng un ca tng.

Ct thp Ct thp

a) b) c)

Bn chng

d)

Hnh 5.3: Phn loi tng chn t

Do tc dng ca khi t p, lng tng chn thng xuyn chu mt p lc gi l p
lc t. p lc t l mt trong nhng ti trng ch yu tc dng ln tng. Do vy, vic xc
nh chnh xc tr s, im t v phng chiu tc dng ca p lc t l mt vn quan trng
trong thit k. V th vn tnh ton p lc t c ngha rt ln trong xy dng.
Ni chung tng chn c chiu di ln so vi chiu rng do khi tnh ton p lc t
ln tng chn ch cn ly chiu di bng n v xt v xem l bi ton phng.
5.2. Cc loi p lc t tc dng ln tng chn t v iu kin sn
sinh ra chng
Ty thuc vo iu kin lm vic ca tng i vi khi t m c th hnh thnh cc
loi p lc t khc nhau
Tng chn hnh 5.1 c xu th b y v pha trc (pha khng c t), do lc y ca
khi t sau tng.
Trong trng hp c lc x ngang trc tng ln (hnh 5.2a) th tng chn c xu th b
y v pha sau v lm khi t sau tng b y p tri ln trn.
hnh 5.2b, khi mc nc trong cng kh ln th tng chn c xu th ng yn, khi
t sau tng lun trng thi tnh-trng thi cn bng.
l cc iu kin lm vic khc nhau ca tng chn, do cng tn ti ba trng thi
khc nhau ca khi t sau tng. Vi cc tng chn hnh 5.1, khi t trng thi ch ng
gy nn p lc y tng. Vi tng chn hnh 5.2a, khi t trng thi b ng nn gy ra p
lc chng tng. Cn vi tng chn hnh 5.2b, khi t trng thi tnh nn gy ra p lc
tnh tc dng ln tng.

Hnh 5.4: Kt qu th nghim m hnh ca Terzaghi

phn tch nh tnh v nh lng p lc t trong 3 kiu lm vic khc nhau ca
tng chn ni trn, Terzaghi lm th nghim m hnh tm hiu quan h gia p lc t v
chuyn dch ca tng. Kt qu th nghim nu hnh 5.4a l biu quan h gia h s p lc
hng K o (l t s gia thnh phn p lc ngang v p lc thng ng) v chuyn dch tng
i ca tng (l t s gia chuyn dch ca nh tng vi chiu cao H ca tng).
Trong quy c > 0 khi tng b khi t y dch v pha khng c t, < 0 khi
tng b ngoi lc x dch v pha t v = 0 khi tng ng yn (hnh 5.4b).
 T biu K o ~ thy rng tr s p lc t thay i theo chuyn dch v hng
chuyn dch ca tng.
Nu tng ng yn, khi t sau tng trng thi cn bng tnh v gy ra p lc t
tnh tc dng ln tng, k hiu l E 0 (hnh 5.5c).
Nu tng b khi t y v pha trc (tc khi t trng thi ch ng) th p lc t
gim dn khi chuyn dch ca tng tng. iu ny c th l gii l khi tng chuyn dch v
tch ri khi t th cng chng ct ca t s c pht huy. Khi chuyn dch ca tng
ln, th cng chng ct ca t t gi tr ln nht v khi t sau tng t trng thi cn
bng gii hn ch ng, tc l mt trt trong khi t xut hin (hnh 5.5a). p lc t tc dng
ln tng do khi trt gy ra lc gi l p lc t ch ng - p lc tng ng vi trng thi
cn bng gii hn ch ng. p lc ny c gi tr cc tiu, k hiu E c (hnh 5.5c).

Hnh 5.5: S thay i ca ca p lc t theo dch chuyn ca tng

Trong trng hp ngc li, nu tng b ngoi lc x v pha t th khi t s chng
li s dch chuyn ca tng (khi t trng thi b ng), lc chng ny s tng ln khi
chuyn dch ca tng tng. S d nh vy v tng cng chuyn dch, khi t sau tng cng
b nn cht khin cng chng ct ca t pht huy cng cao v do phn lc chng tng
tng ln. Khi tng chuyn dch ln, th cng chng ct ca t t gi tr ln nht v
khi t sau tng t trng thi cn bng gii hn b ng, tc l mt trt s xut hin trong
khi t (hnh 5.5b). p lc chng tc dng ln tng do khi t gy ra lc gi l p lc t
b ng - p lc tng ng vi trng thi cn bng gii hn b ng. p lc ny t gi tr cc
i, k hiu E b (hnh 5.5c).
T kt qu th nghim c th dn n mt s kt lun nh sau:
Gi tr ca p lc t tc dng ln tng ph thuc ca yu v dch chuyn ca
tng so vi khi t.
Khi tng ng yn, khi t sau tng gy ra p lc t tnh (E o ) tc dng ln tng
p lc t t gi tr cc tiu (E c ) khi dch chuyn ca tng v pha khng c t
ln v t gi tr cc i (E b ) khi dch chuyn ca tng v pha khi t ln,
V vy, vic xc nh chnh xc v s dng hp l cc loi p lc t ng vai tr quan
trng trong tnh ton thit k cng trnh.
5.3. Xc nh p lc t tnh

Trng hp lng tng thng ng, mt t nm ngang

Trong trng hp tng ng yn, khi t sau tng trng thi cn bng tnh v gy
ra p lc t tnh tc dng ln tng (hnh 5.6a). xc nh gi tr p lc t tnh, ngi ta xt
trng thi ng sut ca im M v tr tip xc gia t v lng tng, im M su z:

Hnh 5.6: S tnh ton p lc t tnh

Thnh phn ng sut thng ng:
z = z (5.1)
Do tng ng yn, nn trng thi ng sut ti M tng t nh trong th nghim p co
khng n hng, v vy thnh phn ng sut nm ngang-chnh l cng p lc t tnh c
xc nh theo cng thc:
x = p o = K o .z (5.2)
Trong : - trng lng ring ca t p.
z - su im M k t mt t.
Ko - h s p lc hng, c th xc nh bng th nghim cho bng 5.1 (Ko < 1)
Bng 5.1: Kt qu th nghim thc o h s p lc hng K o
Loi t H s p lc hng K o Tc gi
t ct
xp 0,40 K.Terzaghi
0,430,45 J.Najder
0,40 W.A.Bishop
cht 0,50 K.Terzaghi
cht do ti nc 0,37 W.A.Bishop
rt cht do m 0,80 K.Terzaghi
t dnh 0,700,75 K.Terzaghi
0,480,66 W.A.Bishop
0,400,65 De Beer
 H s p lc hng K o cng c th ly theo bng 5.2 hoc tnh theo cc cng thc sau:
o
Ko =
1 o Bng 5.2 H s p lc hng Ko.
Loi t H s p lc hng Ko
K o = 1 - sin
(5.3) t ct 0,430,54
1 sin t st nh
Ko = 0,540,67
cos t st 0,670,82
t st 0,821,00

Da vo biu thc 5.2, nn ta c dng biu phn b cng p lc t tnh l dng

tam gic nh hnh 5.6. Gi tr ca tng p lc t tnh E o tnh cho 1m theo chiu di ca tng
chnh l din tch ca biu cng p lc t tnh. V vy:
1 2
Eo = H K o (5.4)
2
im t ca E o i qua trng tm ca biu cng p lc t tnh, tc l cch y
tng 1 khong bng H/3. Phng ca E o vung gc vi lng tng v chiu hng vo lng
tng

Trng hp lng tng chn v mt t p nghing

E.Franke ngh dng cng thc di y xc nh cng p lc t tnh nh s
hnh 5.7.

Hnh 5.7: S xc nh p lc t tnh

1
p on = K o z[1- 2tgtg + ( - tg2)tg2]cos2
Ko (5.5)
p ot = p on (mtg - 1)(tg - m)
Trong
p on cng p lc t tnh theo phng php tuyn ca tng
 p on cng p lc t tnh theo phng tip tuyn ca tng
tg 1
m = (1- tgtg)[ + tg( - tg2)] (5.6a)
cos Ko

K o = 1 - sin + (cos + sin - 1) (5.6b)

Nh vy:

1 H2 1
E on = Ko [1- 2tgtg + ( - tg2)tg2]cos2 (5.7a)
2 cos Ko

E ot = E on (mtg - 1)(tg - m) (5.7b)

xc nh p lc t tnh E o trong trng hp ny cn phi tng hp cc thnh phn p
lc t tnh theo phng php tuyn E on v theo phng tip tuyn E ot vi tng.

5.4. Tnh ton p lc t tnh theo l thuyt ca Rankine

Nguyn l tnh ton

W.J.W.Rankine cn c vo trng thi ng sut trong vt th bn khng gian v hn v
iu kin cn bng gii hn ti mt im trong bn khng gian tm ra phng php tnh
ton p lc t.

Hnh 5.8: Nguyn l xc nh p lc t theo Rankine

Hnh 5.8a biu din mt bn khng gian v hn (tc l khi t c mt mt gii hn l
mt t nm ngang, 2 mt cn li di ti v hn). Xt trng thi ng sut ti M cch mt t mt
khong l z, cc thnh phn ng sut ti M s l:
 z = z (5.8a)
x = y = p o = K o z = K o z (5.8b)
Trong : - trng lng ring ca t.
z - su im M k t mt t.
K o - h s p lc hng
V khi t l mt bn khng gian v hn cho nn mi mt phng thng u c th xem
l mt phng i xng ca bn khng gian, do ti M khng tn ti cc thnh phn ng sut
tip. V vy, cc thnh phn ng sut php z v x ca im M u l ng sut chnh. Ta c th
dng vng trn Mohr biu din trng thi ng sut ti im M. V im M trng thi cn
bng bn nn vng trn Mohr bn di ng Coulomb (hnh 5.8b)
Nu khi t b ko dn ra hai pha hng (hnh 5.8c) th ng sut z vn khng i nhng
ng sut x li gim dn cho n khi vng trn Mohr tip xc vi ng Coulomb th lc x
t gi tr cc tiu, gi l cng p lc t ch ng p c . Lc ny p c l ng sut chnh nh
nht, cn z = z l ng sut chnh ln nht (hnh 5.8b ).
Trong trng hp ngc li, nu khi t b p co t hai pha hng (hnh 5.8d) th ng
sut z vn khng i nhng ng sut x li tng dn cho n khi vng trn Mohr tip xc vi
ng Coulomb th lc x t gi tr cc i, gi l cng p lc t b ng p b . Lc ny
p c l ng sut chnh nh nht, cn z = z l ng sut chnh ln nht (hnh 5.8b ).
V khi khi t trng thi gii hn ch ng mt ng sut chnh ln nht l mt phng
ngang cho nn mt trt lm vi mt phng ng mt gc 45- /2 (hnh 5.8c), cn khi khi t
trng thi gii hn b ng th mt ng sut chnh ln nht l mt phng ng cho nn mt
trt lm vi mt phng ngang mt gc 450- /2 (hnh 5.8d).
Rankine ng dng nguyn l trn vo vic tnh ton p lc t ln tng chn, v vy cn
thit phi c nhng gi thit nh di y.

