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Equipotential surfaces and electric fields for substation Corona Effect definition

E. BETANCUR*, M. SUREZ, L. PABN

HMV Ingenieros Ltda.
Colombia

SUMMARY

This paper proposes a new theoretical graphical digital simulator based on electromagnetic theory
principles, to evaluate the Corona Effect inside a substation environment, where EHV transmission lines
and other energized elements get close to each other and to substation grounded structures. The Corona
Effect appears more intensively when the natural insulating medium, the air, is contaminated by
atmospheric effects, vegetal or animal or mineral materials, or any dirtiness, etc., decreasing its dielectric
strength. In this case the electric field intensity at the conductor surface could be over a critical air
disruptive electric field (E0), which is calculated with the Peek's formula and Corona Effect appears with
some contaminant effects such as a luminous halo around the conductor, radio interference, audible noise
and sulphurous gases. This new method proceeds drawing substation equipotential surfaces Vxy and
defining electric field Exy for all xy points over a substation chosen cut plane in order to determine the
Emax value at the substation conductive surfaces. The method applies quite effectively to Corona Effect
study at HV and EHV substations and it efficiently combines theoretical principles with practical
applications for substation design.

KEYWORDS

Corona Effect, gradient, equipotential, field, interference, noise.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Corona Effect phenomenon is an ionization procedure of the air surrounding the HV, EHV
transmission cables, which more intensively appears when the natural conductor surface isolating
medium, the air, is contaminated by atmospheric effects, vegetal or animal or mineral materials, or any
dirtiness, etc., decreasing its dielectric strength and making that electric field intensity in the conductor
surface be over a critical air disruptive electric field (E0). In the Corona Effect phenomenon the ionized
particles around the conductor surface produce a luminous halo and other contaminant effects: Electric
losses, radio interference (EME, RI), audible noise (AN), sulfurous gases. The Corona Effect surface
ionizations are besides, the threshold for sparks and short circuits development.

*ebetancur@h-mv.com
There are many procedure and calculation routines to quantify the Corona Effect in aerial transmission
lines, in which a method formulated in IEC [4], [5], EPRI [6] y CIGRE [7] norms is generally applied.

HMV Engineers has also developed and proved an efficient calculation routine for this aerial line case,
which is usually applied to line mid span between towers.

All actual methods propose a three step procedure: First, The critical disruptive Gradient E0 is defined
using the Peek's formula indicated in (1), having previously defied the environmental conditions, the line
height and the conductor surface cleanness:

31 d m 0,308 (kV/cm) (1)

E0 = 1+
2 (d .R)

E0 is the air reference electric field intensity value, above which the Corona Effect would appear. In a
second place the maximum operative surface Gradient Emax is calculated for the conductor surface, with a
formula similar to that shown in (2) for a typical line, in which Emax is a function of the conductor surface
average gradient gav, of the phase bundle cable number n, of each cable radio r and of the GMR
(Geometric Mean Radius) of the phase bundle R.

(n - 1) r
E max = g av . (kV/cm) (2)
R

In a third place it is verified if Emax is greater than E0; if this is the case, it is highly probable that Corona
Effect appears in the studied conductor surface, but if Emax is smaller than E0 the Corona Effect do not
appear.

Although the above method is widely applied and it is highly recommended in international literature for
validating the effect Corona presence, the described algorithms are only valid for aerial transmission lines
and do not cover situations where the line phases get close to another electric equipment, as it is the case
for a transmission line entering to a substation bay ant then its energized phases approach other substation
equipment such as the frame structures, isolation strings, another voltage energized cables, etc. For these
situations the cable contour equipotential surfaces get distorted, usually increasing the Emax value and
probably producing the Corona Effect appearance.