Cc gi thit c bn
1. Lng tng thng ng, mt t nm ngang, mt tng trn nhn khng c ma st.
2. Khi khi t sau tng t trng thi cn bng gii hn ch ng (do khi t y
tng v pha trc - pha khng c t), hoc trng thi cn bng gii hn b ng (do ngoi lc
x tng v pha sau - v pha t) th mi im trong khi trt u trng thi cn bng gii
hn v tho mn iu kin cn bng gii hn Mohr-Coulomb.

Xc nh p lc t ch ng
S xc nh p lc t ch ng theo Rankine nh hnh 5.9a. Gi s khi t sau tng t
trng thi cn bng gii hn ch ng, ta xt trng thi ng xut ti im M nh trn hnh v:
 Hnh 5.9: S xc nh p lc t ch ng
Cc thnh phn ng sut ti M:
z = z = 1 (5.9a)
p c = 3 (5.9b)
V im M trng thi cn bng gii hn nn cc thnh phn ng sut ti M phi tho
mn iu kin cn bng gii hn Mohr-Coulomb:

1 = 3 .m + 2c m (5.10)
Trong : m = tg2(45 + /2)
v c ln lt l gc ma st trong v lc dnh n v ca t sau tng
Thay (5.9a) v (5.9b) vo (5.10) ta c:

z = p c .m + 2c m

rt ra p c = zK c - 2c K c (5.11)

1
Trong : K c = = tg2(450 - /2)
m
K c - h s p lc t ch ng theo l lun Rankine.

Ti z = 0 th p c = - 2c K c

Ti z = H th p c = HK c - 2c K c

2c
T rt ra zo = (5.12)
K c
z o su m cng p lc t ch ng t gi tr
bng khng hay cn goi l su gii hn ( su nt n).
Biu cng p lc t ch ng c biu din trn hnh 5.9c. Biu ny c 2
phn, mt phn mang du m v mt phn mang du dng. Phn biu mang du m c th
gii thch l do lc dnh c tc dng ko gi tng. Trong thc t tnh ton, ngi ta thng b
qua tc dng ny nn tng p lc t ch ng E c trn mt n v chiu di tng c tnh
bng din tch phn biu cng mang du dng, tc l:

(H - z o )( zK cd - 2c K cd )
E c = Din tch abc =
2
Thay z o biu thc (5.12) vo trn s nhn c:

1 2 2c 2
E c = H K c - 2cH K c + (5.13)
2
E c c phng vung gc vi lng tng, chiu hng vo tng, im t ti trng tm
H z0
ca biu cng mang du dng tc l cch chn tng mt khong (hnh 5.9c).
3
Trong trng hp t ri (c = 0) t cng thc (5.11) ta c:
Biu thc cng p lc t ch ng: p c =zK c
(5.14)
1 2
Nh vy , tng p lc t ch ng E c = H K c (5.15)
2
Biu phn b v im t nh hnh 5.9b.
V d 5.1:
Cho mt tng chn cao 7m, lng tng thng ng v trn nhn, mt t p nm ngang
(hnh 5.10). t p c cc ch tiu:
= 19 kN/m , = 18 , c = 12kN/m.
Yu cu xc nh p lc t ch ng tc dng ln tng chn.

Hnh 5.10: S tnh ton v d 5.1

Bi gii
- Xc nh h s p lc t ch ng theo Rankine:
 K c = tg2(45 - /2) = tg2(45 - 9) = tg236 = (0,7265)2.
K c = 0,5279.

K c = 0,7265.
- Tnh cng p lc t ti A:

p cA = - 2c K c = -2120,7265 = - 17,44 kN/m.

- Tnh cng p lc t ch ng ti B.

p cB = HK c - 2c K c

= 1970,5279 - 17,44 = 52,77 kN/m.

2c 2 12
- Tnh zo zo = = = 1,74m.
K c 19 0,7265

- Nh vy, tng p lc t ch ng Ec trn 1m di tng:

1 1
E c = (H-z o ). p cB = (7-1,74). 52,77 = 138,78 kN/m.
2 2
H - zo
- im t ca Ec cch chn tng khong = 1,75m.
3
- Phng tc dng ca Ec l phng vung gc vi lng tng, chiu hng vo lng tng.

Xc nh p lc t b ng
S xc nh p lc t ch ng theo Rankine nh hnh 5.11a. Gi s khi t sau
tng t trng thi cn bng gii hn b ng, ta xt trng thi ng xut ti im M nh trn
hnh v:
Cc thnh phn ng sut ti M l:
z = z = 3 (5.16a)
p b = 1 (5.16b)
Thay (5.16a) v (5.16b) vo iu kin cn bng gii hn Mohr-Coulomb (5.10) s nhn
c:

p b = zK b + 2c K b (5.17)

Trong : K b = m = tg2(45+/2)
K b - h s p lc b ng theo l lun Rankine.
 Hnh 5.11: S xc nh p lc t b ng

Ti z = 0 (ti A) th p bA = 2c K b

Ti z = H (ti B) )th p bB = HK b + 2c K b

Biu phn b cng p lc t b ng nh hnh 5.11c, biu c dng hnh

thang. Tng gi tr p lc t b ng tnh bng din tch biu hnh thang:

1 2
E b = H K b + 2cH K b (5.18)
2
im t ca E b ti trng tm hnh thang tc l cch chn tng mt khong bng
H ( p B + 2p A )
.
3(p B + p A )
Trong trng hp t ri (c = 0), t cng thc (5.17) suy ra cng p lc t b ng:
p b = zK b . (5.19)
Nh vy, tng p lc t b ng:
1 2
E b = H K b . (5.20)
2
im t ca E b trng tm biu tam gic tc l cch chn tng mt on bng
H/3(hnh 5.11b).

Tnh ton p lc t trong mt s trng hp

1. Trng hp lng tng nghing mt t nm ngang

Trong trng hp ny xc nh p lc t theo phng php gn ng nh sau:
T B k ng thng ng gp mt t ti A. Mt phng AB coi nh lng tng thng
ng trn nhn v p dng l lun Rankine tnh p lc t ch ng (hnh 5.12a). Lc khi
t ABA c xem l mt b phn ca tng chn khi phn tch s n nh ca tng.
 Hnh 5.12: S tnh ton tng chn khi lng tng nm nghing
Gp trng hp tng chn bn c y rng (hnh 5.12b) cng c th dng phng php
tng t nu trn tnh p lc t ch ng v phn tch n nh tng chn.
2. Trng hp mt t p nm nghing

Hnh 5.13: S tnh ton tng chn khi lng tng v khi t nm nghing
Trong nhng trng hp nu hnh 5.13, c th gi thit phng tc dng ca p lc t
ch ng song song vi mt t p, tc nghing mt gc so vi mt phng nm ngang v gi
tr p lc t ch ng c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
1 2
P c = H K c .
2

cos cos 2 cos 2

Trong : K c = cos (5.21)
cos + cos 2 cos 2
H - cao tnh ton ca tng.
- gc nghing ca mt t p.
- gc ma st trong ca t p.

3. Trng hp mt t p chu ti trng phn b u lin tc q

Khi c ti trng phn b u q trn mt nn, th ng sut thng ng z ti im M s
tng thm mt i lng bng q, tc l :
z = z + q
 V vy cng thc xc nh cng p lc t ch ng v b ng rt ra t iu kin
cn bng gii hn Mohr-Coulomb tr thnh:

p c = zK c + qK c - 2c K c
(5.22)

p b = zK b + qK b + 2c K b (5.23)

Khi , biu phn b cng p lc ch ng s c biu din nh trn hnh 5.14.

Hnh 5.14: S tnh ton tng chn khi ti trng phn b u lin tc

4. Trng hp khi t sau tng nhiu lp

Trong trng hp khi t sau tng gm hai hay nhiu lp nm ngang c cc ch tiu c l
khc nhau. xc nh p lc t ln tng ta c th dng phng php gn ng nh sau:
Trc ht coi on tng pha trn (on AB) c chiu cao bng chiu dy lp t h 1
nh mt tng c lp vi t p ng cht xc nh p lc t. Kt qu nhn c biu
phn b p lc t nh hnh 5.15c.
tnh p lc t ln on tng pha di (on BC) c chiu cao bng chiu dy lp
t h 2 , c th coi trng lng lp t bn trn c chiu dy h 1 nh mt ti trng phn b u lin
tc trn mt lp t h 2 . Nh vy s nhn c biu p lc t nh hnh 5.15d.
Cn ch rng, khi tnh ton cho cc on tng khc nhau cn phi s dng cc tr s
p lc t khc nhau. Chng hn nh khi tnh ton p lc t ch ng th h s p lc t ch
ng p dng cho 2 on tng AB v BC s ln lt l :
K c1 = tg2(45 - 1 /2)
v K c2 = tg2(45 - 2 /2)
Khi gc ma st trong v lc dnh n v ca cc lp t khc nhau th biu cng
p lc t xut hin bc nhy ti v tr phn lp. trng hp trn, nu hai lp t c gc ma
st trong v lc dnh bng nhau th biu phn b p lc t ch ng c biu din nh trn
hnh 5.15b.
 Hnh 5.15: S tnh ton tng chn khi khi t nhiu lp

V d 5.2:
Cho mt tng chn cao 8m, lng tng thng ng v trn nhn, mt t p nm ngang
(hnh 6.34). Trong t p c nc ngm cch mt t 2m. t p c cc ch tiu:
= 19 kN/m, bh = 20 kN/m, =17 , c = 15 kN/m2.
Yu cu xc nh p lc t ch ng tc dng ln tng. Cho bit , c ca t trn v di
mc nc ngm bng nhau.
 Hnh 5.16 : S tnh ton v d 5.2
Bi gii
Dng phng php ca Rankine xc nh p lc t ch ng.
- Xc nh h s p lc t ch ng:
K c = tg2(45 - /2) = tg2(45 - 830) = tg2(3630) = 0,742
K c = 0,5476.

K c = 0,74.
- Tnh cng p lc t ch ng ti A:

p cA = - 2c K c = -2150,74 = -22,2 kN/m.

- Tnh cng p lc t ch ng ti B:

p cB = - 1 h 1 K c - 2c K c = 1920,5476 - 2150,74

= 20,81- 22,2 = - 1,39 kN/m.

- Tnh cng p lc t ti C:

p cC = 1 h 1 K c + 2 h 2 K c - 2c K c

= 1920,5476 + n h 2 K c - 2150,74
= 20,81 + 32,856 - 22,2 = 31,46 kN/m.
- Tnh zo :
 2c q 2 15 h
zo = - = - 1 1
n K c n 10 0,74 n

2 15 19 2
= - = 0,25m.
10 0,74 10
- Nh vy, tng p lc t ch ng:
1 1
E c = dtOab = Oa.ab = (h 2 - z o ). ab
2 2
1
= (6 - 0,25).31,46 = 90,44 kN/m.
2
- im t ca E c cch chn tng mt khong:
h2 zo 6 0,25
= = 1,92m.
3 3
- Phng tc dng ca E c l phng vung gc vi lng tng, chiu hng vo lng
tng Phng tc dng ca E c l phng ngang.

5.5. Tnh ton p lc t theo l lun ca Coulomb

Cc gi thit c bn
Theo phng php ca Coulomb, xc nh c p lc t cn a ra mt s gi thit
nh sau:
1. Tng chn tuyt i cng, khng bin dng.
2. Mt trt trong t l mt phng v i qua chn tng.
3. Khi trt l vt rn tuyt i, ch nhng im trn mt trt tha mn iu kin cn
bng gii hn.
4. Khi t sau tng l t ri.

Nguyn l tnh ton

Trc tin, Coulomb gi thit mt mt trt bt k, sau da vo iu kin cn bng
ca khi trt, t tm ra tng gi tr, phng chiu v v tr ca p lc t gi thit.
p lc t ch ng E c l gi tr ln nht ca cc lc y gi thit tc dng ln tng v
p lc t b ng l gi tr nh nht ca cc lc chng gi thit tc dng ln tng.

Xc nh p lc t ch ng

1. Phng php gii tch

Xt mt tng chn t bt k c lng tng to vi phng thng ng 1 gc , mt t
to vi phng ngang 1 gc (hnh 5.17a). Gi thit mt trt ch ng BC bt k, cc lc tc
dng ln khi trt ABC bao gm:
 W - trng lng khi trt ABC.
W = dtABC1m
R - phn lc trn mt trt BC lm vi php tuyn ca mt ny mt gc .
E - lc y ca t lm vi php tuyn ca lng tng gc .
- gc ma st trong ca t p sau tng.
- gc ma st gia lng tng v t p.
Hai phn lc R v lc y E u nm di ng php tuyn ca mt trt tng ng.

Hnh 5.17: S tnh ton p lc t ch ng theo Coulomb

iu kin khi trt ABC cn bng l a gic lc phi khp kn (hnh 5.17b). T a
gic lc nhn c:
E W
=
sin( ) sin
E W
hoc =
sin( ) sin[ ( + )]
E W
=
sin( ) sin( + )
sin( )
T rt ra E=W (5.24)
sin( + )
Trong : = 90 - -
E - lc y ca t.
1
W = dtABC1m = BC . AD (a)
2
T tam gic ABC ta c:

sin(90 o + )
BC = AB
sin( )
 H
V AB =
cos
cos( )
do BC = H (b)
cos sin( )
T tam gic ADB ta c:
cos( )
AD = AB cos( - ) = H (c)
cos

Thay BC v AD biu thc (b) v (c) vo biu thc (a) s nhn c:

1 2 cos( ) cos( )
W= H . (d)
2 cos2 sin( )
Thay biu thc (d) vo cng thc 5.23 ta c:
1 2 cos( ) cos( ) sin( )
E= H . (5.25)
2 cos 2 sin( ) sin( + )
Trong , H, , , , bit cn l gc nghing ca mt trt gi thit, nh vy E l
hm s ca (E = f()). Gi tr cc i E max ca hm E chnh l p lc ch ng tc dng ln
tng chn cn tm. Mun xc nh E max cn dng phng php tm cc tr hm E = f() vi iu
kin:
dE
=0 (5.26)
d
T iu kin (5.25) xc nh c gi tr . Thay vo cng thc (5.24) ta xc nh c
gi tr p lc t ch ng:

1 2 cos 2 ( )
E c = H . 2
(5.27)
2 sin( + ) sin( )
cos 2 cos( + )1 +
cos( + ) cos( )

cos 2 ( )
t K c = 2
(5.28)
sin( + ) sin( )
cos 2 cos( + )1 +
cos( + ) cos( )

Cng thc (5.26) tr thnh:

1 2
E c = H .K c (5.29)
2
Trong : K c - h s p lc t ch ng theo l lun Coulomb.
H - chiu cao tng.
- trng lng ring ca t p.
 Trong trng hp lng tng thng ng ( = 0) mt tng trn nhn (=0) mt t nm
ngang ( = 0) th biu thc (5.27) tr thnh:
K c = tg2(45 - /2) (5.30)
v do cng thc (5.28) c dng:
1 2 2
E c = H .tg (45-/2) (5.31)
2
Cng thc (5.28) cho ta gi tr ca tng p lc t ch ng dc theo chiu cao tng,
xc nh cng p lc t ch ng ti cao z bt k ta c th ly o hm ca E c i vi
z:
dE c d 1 2
p c = = ( z K c ) = zK c (5.32)
dz dz 2
Nh vy, biu cng p lc t ch ng (p c ) theo chiu cao tng c dng tam
gic (hnh 5.17a). im t ca p lc t ch ng E c cch chn tng bng H/3, c phng
nghing vi php tuyn ca lng tng mt gc .
Cn ch biu phn b p lc t ch ng p c hnh 5.17a ch biu th gi tr cng
ch khng phi phng tc dng.

2. Phng php gii

xc nh p lc t ch ng bng phng php gii, c th thc hin theo cch
sau:
Gi thit mt trt BC 1 (hnh 5.18a), xc nh cc lc tc dng ln khi trt ABC 1 bao
gm trng lng khi trt W 1 , phn lc khi trt R 1 v lc y ca khi t E 1 .
Biu din cc lc trn th, da vo iu kin cn bng ca khi trt, xc nh c
ln, phng v chiu ca cc lc tc dng.
Tng t nh trn, gi thit cc mt trt khc nhau, xc nh cc lc ln mt trt gi
thit v biu din chng ln cng mt th (hnh 5.18b)
Ni cc im ngn ca vct lc y E to thnh ng cong m 1 m 2 .... V 1 ng
thng ng v tip xc vi ng cong trn ti m.
K on mn song song vi vct lc y E. di i s ca on mn chnh l ln
ca p lc t ch ng E c cn tm. T v tr im m, ta xc nh c phng ca phn lc
khi trt thc t R v mt trt thc t BC.
 Hnh 5.18: S xc nh p lc t ch ng bng phng php gii
Phng php gii trn y ch xc nh c gi tr ca tng p lc t ch ng E c
v v tr mt trt thc trn hnh v. im t ca E c c th xc nh gn ng bng cch t
trng tm G ca khi trt ABC (hnh 5.19) k ng thng song song vi mt trt BC, ng
ny gp lng tng ti O, l im t ca E c . Phng ca E c lm vi php tuyn ca lng
tng bng gc .

Hnh 5.19: Xc nh im t ca p lc t ch ng theo gii

Xc nh p lc t b ng

3. Phng php gii tch

Tng t nh vic xc nh p lc t ch ng, ngi ta cng gi thit mt mt trt b
ng BC bt k. Cc lc tc dng ln khi trt ABC bao gm (hnh 5.20a):
 Hnh 5.20: S xc nh p lc t b ng
W - trng lng khi trt ABC.
W = dtABC1m
R - phn lc trn mt trt BC lm vi php tuyn ca mt ny mt gc .
E - lc y ca t lm vi php tuyn ca lng tng gc .
- gc ma st trong ca t p sau tng.
- gc ma st gia lng tng v t p.
Hai phn lc R v lc chng E u nm trn ng php tuyn ca mt trt tng ng.
Xt iu kin cn bng khi trt ABC v dng phng php tm cc tr xc nh p
lc b ng ca t.
T iu kin cn bng ca a gic lc (hnh 5.20b) ta c:
sin( + )
E=W = f() (5.33)
sin('+ + )
tm Emin dng phng php tm cc tr i vi hm (5.32), xc nh c gi tr v
tm c p lc t b ng:
1 2
E b = H K b (5.34)
2
Trong : - trng lng ring ca t p.
H - chiu cao tng chn.

cos 2 ( + )
K b = 2
(5.35)
sin( + ) sin( + )
cos 2 cos( )1 +
cos( ) cos( )

K b - h s p lc t b ng theo l lun Coulomb.

 Nu lng tng thng ng ( = 0), mt tng trn nhn ( = 0) v mt t nm ngang
( = 0) th (5.34) tr thnh:
K b = tg2(45 + /2) (5.36)
v do (5.33) tr thnh:
1 2 2
E b = H tg (45 + /2) (5.37)
2
Cng p lc t b ng ti im bt k theo chiu cao ca tng c th xc nh
theo biu thc:

dE bd d 1 2
p b = = ( z K b ) = zK b
dz dz 2
(5.38)
Nh vy, biu cng p lc t b ng (p b ) theo chiu cao tng c dng tam
gic (hnh 5.20a). im t ca p lc t b ng E b cch chn tng bng H/3, c phng
nghing vi php tuyn ca lng tng mt gc .
Cn ch biu phn b p lc t ch ng p b hnh 5.20a ch biu th gi tr cng
ch khng phi phng tc dng.