It indeed happens to be that when the energized three phase line enters a substation bay its Vxy
equipotential lines in a transverse xy cut plane take all the possible forms different to the typical circular
ones of the aerial line case; then the equipotential lines could get quite close each other producing as a
consequence a special increase of maximum operative surface Gradient Emax (Emax = -Vxy), that could
result in a higher value than E0. This is the reason by which the Corona Effect appears more frequently in
EHV substations (500 kV) than in the approaching transmission lines. It is necessary then to modify the
classical Corona Effect calculation method in such a way that it includes the effect of lines being
connected to the EHV substation buses.

2 NEW METHOD DEFINITION

It has been then proposed a new theoretical - graphical method based on electromagnetic theory
principles, which trough the calculation of equipotential surfaces Vxy and electric field Exy for all points
of a cut chosen plane xy, defines the Corona Effect on nominal voltage energized cables inside a densely
built environment. The method supplies the actual need of a model for calculating the Corona Effect in

2
HV and EHV electric substations in which the energized phases get close to other electric substation
equipment as isolation strings, frame structures, other energized or grounded bodies, etc.

The new method follows the classical strategy for Corona Effect calculation: (1) Critical disruptive
surface Gradient definition E0, using the Peek's formula, (2) Operative maximum surface Gradient
calculation Emax with the new equipotential surfaces (kV) and electric field (kV/cm) method, and (3)
Comparison of the Emax value with the E0 value to define the possibility of Corona Effect appearance.

The novelty of the proposed method lies in the (2) step procedure, since it takes into account the
substation geometrical form and all its constructive accidents. Additionally in the new method the harmful
effects due to high Corona Effect values can be easily calculated and qualified, which generally
correspond to radio interference and audible noise. As it can be seen, in (2) method step, electromagnetic
theory principles and practical EHV substation design applications are adequately combined.

3 NEW METHOD ELEMENTS AND VALIDATION

3.1 General procedure

The proposed method is based in electromagnetic theory principles (Gauss' Law, Poisson's law, Laplace's
law, Gradient law) and calculates first the equipotential curves map Vxy (kV) corresponding to an xy cut
strategically chosen plane, for which frontier conditions (Vfront) have been established on energized
cables, on isolation strings, on tower structures, in general on all grounded or energized structures around
the substation layout.

From the obtained equipotential curves for the xy cut studied plane, then it calculates the voltage gradient
E=-V which defines the electric field strength Exy (kV/cm) at all xy plane points. At the energized
conductor level Exy (kV/cm) corresponds to the maximum operative surface gradient value Emax, which is
compared with the surface critical disruptive Gradient E0 calculated previously with the Peek's formula.

The new method has been validated making multiple comparisons of the obtained results with those
obtained through classical calculation routines, applied to study cases of aerial lines at its mid span
between towers.

3.2 Surface critical disruptive Gradient E0

The surface critical disruptive gradient is calculated 31.d .m 0,308

E0 = 1 + (1)
with Peek's formula: 2 d .r (kV/cm)

3,921.b
d (pu) = Air relative density given by: d= (3)
273 + Tamb

H
1,881-
b = Atmospheric pressure (cm Hg), given by: (4)
b = 10 18336

H = Over sea level height (m)

Tamb = Mean temperature value (C)

m = Conductor properties coefficient, given by: m = mg.mt

3
 mg = Surface wrinkle level coefficient (pu).

mt = Cleanness coefficient (pu)

The mg (pu) parameter, wrinkle level coefficient (pu), takes values between 0,93 and 0,96 for new modern
conductors. The mt (pu) coefficient reveals the presence of contaminating films over the conductor and it
would be of a mt = 1,00 value for an ideal conductor without any external polluting agent and
0,95>mt>0,25 for conductors subdue to a minor or to a major contamination effect.

3.3 Cleanness Coefficient (mt).

For the cleanness coefficient mt it has been made a large exploration of the specialized literature ([1] a [7])
whose results are shown in Table 1; in this table the mt value is define according to the conductor
environmental damage increasing degree; also a category definition is proposed with its respective
attributes and the corresponding mt value limits, which goes from 0,25 to 0,95 value to be applied in the
Peek's formula. Notice the linear incidence of the mt factor in the critical disruptive gradient E0 result.