4. Phng php gii

Vic xc nh p lc t b ng bng phng php gii cng c thc hin tng t
nh i vi trng hp xc nh p lc t ch ng.
Trc tin cn gi thit mt mt trt bt k, xc nh cc lc tc dng ln khi trt v
da vo iu kin cn bng ca khi trt xc nh c ln, phng v chiu ca cc lc
tc dng.
Sau gi thit cc mt trt khc nhau, xc nh cc lc ln mt trt gi thit v biu
din chng ln cng mt th v xc nh c ng cong i qua im ngn ca vct lc
chng E (ng cong ny c dng l mt ng cong lm so vi phng ng ca trng lng
W, cn vi trng hp p lc t ch ng th n l mt ng cong li).
T xc nh c E min , y chnh l ln ca p lc b ng E b . im t ca E b
c th xc nh gn ng tng t nh trong trng hp xc nh p lc t ch ng.
V d 5.3
Cho tng cao 4m (hnh 5.21), lng tng nghing = 10, mt t p nghing = 30.
t p c cc ch tiu =18 kN/m, = 30, c = 0. Gc ma st gia t p v lng tng =
2/3.
Yu cu xc nh p lc t ch ng E c tc dng ln tng chn.
 Hnh 5.21: S tng chn v d 5.3
Bi gii:
Dng l lun Coulomb xc nh p lc t ch ng.
- Xc nh h s p lc t ch ng

cos 2 ( )
K c = 2
sin( + ) sin( )
cos cos( + )1 +
2

cos( + ) cos( )

Vi s liu cho
= 30, = 2/3 =20, = 10, = 30
cos 2 (20 o )
K c = 2
sin(50 o ) sin(0 o )
cos (10 ) cos(30 )1 +
2 o o

cos(30 o ) cos( 20 o )

(0,9397) 2 0,883
= = = 1,051.
(0,9848) 0,866 1 0,8399
2

- Nh vy tng p p lc t ch ng
1 2 1
E c = H K c = .18.42.1,051 = 151,3 kN/m.
2 2
H 4
- im t ca Ec cch chn tng = = 1,33m.
3 3
Phng tc dng ca Ec nghing gc = 20 so vi php tuyn ca lng tng (hnh 5.21).
Bi tp chng 5:
Bi 1:
Cho mt tng chn vi chiu cao H=6m. t p sau tng ng cht c: =18kN/m3, sat
= 19kN/m3, c'=10 kN/m2, '=20o. Theo phng php ca Rakine hy:
a. Tnh v v biu cng p lc t ch ngtc dng ln tng .
b. Xc nh im t, phng, chiu v tr s tng p lc ch ng.
c. Cng cu hi tng t nh trn nhng trong trng hp mc nc ngm cch mt t p
2,5m.
Bi 2:
Cho mt tng chn vi chiu cao q
H=10m nh hnh bn. Gi thit tng cng
tuyt i, lng tng thng ng, b qua ma
st gia lng tng v t p. t p sau t p H1
tng ng cht c: =17kN/m3,
Mc nc ngm
sat =20kN/m3, c'=10 kN/m2, '=22o. Mt t
H
sau tng nm ngang. Mc nc ngm cch
nh tng H 1 =4m. Ti trng phn b trn
H2
nh tng q=20 kN/m2. Yu cu:
1) V biu cng p lc t tc
dng ln tng chn t theo chiu su.
2) Xc nh im t, phng, chiu v tr s tng p lc t tc dng ln tng.

Bi 3:
Cho mt tng chn vi chiu cao H=10m
nh hnh bn. t p sau tng gm 2 lp:
Lp 1: = 18kN/m3, = 16o, C = 10kN/m2.
Lp 1
Lp 2: = 19kN/m3, = 20o, C = 15kN/m2. H1 =5m
a. Hy v biu cng p lc t ch H
ng tc dng ln tng v xc nh im t
ca tng p lc t ch ng. Lp 2 H2 = 5m
b. Cng cu hi nh trn nhng trong
trng hp c thm mc nc ngm cch mt
t p 3m.
 CHNG 6. XC NH LN CA NN
CNG TRNH

6.1. M u
Di tc dng ca ti trng ngoi (cng trnh xy dng) v trng lng bn thn, Nn t
s b bin dng lm cho cng trnh xy dng trn b ln. Trong nhiu trng hp tuy ti trng
ngoi tc dng ln nn cha vt qu sc chu ti ca n nhng do bin dng qu ln ca khi
t cng gy ra s c cho cng trnh xy dng trn nh nt n, nghing, ...., v vy vic
nh gi bin dng ln ca nn t c mt ngha thc tin to ln trong thit k cng trnh.
Trong chng 2 chng ta bit rng tng bin dng ca khi t di tc dng ca ti
trng mt phn l do bin dng n hi ca ct t, ca nc mng mng, ca kh kn v mt
phn l do s gim th tch ca khi t, n chim phn ch yu trong tng bin dng.
ln ca khi t l phn chuyn v thng ng ca n. Trong tng trng hp c th
nguyn nhn gy ln c th l do ti trng ngoi (t qu c kt hoc c kt bnh thng) hoc
bao gm c ti trng ngoi v ti trng bn thn (t cha c kt).
Trong thc t hin tng ln ca nn khng xy ra tc thi, tri li xy ra trong mt thi
gian sau mi kt thc. Khong thi gian ny di hay ngn ph thuc vo qu trnh ph v lin
kt ca t, qu trnh dch chuyn cc ht v thu hp l rng, qu trnh thot nc l rng v.v...
nhanh hay chm. V vy ngoi vic xc nh ln cui cng cn phi xt qu trnh ln theo thi
gian nht l i vi t dnh.
ln ca nn lc qu trnh ln kt thc gi l ln n nh hay ln hon ton, cn
ln mt thi im no trong qu trnh nn t ang ln gi l ln cha n nh hay
ln theo thi gian.
ln tng ca nn t (S) gm 3 thnh phn: ln tc thi ( ln n hi), ln
c kt (c kt s cp) v ln t bin (c kt th cp)

6.2. Xc nh ln c kt n nh.

Tnh ton ln c kt mt hng.

1. Cc cng thc tnh ln c kt n nh.

Cc nn t c kt mt hng (chu nn khng n hng) c th gp khi mt nn chu ti
trng phn b u ri ra v hn (hnh 6.1a). Trong trng hp ny ng sut tng thm z s phn
b u dc theo chiu su, t nn ch chuyn v thng ng ch khng chuyn v ngang (khng
n hng). Trong thc t nu b rng b ca y mng cng trnh c kch thc ln v t nn
 H
ng cht c chiu dy H tng i mng ( < 0,5) th ng sut cng gn nh phn b u theo
b
chiu su v do t nn cng c th xem nh chu nn khng n hng (hnh 6.1b).

Hnh 6.1
Trong trng hp c kt mt hng ta c th tnh ln da vo quan h gia cc pha.
Hnh 6.2 th hin mt lp t c chiu dy H bao gm c phn ht t v phn rng c th
hin hnh gia. T quan h pha chng 2, c th gi thit th tch ca phn ht l V s bng 1,
v th th tch phn rng l e o v l h s rng ban u. Sau khi kt thc c kt, mu t c hnh
dng nh hnh bn phi ca hnh 6.2. Th tch phn ht rn vn gi nguyn khng i, trong khi
th tch phn rng gim i mt lng e. Bin dng ng ca lp t chnh l s thay i
chiu cao chia cho chiu cao ban u ca mu. Quan h gia bin dng v h s rng c th
hin trn hnh 8.9, hay:

Hnh 6-2 : Tnh ton ln theo s ba pha

H s e e
= = s= Ho = vHo
H o H o 1 + eo 1 + eo (6-1)

V d 6.1
Trc khi khi p trn mt din tch rng hin trng, chiu dy ca lp t nn l
10m. H s rng ban u l 1.0. Mt thi gian sau khi c khi p, xc nh c h s rng
trung bnh ca lp t nn ln l 0.8. Yu cu nh gi ln ca lp t nn.
Bi gii:
S dng phng trnh 6-1:
e 1 .0 0 .8
s= Ho = 10 = 1.0 m
1 + eo 1 + 1 .0
Trong phng trnh (6-1) bin thin h s rng e c xc nh bng kt qu nn khng
n hng trong phng th nghim. Do c mt s cch biu din kt qu th nghim khc nhau nn
cng thc tnh ln S cng s c mt s dng khc nhau, di y l mt s cng thc tnh
ln S tng ng vi cc cch biu din kt qu th nghim nn khng n hng.

Nu dng h s nn ln (p co) av
tnh ta c:
de e = av v (2-15)
av =
d 'v Thay (2-15) vo (6-1) ta c cng
e e e thc tnh ln c kt theo h s
av = = 1 2
'v '2 '1 nn ln:
H0
S c = av ,
1 + e0

Hnh 6.3: rng vi ng sut hiu qu

Nu dng quan h gia h s rng vi
log ng sut hiu qu tnh ta c ch s
e e
nn Cc: Cc = 1 2
'2
log
'1

Rt (e1-e2) t cng thc trn thay vo (6-

1) ta c cng thc tnh ln c kt
theo ch s nn:
Ho ,
sc = C c log 2' (6-3)
1 + eo 1

Hnh 6.4: H s rng vi log ng sut hiu qu

 Nu dng quan h gia phn trm c kt
vi log ng sut hiu qu tnh ta c
ch s nn ci bin Cc:
v Cc
C c = Cc =
,
1 + e0
log 2,
1
Rt Cc t cng thc trn thay vo (6-3)
ta c cng thc tnh ln c kt theo
ch s nn ci bin:
2,
sc = Cc H o log (6-4)
1,

Hnh 6.5: Phn trm c kt vi log ng sut hiu qu

2. Tnh ln c kt n nh cho t c kt bnh thng.

Nu t c kt bnh thng, th 1, trong cc cng thc tnh ln nu phn 1 s bng gi
tr ng sut lp ph thng ng ang tn ti vo
,
, v 2, s bao gm c ng sut lp ph thng
ng ang tn ti vo
,
v ng sut gia tng thm v bi cng trnh. V d trong trng hp t
c kt bnh thng cng thc (6-3) s tr thnh:

Ho , + v
sc = Cc log vo ' (6-5)
1 + eo vo
V cng thc (6-4) s tr thnh:

vo
,
+ v
sc = Cc H o log (6-6)
vo
,

Tt c cc phng trnh tnh ln trnh by trn u dng cho mt lp t tnh ln. Khi
cc tnh cht c kt hay h s rng bin i ln theo chiu su hoc c s khc bit r rt gia
cc lp t th ln c kt tng s l tng ca ln cc lp t thnh phn:

n
sc = s
i =1
ci

V d 6.2
Mt lp t c kt bnh thng c b dy 10m, h s rng ban u ca lp t l 2,5. Kt
qu th nghim nn khng n hng trong phng c biu th trong cc hnh 6-6 v 6-7:
 Yu cu nh gi ln c kt ca mt khi p ln trn din tch rng ti v tr trn, nu tr
s ng sut tng gia tng trung bnh trn lp t st l 10 kPa.
Bi gii

Hnh 6.6:
Bi gii:
+ T hnh: 6-6(b) ta xc nh c ng sut c kt trc vo khong 7 kPa. V lp t
st c kt bnh thng nn p vo .
+ Xc nh C c : ng cong nn nguyn s hnh 6-6(b) gn nh tuyn tnh trong
khong t 10 n 80 kPa, v vy c th xc nh dc ca ng cong t hai im ny.

e1 e2 2,1 1,21
Cc = = = 0,986
'2 80
log log
'1 10
+ Xc nh C c : ng cong nn nguyn s hnh 6-6(a) gn nh tuyn tnh trong
khong t 10 n 80 kPa.
v 0,385 0,138
Cc = = = 0,274
2, log
80
log ,
1 10

+ Dng phng trnh (6-5) ta c:

Ho vo
,
+ v 10 7 + 10
sc = Cc log = 0,986 log = 1,09m
1 + eo vo
'
1 + 2,5 7

+ Dng phng trnh (6-6) ta c:

vo
,
+ v 7 + 10
sc = Cc H o log = 0, 274 . 10 log = 1,06m
vo
,
7
3. Tnh ln c kt cho t qu c kt.

3.1. Trng hp: vo+ v p

Trng hp ny c th dng c phng
trnh (6-3) v (6-4) nhng dng ch s
nn li Cr hoc Cr ln lt thay th cho
Cc v Cc. Ch s nn li Cr c nh
ngha nh Cc. Nu kt qu th nghim
c v bng quan h v vi logvc th
dc ca ng cong nn li c
gi l ch s nn li ci bin Cr. Lin
h gia Cr v Cr tng t nh gia Cc
v Cc:
Cr
C r =
1 + e0
tnh ln cho t qu c kt, phng
trnh (6-5) v (6-6) tr thnh:
Ho , + v
sc = C r log vo ' (6-7)
1 + eo vo
vo
,
+ v
sc = Cr H o log (6-8)
vo
,

3.2. Trng hp : vo+ v > p

Trong trng hp ny phng trnh
tnh ln bao gm 2 phn:
+ S thay i h s rng hay bin
dng trn ng cong nn li t iu
kin hin trng ban u (eo, vo) hay
(vo, vo) vi p.
+ S thay i h s rng hay bin
dng trn ng cong nn nguyn s t
gi tr p ti cc gi tr cui cng ca
(ef, vf) hoc (vf, vf)
Phng trnh tnh ln cho trng hp
ny nh sau:

Hnh 6.7:

sc = Cr
Ho
log
vo
'
(
+ 'p vo
'
)+ Cc
Ho
log
(
'p + vo
'
+ v 'p )
1 + eo vo
' 1 + eo 'p

p
'
' +
Rt gn ta c: sc = C r
Ho
log ' + C c
Ho
log vo ' v
1 + eo vo 1 + eo p (6-9)
Trng hp s dng ch 'p vo
'
+ v
s ci bin: sc = C r H o log + Cc H o log (6-10)
vo
'
'p

V d 6.3
Cho mt tng st bi c b dy 10m. Kt qu th nghim c kt trong phng cho trong hnh
(6-8). Yu cu tnh ln c kt nu ti trng cng trnh trn b mt s gia tng ng sut trung
bnh trong lp t vi tr s l 35kPa.

Hnh 6-8: ng
cong quan h gia
h s rng v log
ng sut hiu qu
m t qu trnh trm
tch, ly mu (gim
ti) v c kt li
trong thit b c kt

Bi gii:
T ng cong nn BCD trn hnh (6-8), theo phng php xc nh ng sut c kt trc
ca Casagrande ta xc nh c p =130 kPa. Cng t hnh (6-8) ta c vo =80 kPa ;
e o =0,84.
V ng sut tc dng l 35 kPa nn: vo + v = 115 kPa < p =130 kPa.
V vy S c c xc nh theo cng thc (6-7).

Ho , + v
sc = C r log vo '
1 + eo vo
C r c ly bng dc trung bnh ca hai on cong DE v EF trn hnh (6-8), v c c
C r 0,03.
Thay cc gi tr bit vo cng thc (6-7) trn ta c S c = 0,026 m.

V d 6.4
Cho mt tng st bi c b dy 10m. Kt qu th nghim c kt trong phng cho trong hnh
(6-8) nh v d 6.3. Yu cu tnh ln c kt nu ti trng cng trnh trn b mt s gia tng
ng sut trung bnh trong lp t vi tr s l 90 kPa.
Bi gii:
T ng cong nn BCD trn hnh (6-8), theo phng php xc nh ng sut c kt trc
ca Casagrande ta xc nh c p =130 kPa. Cng t hnh (6-8) ta c vo =80 kPa ;
e o =0,84.
V ng sut tc dng l 90 kPa nn: vo + v = 170 kPa > p =130 kPa.
V vy S c c xc nh theo cng thc (6-9).

Ho p '
Ho ' +
sc = C r log ' + Cc log vo ' v
1 + eo vo 1 + eo p

Nh trnh by trong v d 6.3 ta c Cr = 0,03. T hnh (6-8) ta tm c Cc = 0,15.

Thay cc gi tr bit vo cng thc (6-9) trn ta c:
10 130 10 80 + 90
sc = 0.03 log + 0.25 log
1 + 0.84 80 1 + 0.84 130
S c = 0,034 + 0,158 + 0,193 m

Tnh ton ln c kt c xt n bin dng hng.

Trn thc t rt t gp t nn chu nn khng n hng. Ch trong trng hp ti trng
cng trnh tng i b, kch thc mng tng i ln v chiu dy chu nn ca nn tng i
mng th mi c th coi gn ng nn b nn khng n hng. Ngoi ra ni chung bin dng ca
t nn (c bit l t nn mm yu) u c n hng khi chu ti. Thc vy, khi mt nn chu ti
trng cng trnh, mt im bt k trong nn s chu ba thnh phn ng sut tng thm php tuyn
x , y , z c tc dng gy bin dng ba hng: bin dng thng ng v bin dng n hng
(hnh 6.9).
Mt s nh khoa hc da vo nh lut Hooke lp c cng thc tnh ton ln ca
nn c xt n bin dng n hng.
 Theo nh lut Hooke, bin dng tng i theo
cc phng ca phn t t c kch thc dx, dy, dz do 3
thnh phn ng sut tng thm php tuyn x , y , z gy
ra s l:

1
ex = [ x - 0 ( y + z )]
E0

1 (6-11)
ey = [ y - 0 ( z + x )] Hnh 6.9:
E0

1
ez = [ z - 0 ( x + y )]
E0
Xt bin dng th tch tng i ca phn t t, ta c:

V dx (1 + e x )dy(1 + e y )dz(1 + e z ) dxdydz

=
V dxdydz
Trin khai biu thc trn v b qua cc i lng v cng b bc cao s nhn c:
V
= ex + ey + ez
V
Thay e x , e y , e z t cng thc (6.11) vo biu thc trn ta c:
V 1 2 0 (6-12)
=
V E0

Trong = x + y + z , gi l tng ng sut tng thm. Mt khc trong chng 2 khi

xt mu t b p co do thu hp l rng l ch yu th:
V
= 1 2
V 1 + 1
Cn bng biu thc trn v biu thc (6-12) ta nhn c.
1 + 1 (6-13)
E 0 = (1 - 2 0 )
1 2

Trong , 2 c xc nh trong iu kin t nn chu nn c n hng. Thay E 0 cng

thc (6.13) vo cng thc (6.11) s nhn c:
1 z
ez = (1 + ) 0 1 2
1 2 0 1 + 1
0

 Vi lp t c chiu dy H, ln s l: S = e z H Hoc l:
1 z 1 2
S=
1 2 0 (1 + 0 ) 0 1 + H (6-14)
1

Cng thc (6-14) l cng thc tnh ln n nh ca mt lp t nn c chiu dy H

trong iu kin bin dng 3 hng (bi ton khng gian).
Trong trng hp bin dng hai hng (bi ton bin dng phng) e x 0, e z 0 v e y =
0, ln n nh S ca t nn c thnh lp nh sau:
T (6.11) ta c:
1
ey = [ y - 0 ( z + x )] = 0 y = 0 ( x + z )
E0

v = x + y + z = x + 0 ( x + z ) + z = (1+ 0 )( x + z )
hoc = (1 + 0 ) (6.15)
Trong = x + z
Thay (6.15) vo (6.14) s nhn c biu thc tnh ln n nh ca mt lp t c
chiu dy H trong iu kin bi ton bin dng phng:
1 z (6-16)
S= 0 1 2 H
1 2 0 ' 1 + 1
tnh ln theo cng thc (6.14) v (6.16), cn c gi tr 2 xc nh t th nghim nn c n
hng. Tuy nhin th nghim ny kh phc tp, nn thng vn dng kt qu th nghim nn khng n
hng xc nh 2 . Mun vy cn n iu kin nn khng n hng sau y:
0
x = y = 0 z = z
1 0

0
T = x + y + z = z + 2 z
1 0

1 + 0
Sau khi bin i ta c: = z (6-17)
1 0

1 0
hoc z = (6-18)
1 + 0

Cng c th nhn c quan h gia z v cho bi ton bin dng phng nh so snh
biu thc (6.15) v (6.17).
1
= z (6.19)
1 0

hoc z = (1- 0 ) (6.20)

 Nh vy mun xc nh 1 v 2 trong cng thc tnh ln (6.14) v (6.16) c xt n n
hng bng ng cong nn ln khng n hng ~p th cn dng gi tr p 1 v p 2 sau y:
- Vi cng thc (6.14) (xem hnh 6.10a)
p 1 = z
1 0
p 2 = z +
1 + 0