Table 1. Categories definition for mt coefficient

Cathegories definition for mt
Cleanness coeficient
Catheg Definition Conditions
mt
Nule
C1 Ideal Conductor, completelly clean and dry 0,96 a 1,0
Contamination

Low
C2 Real Conductor with a very low contamination 0,76 a 0,95
Contamination

Medium Circular conductor with some scratches and bulges, in a some humid
C3 0,56 a 0,75
Contamination environment with medium conatmination level

Circular conductor with numerous scratches and bulges, in a humid

High
C4 environment with high contamination level due to presence of vegetal 0,41 a 0,55
Contamination
materials, insects, pollution, rain, etc.

Very High Circular conductor with a high phisical damage, greasy, higly subdue to
C5 0,25 a 0,40
Contamination rains and to a very high contamination level

3.4 Equipotential surfaces evaluation

For an electric equipment or for an electric substation with specified dimensions and geometric properties
in all their components on a strategically defined planar xy cut view, it is possible to determine the final
voltage Vxy value over all the plane points located on an interior squared net with boxes with hij0
width, using the first Maxwell equation [8], [9] or Gauss' Law; and then, with the gradient operator, to
define the maximum electric field intensity Exy. This procedure is next illustrated.

DS
Gauss' Law indicates that the electric flux is a function YE = e 0 E dA = Dq + (5)
of the electric charge inside a closed surface DS:

This law written in a differential form (Gauss' r+

E = (6)
Theorem) takes the form: e0

By its side knowing that the voltage (Vxy) gradient law

establishes that: E = -V (7)

r+
The (6) and (7) equations can be combined to give: (- V ) = 2V = - (8)
e0

4
Ec. (8) is the Poisson's law which establishes that for a tridimensional space, the charge density
determines the form and value of Vxy voltages at all point of the studied space.

If the electric charge is always confined to specific substation conductor elements (frontiers) over which
rf+ 0, then the interior space results with a null charge value rf+ = 0 and (8) is converted into

Laplace's equation (9), which is applied to interior spaces with null electric charge:

2V = 0 (9)

The defined operator in (9), when applied to a xy squared net with boxes with a hij0 width and
guaranteeing null interior electric charge r+ = 0 but with maximum frontier voltage values Vf+(tf) (kVpick)
(due to the rf+ 0 effect) on substation buses and electric equipment, allows to make an iterative
evaluation of the interior net points voltages and also of the equipotential curves Vxy with the following
algorithm, deduced for the i,j point:

2V 2V Vi +1, j + Vi -1, j + Vi , j +1 + Vi , j -1 - 4Vi , j

2V = + @ =0
x 2 y 2 Dh 2

From this results that:

n +1
(Vin+1, j + Vin-1, j + Vin, j +1 + Vin, j -1 )
Vi , j = (10)
4

This equation (10) indicates that in the interior space with null electric charge, the voltage at any net point
xy with h0 width, in the n +1 iteration is the average voltage value of the surrounding points voltages
(i-1, i+1, j-1, j+1) taken from previous iteration n. This principle allows building an iterative Gauss -
Seidel type algorithm easily calculated on a computer, which with it each squared net interior point
voltage is evaluated, just produced by those electric charges on the frontier equipment; the result is
reached in a final iteration when no more voltage variations are found: Vin, j @ Vin, j-1 .

3.5 Maximum operative surface gradient Emax

From the voltage results for the equipotential Vxyn+1 for each squared net interior point xy around the
electric equipment, it can be calculated the electric field value (Exy (kV/m)) following the Gradient Law:
E = -V (11)

Putting the derivative values in rectangular coordinates xy, the electric field values, as a function of the
final iteration point voltages, has the following numerical value:
2 2
1 Vi -1, j - Vi , j Vi , j - Vi +1, j 1 Vi , j -1 - Vi , j Vi , j - Vi , j +1 (12)
Ei , j = + + +
2 Dh Dh 2 Dh Dh

The field lines that go in a perpendicular way with respect to the equipotential lines, show a higher value
when those equipotential lines get closer, and this happens to be near the edged or salient points of the
connecting equipment, around the isolation strings, near the substation structural frames.