Hnh 6.10:

- Vi cng thc (6.16) (xem hnh 6.10b)

p 1 = z
p 2 = z + (1- 0 )
Gi tr 2 tm c nh trn s tng ng vi gi tr 2 gy ra bi tng ng sut v
trong iu kin nn c n hng.
Trong trng hp t nn c chiu dy ln, t nn thnh lp th cn p dng phng
php tng cng ln tng lp tnh ton ln n nh ca nn. ln ca mi lp xc nh
theo cng thc sau:
Trng hp bin dng 3 hng:
n
1 (1 + 0i )zi
Si = 1 2
i
0i 1i 2i h i
i =1 0i 1 + 1i (6-21)

Trng hp bin dng phng:

n
1 zi 1i 2i
Si = 1 2 0i hi (6-22)
i =1 0i 'i 1 + 1i
Trnh t tnh ton gm 8 bc nh sau:
1. Xc nh ti trng cng trnh, tnh v v biu phn b p sut y mng.
2. Tnh v v biu phn b ng sut bn thn thng ng z dc theo ng thng
ng i qua im tnh ln (v t y mng).
3. Xc nh p sut gy ln p tl .
Do thi gian o h mng xy dng cng trnh lu, h mng ca cng trnh thy li
lun b ngp nc nn t nn b phnh n khi o h mng. Nh vy p sut y
mng chnh l p sut gy ln.
p tl = p
4. Tnh v v biu ng sut tng thm thng ng z dc theo ng thng ng i
qua im tnh ln.
5. Xc nh chiu dy chu nn ca nn H a .
Cn da vo biu ng sut tng thm z v ng sut bn thn z xc nh H a . T
biu z thy rng ng sut tng thm gim dn theo chiu su. mt su ln
no ng sut tng thm s rt b v tc dng gy ln ca n khng ng k. Vy c
th coi su l chiu dy chu nn ca nn. Theo quy phm thit k nn cc cng
trnh thy li chiu su chu nn l chiu su ti c:
Ha = 0,5 Ha
Trong :
Ha , Ha - ln lt l ng sut tng thm v ng sut bn thn ti su H a .
H a - chiu dy chu nn ca t nn.
6. Chia lp tnh ton.
Cn chia chiu dy chu nn H a thnh nhiu lp mng, mi lp c chiu dy h i . Khi phn
chia cn tun th cc nguyn tc sau:
- Mt phn lp h i phi trng vi cc mt ranh gii sau y: mt phn tng ca cc lp
t t nhin, mt nc ngm, mt nc mao dn, mt y mng v mt gii hn di ca
chiu dy chu nn H a .
- Cc lp gn y mng c chiu dy h i b hn cc lp xa y mng m bo trong
phm vi mi lp ng sut z u phn b ng thng.
Ha
- Chiu dy ca mi lp h i .
10
7. Tnh ln S i :
Si c xc nh theo cng thc (6-21) hoc (6-22)
8. Tnh ln tng cng:
n
S= S
i =1
i
6.3. Xc nh ln c kt theo thi gian
Qu trnh ln theo thi gian ph thuc vo qu trnh thot nc chu p lc trong l rng
ca t (qu trnh c kt thm) v qu trnh t bin ca ct t (qu trnh c kt t bin) y
chng ta ch nghin cu qu trnh c kt thm.
Trong chng 2, chng ta bit rng qu trnh c kt thm ca t chnh l qu trnh
chuyn ho gia ng sut trung ho v ng sut c hiu qu, hai loi ng sut ny u l hm s
ca thi gian, n ph thuc vo chiu dy ca tng t v c tnh thot nc ca t
nghin cu qu trnh ln theo thi gian ta cn bit 1 trong 2 loi ng sut trn (Hin nay gii
bi ton ny thng thng ngi ta tm ng sut trung ho U n ).
tm U n ngi ta da vo l lun c kt thm ca t.

L thuyt c kt thm ca Terzaghi.

Khi lp t bo ho nc chu nn di tc dng ca ti trng phn b u, nm gia hai
tng thot nc hoc nm gia mt tng thot nc v mt tng khng thot nc th nc trong
t s b p thot ra ngoi ch yu theo hng thng ng tng t tnh cht t chu nn khng
n hng. Lp t b p co trong iu kin thot nc nh vy gi l c kt thm mt hng.

1. Nhng gi thit c bn ca l thuyt c kt thm mt hng.

Ti trng tc dng mt ln tc thi .
t nn ng cht v bo ho nc.
Trong qu trnh c kt, bn thn nc v ht t coi nh khng p co c.
Lp t ch b p co v thot nc theo phng thng ng.
Tc nn ln ca t ch ph thuc tc thot nc trong t. Tnh thm nc ca
t tun theo nh lut Darcy.
H s thm k v h s p co a ca t chu nn l hng s trong qu trnh c kt thm.

2. Phng trnh vi phn c kt thm mt hng v nghim ca phng trnh.

Xt trng hp n gin nh hnh 6-11.
Lp t nn c kt n nh di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn.
Trn mt t chu tc dng mt ln tc thi ca ti trng thng ng p phn b u lin
tc ri ra v hn.
Ti trng ngoi p gy ra ng sut tng thm trong nn z = p phn b u theo chiu
su.
Pha di lp t nn l tng cng khng thm nc. Trong qu trnh c kt, nc ch
thot ra mt trn theo phng thng ng t di ln.
 Hnh 6.11

Xt mt phn t t ti su z c th tch 11dz (hnh 6.11). Trong khong thi gian dt th

tch nc i vo mt di ca phn t v ra khi mt trn ca phn t chnh nhau mt lng l:
q q
(q+ dz)dt - qdt = dzdt (a)
z z
Trong q - lu lng nc thm qua phn t t.
V tnh thm tun theo nh lut Darcy ( gi thit 5), ta c:
q
v= =ki , v F =11
F
h k u u
nn v = q = ki = k = . ( v h = )
z n z n

q k 2u
T dzdt = dzdt (b)
z n z 2

q
Mt khc v nc v ht t khng b p co ( theo gi thit 3), nn th tch nc dzdt thot ra
z
Vr
khi phn t t trong thi gian dt bng th tch l rng b thu hp dt trong khong thi gian
t
.
Din gii ta c:
Vr 1 1
dt = (V h .)dt = ( dz.1.1.)dt = dzdt
t t t 1 + o 1 + o t

1 u
= a dzdt ( v d t = adu t )
1 + o t
 Vr a u
Cui cng dt = dzdt (c)
t 1 + o t
So snh (b) v (c) nhn c:

k 2u a u
dzdt = dzdt (d)
n z 2
1 + o t

u 2u
Rt gn ta c: = Cv 2
t z
(6.23)
k (1 + o )
Trong : Cv = (6.24)
a n
C v _ h s c kt (cm/nm).
k _ h s thm (cm/nm).
a _ h s p co (cm/N).
o _ h s rng t nhin.
n _ trng lng ring ca nc (0,01 N/cm).
T cng thc (6.24) thy rng, h s c kt C v t l thun vi h s thm k v t l
nghch vi h s p co a. Nh vy C v l h s c trng cho mc c kt ca t. t cng kh
thm, h s c kt cng b.
Biu thc (6-23) l phng trnh vi phn c kt thm mt hng ca t bo ho nc.
Phng trnh ny c dng tng t phng trnh truyn nhit, c th dng phng php phn ly
bin s gii. Kt hp iu kin ban u v iu kin bin ca bi ton s tm c nghim
ring p lc nc l rng u thi im t bt k ti su z bt k.
V d tm nghim ca phng trnh (6-23) vi iu kin ban u v iu kin bin cho hnh
6-11.
iu kin ban u:
Khi t = 0 , ti mi z u = p.
Khi t = , ti mi z u = 0.
iu kin bin:
u h k u
Ti z =H vi mi t q = 0 , = 0 ( v q =v = ki = k = )
z z n z
Ti z =0 vi mi t u = 0.
Vi iu kin ban u v iu kin bin nu trn s tm c nghim ca phng trnh (6.23)
nh sau :
4 1 mz m 2N
u z,t = .p sin( )e (6.25)
m =1 m 2H
Trong :
m - s nguyn dng l 1,3,5 ...
e - c s logarit t nhin.
z - su ca im ang xt.

2C v
N - nhn t thi gian. N= t (6.26)
4H 2
H - khong cch thot nc ln nht.
+ Nu trng hp mt mt thot nc th H bng chiu dy lp t.
+ Nu trng hp hai mt thot nc th H bng 1/2 chiu dy lp t.
t - thi gian c kt.
C v - h s c kt.
V d 6.5
Mt tng t st bo ho nc dy 5m nm trn tng khng thm. Trn tng st l lp
ct mng chu ti trng thng ng phn b u lin tc p = 200 kN/m. Hy tnh v v biu
phn b p lc nc l rng u theo chiu su ca tng st thi im sau khi tc dng ti trng
p 6 thng. Cho bit ch tiu c l ca tng st nh sau:
H s thm k = 1,4 cm/nm; H s rng ban u o = 0,80.
H s p co a = 0,00183 cm/N.
Bi gii
Tnh h s c kt C v :
k (1 + o )
Cv =
a n
Trong : a = 0,00183 cm/N = 1,83 cm/kN.
n = 10 kN/m = 10-5 kN/cm
k = 1,4 cm/nm.
1,4.(1 + 0,8)
Do : Cv = = 1,377.105 cm/nm
1,83.10 5
 Hnh 6.12:

Tnh nhn t thi gian N:

2C v (3,1416) 2 .1,377.10 5.0,5

N= t = = 0,68
4H 2 4.500 2
Tinh p lc nc l rng u (z,t) :
4 z -N
u z,t = .psin( )e
2H
( ch ly mt s hng u ca chui, tc l ly m =1)
Trong : p = 200 kN/m; H = 5m ; N = 0,68.
z = 0,00H ; 0,25H ; 0,50H ; 0,75H ; H.
Kt qu tnh ton nh sau:
z 0,00 0,25H 0,50H 0,75H H
u z,t ( kN/m) 0,00 49,39 91,18 119,17 129,00

Trn hnh 6.12 din tch abc l biu phn b p lc nc l rng u z,t v din tch aedc
l biu phn b p lc nn ' z , t ( p lc hiu qu).

Tnh ln theo thi gian.

3. c kt ca t nn.
c kt l t s gia ln thi im t no trong qu trnh ang ln
(S t ) v ln thi im qu trnh ln kt thc (S), k hiu l Q t .
St
Qt = (6.27) St = QtS (6.28)
S
Trong :
H H
a a
S=
1 + o z dz
0
(a) ; St =
1 + o '
0
z ,t dz (b)

Thay (a) v (b) vo (6.27) nhn c :

H H H H

'
0
z ,t dz dz u
0
z
0
z ,t dz u
0
z ,t dz
Qt = H
= H
Qt = 1 - H
(6.29)
dz
0
z dz
0
z dz
0
z

y l cng thc c bn thng dng xc nh c kt ca nn t, trong :

Din tch ln lt ca biu p lc nc l rng abc v

biu ng sut hiu qu aedc trn hnh 6-12 thi
im t.
 H H

u z,t dz , ' z,t dz

0 0

H
Din tch biu ng sut hiu qu aedb trn hnh 6-12 thi im t

0
z dz -
= (l thi im qu trnh c kt chm dt).

H H
T cng thc (6.29) thy rng c kt Q t ph thuc t s u
0
z ,t dz/ z dz tc ph thuc
0

t s ca din tch biu p lc nc l rng abc v biu ng sut hiu qu aedb trn hnh 6-
12. R rng Q t tng trng theo thi gian c kt, t Q t = 0 thi im t = 0 tng ln Q t = 1
thi im t = .
Vy c kt Q t biu th mc hon thnh qu trnh chuyn ho p lc nc l rng
thnh ng sut hiu qu trong qu trnh c kt.
Nu biu p lc nc l rng v ng sut hiu qu c xc nh, iu kin thot
nc v tnh cht ca t nn bit trc th d dng tnh c c kt Q t v nh s tnh
c S t theo cng thc (6.28).

4. c kt ca t nn trong cc trng hp c bn
Trong thc t xy dng, trn c s phn tch tnh cht v iu kin thot nc mt hng
ca t nn, c im ca ti trng cng trnh v tnh hnh phn b ng sut trong t c th phn
ra 5 trng hp c kt c bn sau y ca bi ton c kt mt hng.

4.1. Trng hp 0 (TH-0)

t nn ng cht c kt n nh di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn, chiu dy
lp t nn tng i mng, kch thc y mng cng trnh tng i ln. ng sut p co do
ti trng ngoi gy ra trong t phn b u theo chiu su (hnh 6-13a).

Hnh 6.13:
 Trong trng hp ny thay biu thc (6-25) vo cng thc (6-29) ri tch phn s nhn
c:

8 1
Q to = 1 -
2
m
m =1
2
e-mN (6-30)

V chui (6-30) hi t nhanh (do gi tr N ln) nn ch cn ly mt s hng u cng

chnh xc:
8 -N
Q to = 1 - e (6-31)
2
2C v
Vy Q to = f(N) vi N= t (6-26)
4H 2
T cng thc (6-26) c th suy ra thi gian c kt ca hai lp t nn c chiu dy khc
nhau khi tnh cht c l ( h s c kt C v ), iu kin thot nc v tnh hnh phn b ng sut p
co ca chng nh nhau (hnh 6.14a,b). Trong trng hp ny, iu kin hai lp t nn t
c kt nh nhau l nhn t thi gian N phi bng nhau, tc l:
N1 = N2

2C v 2C v t1 H
2

hoc : t1 = t2 = 1 (6.32)
4H12 4H 22 t2 H2
Biu thc (6-32) cho thy t s thi gian c kt bng bnh phng t s khong cch thot
nc ln nht. Trong trng hp ang xt (hnh 6-14a,b) vi iu kin thot nc mt mt nn
khong cch thot nc ln nht H 1 , H 2 cng chnh l chiu dy ca lp t nn.

Hnh 6.14:
 T biu thc (6.32) cn c th suy ra thi gian c kt ca hai lp t nn c tnh cht,
chiu dy v phn b ng sut p co ging nhau nhng iu kin thot nc ca chng khc
nhau (hnh 6-14b,c). Trn hnh 6.14c, t nn thot nc hai mt nn khong cch thot nc ln
nht ch bng H 2 /2, do (6.32) tr thnh:
2

t 1 H 2 2

= = 4 H2 = 4 (6-33)
t2 H2 H
2
2
R rng thi gian c kt t 2 ca lp t nn thot nc hai mt ngn hn nhiu, ch bng
1/4 thi gian c kt t 1 ca t nn c cng chiu dy nhng ch thot nc mt mt.

4.2. Trng hp 1(TH-1)

t nn l loi trm tch mi cha n nh, di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn, qu
trnh c kt ca t cha hon thnh. Biu phn b ng sut p co trong nn do trng lng
bn thn t gy ra theo chiu su c dng tam gic, vi cnh y mt khng thm (hnh 6-
13b). V nguyn tc c th gii phng trnh (6.23) tm nghim u z,t cho trng hp ny nh
kt hp iu kin ban u v iu kin bin sau y:
iu kin ban u:

,z, z
, trong z = H.
,,
Khi t = 0, 0 z H , u t =
H
iu kin bin:
Ti z = 0 , vi mi t , u t = 0.

,z, z
Ti 0 z H , vi mi t , z =
H
,z, z
Thay nghim u z,t v z = vo biu thc (6.29) ri tch phn s nhn c:
H

(1) n 1
32
e ( 2 n 1)
2

N
Q t1 = 1 - (6.34)
3 n =1 ( 2n 1)
3

Trong n - s nguyn dng ( 1,2,3,4 ...)

Chui trn hi t nhanh nn ch cn ly mt s hng u cng chnh xc:
32 -N
Q t1 = 1 - e
3
(6.35)

4.3. Trng hp 2 ( TH-2)

t nn hon thnh qu trnh c kt di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn. Chiu dy
lp t nn tng i ln, kch thc y mng tng i b. Biu phn b ng sut p co
trong nn do ti trng ngoi p gy ra c dng tam gic gim dn theo chiu su. Ti tng khng
thm ng sut p co bng khng, ti mt thot nc ng sut p co bng z = p (hnh 6-13c).
Ti su z, ng sut p co xc nh theo cng thc sau:
' z
z = z - z trong z = p
H
Tm nghim u z,t ca trng hp 2 bng cch gii phng trnh (6.23) kt hp vi iu
kin ban u v iu kin bin sau y.
iu kin ban u:
' z z
Khi t = 0, 0 z H , u t = z - .
H
iu kin bin:
Ti z = 0 , vi mi t , u = 0.
' z z
Ti 0 z H , vi t = , z = z - .
H
' z z
Thay nghim u z,t v z = z - vo biu thc (6.29) ri tch phn s nhn c:
H
16 2
Q t2 = 1 - (1 - )e-N (6-
2

36)
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy bin dng ca t nn ng cht mt thi im t no
do ng sut p co c dng biu phn b no gy ra s tng ng vi tng cc bin dng
gy ra do cc biu ng sut p co ring r hp thnh. iu cho php dng nguyn l cng
tc dng cc biu phn b ng sut p co xc nh ln ca nn trong qu trnh c kt.
p dng nguyn l , c th xem ln S t2 thi im t ca TH-2 (hnh 6-13c) tng
ng vi hiu s ln ca TH-0 v TH-1 thi im , tc l
S t2 = S to - S t1
ng dng cng thc tnh ln n nh u chng biu thc trn tr thnh:

Q t2 a z H = Q to
a z H - Q a z H
t1
2(1 + o ) 1 + o 2(1 + o )
Rt gn ta c: Q t2 = 2Q to - Q t1 (6-37)

4.4. Trng hp 3 ( TH-3)

t nn c kt cha hon thnh di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn. Biu ng sut
p co do ti trng ngoi gy ra trong nn phn b u hoc phn b hnh thang vi y ln mt
khng thot nc v y b mt thot nc (hnh 6.13d). Theo nguyn l cng tc dng, ln
ca nn trong trng hp ny xc nh theo cng thc:
S t3 = S to + S t1
 hoc Q t3 .S 3 = Q to .S o + Q t1 .S 1
a " z +' z a a " z ' z
Q t3 ( )H = Q to z H + Q t1 ( )H
1 + o 2 1 + o 1 + o 2

" z +' z " z ' z

Trong cng thc trn, cc s hng H ; z H ; H l din tch ln lt
2 2
ca biu ng sut abce, abde v bcd trn hnh 6.13d. Cng thc rt gn ta c:
Q t3 ( z + z ) = 2Q to z + Q t1 ( z - z )
Chia hai v cho z s nhn c:
Q t3 (1 + ) = 2Q to + Q t1 ( 1 - )
2Q to + Q t1 (1 )
T Q t3 = 6-38)
(1 + )
' z
Trong : = (6-39)
" z

z _ ng sut p co mt thot nc.

z _ ng sut p co mt khng thot nc.

4.5. Trng hp 4 (TH-4)

t nn c kt n nh di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn. Chiu dy lp t nn
khng ln. Biu phn b ng sut p co do ti trng ngoi gy ra trong nn c dng hnh
thang vi y ln mt thot nc v y b mt khng thot nc (hnh 613e).
Theo nguyn l cng tc dng ln ca nn trong trng hp ny xc nh theo cng
thc:
S t4 = S to - S t1
hoc Q t4 .S 4 = Q to .S o - Q t1 .S 1
a " z +' z a a ' "z
Q t4 ( )H = Q to z H - Q t1 ( z )H
1 + o 2 1 + o 1 + o 2

" z +' z ' "z

Ch : Trong cng thc, H ; z H ; z H l din tch ln lt ca biu
2 2
ng sut aecb, aecd v cbd trn hnh 6-13e. Rt gn ta c:
Q t4 ( z + z ) = 2Q to z - Q t1 ( z - z )
Chia hai v cho z s nhn c:
Q t4 ( 1 +) = 2Q to - Q t1 ( - 1)
2Q to + Q t1 (1 )
Hoc Q t4 = (6-40)
(1 + )
 Kt qu nghin cu cho thy c kt Q t l mt hm s ca nhn t thi gian N v .
tin tnh ton thng lp bng tr s N v Q t cho nm trng hp c kt c bn ( vi cc khc
nhau) tra cu. Kt qu tnh ton cho bng 6.1.
Trn y l nhng trng hp c kt c bn trong iu kin thot nc mt mt. Nu gp
trng hp thot nc hai mt c th a v trng hp 0 (TH-0) tnh ton. Nhng lc
khong cch thot nc ln nht ch ly bng na chiu dy lp t, tc l H/2. (Hnh 6-15).