Having calculated these values, next step is to compares the electric field values on the conducting
surfaces (Emaxxy (kV/m)) with respect to the critical disruptive surface gradient E0 obtained with the Peek's

5
formula, which has into account de air dielectric strength (kV/m) according to equipment height, pressure,
moist and cleanness conditions. For field intensities Emax higher than this E0 value, the Corona Effect is
produced and also the harmful audible and electromagnetic effects as a consequence.

3.6 New method validation

The method has been validated with the calculation of operative maximum surface gradient Emax in an
aerial 500 kV transmission line at the mid span between towers. First, the calculations were made with a
Corona Effect HMV routine which follows the classical method indicated in the IEC CISPR 18-1 norm
[4] and then, the same field is calculated with the equipotential and electric field proposed method. In both
calculation procedures the critical disruptive surface gradient E0 from Peek's formula, is taken as the
reference for the Corona Effect appearance.

As an example of the whole validation procedure, the HMV routine has been applied to an aerial 500 kV
transmission line, in a first case with two cables for the bundle phase and in a second case with three
cables for the bundle phase.

The obtained result is for a line located at a 1025 o.s.l. with cable conductors whose cleanness coefficient
is mt = 0,6 shows that the Corona Effect appears when the bundles have two cables per phase (Emax = 15,6
kV/cm, E0 = 13,9 kV/cm), but disappears when three cables per phase have been installed (Emax = 12,5
kV/cm, E0 = 13,9 kV/cm).

In Figure 1 and Figure 2 the two and three cable conductors per phase new method results are shown. The
results correspond to the equipotential voltages Vxy around the phase bundle of cables according to graphs
produced for the proposed method in 3.4. It is observed the circular symmetry of the curves and the
equipotential high degradation rate at the conductor edge, what supposes a conductor surface electric field
increase and the possibility of Corona Effect appearance, which effectively appears for the two cable case.
It is also shown at the figure lower edge, that the obtained result at mid span of the line is almost the same
with classical method or with the new method based on Vxy and Exy.

In Table 2 other validation results are shown for the studied line with two or three cables per phase, and it
is evident that the Emax/E0 (Emax/E0 > 1 for Corona Effect) relationship is almost identical with the two
methods. These and other obtained results show the new method accuracy and they allow inferring its
validity and applicability to a more complex situations, as it is the case of lines and buses at the substation
equipment connecting point, where special constructive accidents appear and hence, equipotential surfaces
Vxy asymmetrical variations appear, quite different to these shown cases of an aerial line.

6
 Figure 1 and Figure 2. New method Corona Effect results for a 500kV line with 2 and 3 cable
conductors per phase

Table 2. Emax/E0 comparative relationships results for a 500kV line with 2 and 3 cable conductors
per phase

4 RADIO INTERFERENCE EVALUATION

4.1 Radio Interference calculation

According to [4] EPRI Red Book, and [7] CIGRE Addendum, the most recommended formula for the
magnetic interference and radio interference (EMI, RI) due to Corona Effect, is the one formulated by
BPA which is given by:

g 2r
EMI = 46 + 120 log 10 + 40 log 10 + EMI f + EMI h + EMI d dB (13)
17,56 3,51

Where:

g: Normalized surface gradient for each cable conductor bundle, which is the maximum surface
gradient Emax (kV/cm) with respect to the critical disruptive surface gradient E0 (kV/cm).

7
 r: Cable conductor radio (cm)

EMIf: EMI correction for frequency f variation (MHz)

EMIh: EMI correction for substation height h (m)

EMId: EMI correction for horizontal perception distance D (m)

The normalized surface gradient is given by:

E max
g = 17,56 (kV / cm)) (14)
E0

Emax: maximum surface gradient for each cable conductor of the phase bundle (kV/cm).