Hnh 6.15 Hnh 6.16

Trong trng hp t nn c hai lp I v II nh hnh 6.16 th tin hnh tnh ton c kt
Q t v ln S t cho cc lp ring r sau cng kt qu vi nhau. Khi tnh ton cn lu lp I l
trng hp thot nc mt mt v thot mt y lp do cn tnh ton theo TH-3. Cn lp II
l trng hp thot nc hai mt cn tnh ton theo TH-0.
 Bng 6.1: Gi tr N ~ Q t

TH TH-3 , TH-4
Qt TH-0 TH-1 TH-2
N 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,8 1,0 2,0 3,0 5,0 7,0 10,0 >10
0,02 0,21 - 0,42 0,04 0,07 0,10 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,19 0,21 0,28 0,32 0,35 0,37 0,38 Tnh
0,04 0,22 0,01 0,43 0,05 0,08 0,11 0,13 0,15 0,17 0,20 0,22 0,29 0,33 0,36 0,38 0,38 Theo
0,06 0,24 0,03 0,45 0,07 0,10 0,13 0,15 0,17 0,19 0,21 0,24 0,31 0,35 0,38 0,40 0,41 TH-2
0,08 0,25 0,05 0,45 0,09 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,20 0,23 0,25 0,32 0,36 0,38 0,40 0,41
0,10 0,27 0,07 0,47 0,11 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,20 0,22 0,25 0,27 0,33 0,37 0,40 0,42 0,43
0,12 0,28 0,09 0,47 0,12 0,15 0,18 0,20 0,22 0,23 0,26 0,28 0,34 0,38 0,41 0,42 0,44
0,14 0,30 0,11 0,49 0,14 0,17 0,20 0,22 0,24 0,24 0,28 0,30 0,36 0,40 0,43 0,44 0,46
0,16 0,31 0,12 0,50 0,16 0,18 0,21 0,23 0,25 0,26 0,29 0,31 0,37 0,41 0,44 0,45 0,47
0,18 0,32 0,14 0,50 0,17 0,21 0,22 0,24 0,26 0,28 0,30 0,32 0,38 0,42 0,44 0,46 0,47
0,20 0,34 0,16 0,52 0,19 0,22 0,24 0,26 0,28 0,30 0,32 0,34 0,40 0,43 0,46 0,48 0,49
0,24 0,36 0,19 0,53 0,22 0,25 0,27 0,29 0,30 0,32 0,34 0,36 0,42 0,45 0,47 0,49 0,50
0,28 0,39 0,22 0,56 0,25 0,28 0,30 0,32 0,33 0,35 0,37 0,39 0,45 0,48 0,50 0,52 0,53
0,32 0,41 0,25 0,57 0,28 0,30 0,32 0,34 0,36 0,37 0,39 0,41 0,46 0,49 0,52 0,53 0,54
0,36 0,44 0,28 0,60 0,31 0,33 0,35 0,37 0,38 0,40 0,42 0,44 0,49 0,52 0,55 0,56 0,57
0,40 0,46 0,31 0,61 0,34 0,36 0,38 0,40 0,41 0,42 0,44 0,46 0,50 0,54 0,56 0,57 0,58
0,45 0,48 0,34 0,62 0,37 0,39 0,41 0,42 0,43 0,44 0,46 0,48 0,53 0,55 0,57 0,59 0,61
0,50 0,51 0,38 0,64 0,40 0,42 0,44 0,45 0,47 0,48 0,50 0,51 0,55 0,58 0,60 0,61 0,62
0,55 0,53 0,41 0,65 0,43 0,45 0,47 0,48 0,49 0,50 0,52 0,53 0,57 0,59 0,61 0,62 0,63
0,60 0,56 0,44 0,68 0,46 0,48 0,50 0,51 0,52 0,53 0,55 0,56 0,60 0,62 0,64 0,65 0,66
 Bng 6.1: Gi tr N ~ Q t (tip theo)

TH TH-3 , TH-4
Qt TH-0 TH-1 TH-2
N 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,8 1,0 2,0 3,0 5,0 7,0 10,0 >10
0,65 0,58 0,46 0,70 0,48 0,50 0,52 0,53 0,54 0,55 0,57 0,58 0,62 0,64 0,66 0,67 0,68 Tnh
0,70 0,60 0,49 0,71 0,51 0,53 0,54 0,55 0,56 0,57 0,59 0,60 0,64 0,66 0,67 0,68 0,69 Theo
0,75 0,62 0,52 0,72 0,54 0,55 0,57 0,58 0,59 0,61 0,61 0,62 0,65 0,67 0,69 0,70 0,70 TH-2
0,80 0,64 0,54 0,74 0,56 0,57 0,59 0,60 0,60 0,62 0,63 0,64 0,67 0,69 0,71 0,72 0,72
0,85 0,65 0,56 0,74 0,58 0,59 0,60 0,61 0,62 0,63 0,64 0,65 0,68 0,70 0,71 0,72 0,72
0,90 0,67 0,58 0,76 0,60 0,61 0,62 0,63 0,64 0,65 0,66 0,67 0,70 0,72 0,73 0,74 0,74
0,95 0,69 0,60 0,78 0,62 0,63 0,64 0,65 0,66 0,67 0,68 0,69 0,72 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,76
1,00 0,70 0,62 0,78 0,64 0,65 0,66 0,67 0,67 0,68 0,69 0,70 0,73 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,77
1,10 0,73 0,66 0,80 0,67 0,68 0,69 0,70 0,70 0,71 0,72 0,73 0,75 0,77 0,78 0,78 0,79
1,20 0,76 0,69 0,83 0,70 0,71 0,72 0,73 0,74 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,78 0,80 0,81 0,81 0,82
1,30 0,78 0,72 0,84 0,73 0,74 0,75 0,75 0,76 0,77 0,77 0,78 0,80 0,81 0,82 0,83 0,83
1,40 0,80 0,75 0,85 0,76 0,77 0,77 0,78 0,78 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,82 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,84
1,50 0,82 0,77 0,87 0,78 0,79 0,79 0,80 0,80 0,81 0,81 0,82 0,84 0,85 0,85 0,86 0,86
1,60 0,84 0,79 0,89 0,80 0,81 0,81 0,82 0,82 0,83 0,83 0,84 0,86 0,87 0,87 0,88 0,88
1,80 0,87 0,83 0,91 0,84 0,84 0,85 0,85 0,86 0,86 0,86 0,87 0,88 0,89 0,89 0,90 0,90
2,00 0,89 0,86 0,92 0,87 0,87 0,87 0,88 0,88 0,88 0,89 0,90 0,90 0,91 0,91 0,91 0,92
3,00 0,96 0,95 0,97 0,95 0,95 0,96 0,96 0,96 0,96 0,96 0,96 0,96 0,97 0,97 0,97 0,97
5,00 0,99 0,99 0,99 0,99 0,99 0,99 0,99 0,99 0,99 0,99 0,99 0,98 0,99 0,99 0,99 0,99
1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00
5. Tnh ton ln theo thi gian
Trong thc t thit k thng gp hai dng bi ton sau y khi tnh ton ln ca nn theo
thi gian.
Bi ton th nht: Cho bit thi gian t, yu cu tnh c kt Q t v ln S t .
Cc bc tnh ton nh sau:
Tnh h s c kt Cv theo cng thc (6-24).
Tnh nhn t thi gian N theo cng thc (6-26).
Xc nh trng hp c kt c bn hoc tr s theo cng thc (6-39):

' z
= .
"z
Tnh ton Qt theo cng thc (6.31), (6.34), (6.36), (6.37), (6.38) hoc tra bng 6.1
nh gi tr N v .
Tnh ln St theo cng thc (6.28).
Bi ton th hai: Cho bit c kt Q t hoc ln S t , yu cu xc nh thi gian t
cn thit t nn t c c kt hoc ln ni trn.
Cc bc tnh ton nh sau:
Tnh h s c kt Cv theo cng thc (6.24).

' z
Xc nh trng hp c kt c bn hoc tr s = .
"z
Tra bng 6.1 xc nh nhn t thi gian N nh gi tr Qt v .
Tnh thi gian t theo cng thc (6.26).

V d 6.6:
Nn t st bo ho nc dy 10m nm trn
tng khng thm nc. Mt nn chu ti
trng phn b cc b p = 235,4 kN/m, ng
sut p co do ti trng p gy ra trong nn c
dng phn b nh hnh 5.24.
Cho bit cc c trng c l t nn nh
sau:
H s rng ban u 1 = 0,8.
H s p co a = 0,0025 cm/N
H s thm k = 2,0 cm/nm.
Hy xc nh:
Hnh 6.17
Hy xc nh:
1. ln S t thi im t = 1 nm sau khi tc dng ti trng p.
2. Thi gian t cn thit c kt t nn t 0,75.
Bi gii
1. Xc nh ln S t
a. Xc nh ln n nh S:
a
S= z H
1 + 1
Trong :
235,4 + 157,0
z = = 196,2 kN/m = 19,62 N/cm.
2
Thay s liu cho v z vo cng thc trn ta c:
0,0025
S= .19,62.1000 = 27,3 cm.
1 + 0,8
b. Tnh S t
y l TH-4
k (1 + 1 ) 2,0(1 + 0,8)
Cv = = = 1,44.105 cm/nm.
a n 0,0025 0,01

2C v 2 1,44.10 5
N= t = . .1 = 0,36
4H 2 4 1000 2
235,4
= = 1,5
157,0
Q t xc nh c nh tra bng 6.1 vi N =0,36 v = 1,5 nhn c Q t = 0,465 do :
S t = Q t .S = 0,46527,3 = 12,7 cm.
2. Tnh thi gian t cn thit t nn t c kt Q t = 0,75.
a. Xc nh N
N xc nh nh tra bng 6.1 vi Q t = 0,75 v = 1,5 nhn c N = 1,13.
b. Tnh t

4H 2 4 1000 2
t= 2 N= 2. .1,13 = 3,18 nm.
Cv 1,44.10 5