E0: critical disruptive surface gradient calculated with Peek's formula (kV/cm).

The frequency correction is given by:

(
EMI f = 10 1 - (log10 (10 f ))
2
) dB(1mV / m) (15)

f: observed signal frequency (MHz)

The height correction is given by:

h
EMI h = dB(1mV / m) (16)
300

h: substation o.s.l. height (m)

The horizontal perception distance correction is given by:

EMI d = C2 - C1 dB(1mV / m) (17)

C1: distance correction for D @ 15 m (dB)

C2: distance correction for perception distance D (dB)

4.2 SNR Radio Interference qualification (IEEE)

According to [4] EPRI Red Book, and [7] CIGRE Addendum, the radio interference and EMI
qualification on the broadcasting perception by high, medium or low noise at the Corona Effect affected
substation vicinity , is given by the SNR parameter (Signal to Noise Ratio), which is defined in the
following terms:

SignalStr (db(1mV / m)) (18)

SNR = 20 log10 dB
EMI (db(1mV / m))

8
The logarithmic evaluation of the (18) ratio gives:

SNR = SignalStr (db(1mV / m)) - EMI (db(1mV / m)) dB (19)

The Perception Quality PQ, is defined as a function of the SNR (dB) value given by (19), according to
the following IEEE criterion indicated in [4] EPRI Red Book:

SNR from 0 to 5 dB gives PQ = [0 to 1], fully damaged and not audible signal.

SNR from 5 to 15 dB gives PQ = [1 to 2], very deteriorated and just audible signal.

SNR from 15 to 20 dB gives PQ = [2 to 3], imperfectly audible signal.

SNR from 20 to 25 dB gives PQ = [3 to 4], the signal is audible with just a back low noise.

SNR over 25 dB gives PQ = [4 to 5], the signal is perfectly audible with almost any noise.

5 AUDIBLE NOISE EVALUATION

According to [4] EPRI Red Book, and [7] CIGRE Addendum, the most recommended formula for the
Audible Noise AN produced by the Corona Effect and that affects human ear, is the one formulated by
BPA which is given by the following formulas:

q h
GA = K1 + 120 log10 (g ) + K 2 log10 (n) + 55 log10 (2r ) + dB (20)
300 300

AN A = GA + 54,3 - 11,4 log 10 (D) dB (21)

AN: Audible Noise (dB)

g: Normalized surface gradient for each cable conductor bundle, which is the maximum surface
gradient Emax (kV/cm) with respect to the critical disruptive surface gradient E0 (kV/cm).

Emax: maximum surface gradient for each cable conductor of the phase bundle(kV/cm).

E0 is the critical disruptive surface gradient calculated with Peek's formula (kV/cm).

n: Phase bundle conductor number.

r: Cable conductor radio (cm)

h: Substation o.s.l. height (m)

D: Perception distance D (m)

K1: -169,7 dB for n <3

K1: -182,7 dB for n 3

K2: 0 dB for n <3

9
 K2: 26,4 dB for n 3

For the Corona Effect noise study, the literature establishes that over a 60 dB level the Corona Effect
produced noise begins to affect human ear. It has been then defined a 62 dB level limit as the starting
point of the audible perturbation due to Corona Effect.

6 500 kV SUBSTATION CORONA EFFECT STUDY CASE

6.1 Evaluation parameters

The new method for Corona Effect Emax calculation, is digital simulator which allows to evaluate the
following elements for all xy strategically chosen plane points: Equipotential Curves, Electric field
intensity, Emax, Corona Effect after comparison with E0, Radio Interference, SNR and Audible noise.

6.2 Chosen xy cut plane for studied

substation

In Figure 3 a xy strategically chosen cut

plane substation profile is shown, where
several 500 kV connecting equipment are
located, such as interrupters, strings
isolators, metallic structures, connecting
cables, etc. which get quite close some of
them being at nominal voltage, other being
grounded elements. In this xy cut view 500
kV horizontal bus bars also appear
interacting with the 500 kV perpendiculars
to xy plane bus buses. Figure 3 xy chosen cut view for studied substation

6.3 xy chosen cut plane simulation model

In Figure 4 a chosen 500 kV substation xy cut plane simulation model, in which interrupters, isolation
strings, metallic structures, connecting cables, etc. are adequately drew. The model is a xy scaled plane,
keeping carefully the Figure 3 dimensions, in which an interior squared net with boxes hij0 width can
be distinguished. Thin internal space meets the constraint of null electric charge (r+ = 0).

The voltage of the red line (phase energized line) corresponds to a 110% nominal voltage level. Over
these profiles, the appropriate frontier conditions are proposed, which will be the initial condition to start
the iterative voltage calculation and from this, with the gradient law, the electric field values are defined.

6.4 Parameter data for study case

In Table 3 the main parameter data for a 500 kV (EHV) transmission line are given. This line is connected
to their respective substation buses according to Figures 3 and 4.

10
 2,0 m Conxn tierra Aislador Cable 220 kV V en kVf pico max
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
-0 14 28 42 55 67 79 90 101 111 121 130 138 146 154 160 167 173 178 182 187 190 193 196 198 199 200 200 200 199 199 199 199 198 198 198 198 197 197 197 196 196 196 196 195 195 195 195 194 194 194 193 193 193 193 192
0 18 35 52 69 85 100 113 126 138 149 159 169 177 184 191 197 202 206 210 213 216 219 221 222 224 224 225 225 225 224 224 224 224 224 223 223 223 223 222 222 222 222 222 221 221 222 222 223 224 225 227 229 231 233 235

2m 1 0 22 43 65 86 105 124 140 155 169 182 195 205 214 222 228 233 237 241 244 247 249 251 253 254 255 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 255 255 255 255 255 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 255 257 259 261 264 268 271 275 278
0 27 53 79 105 130 153 173 190 207 223 238 251 260 268 273 278 281 284 286 288 290 292 293 294 295 295 295 295 296 295 295 295 295 295 295 295 295 295 294 294 294 294 294 294 294 295 296 298 300 303 306 310 314 317 321 1
0 32 64 95 127 157 186 213 230 249 270 289 305 316 322 327 330 333 335 336 338 339 340 341 341 342 342 342 343 343 343 343 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 342 343 344 345 347 349 352 355 358 361 363

0 37 75 112 150 187 225 262 271 294 321 348 370 379 384 387 389 390 391 392 392 393 394 394 394 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 395 396 396 397 399 400 402 403 405 406

45 73 102 134 167 199 225 262 299 337 374 412 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449

2 90 110 133 159 189 220 252 288 325 361 395 426 449 413 395 384 377 373 370 369 369 370 371 372 374 376 377 378 378 377 376 375 373 372 370 369 367 366 366 365 366 366 367 368 368 369 370 370 372 373 375 377 377 376 368 343 2
135 149 167 190 217 248 281 316 352 387 420 449 401 363 337 319 307 299 295 294 294 296 299 302 307 311 314 316 316 314 311 307 304 300 296 293 290 288 286 286 287 288 290 291 293 294 295 297 300 302 306 309 311 311 305 290
180 191 206 226 251 281 313 348 383 417 449 395 347 308 277 254 239 230 225 225 227 231 236 243 251 258 264 268 267 263 257 251 244 237 231 224 219 214 212 212 214 216 219 222 225 227 229 232 235 239 244 249 253 254 252 243
225 234 248 267 290 318 349 382 416 449 392 339 291 250 216 190 172 163 161 163 168 175 185 196 209 222 233 238 235 228 218 207 195 184 174 164 154 147 143 143 147 152 157 162 166 169 173 176 180 185 191 197 203 206 206 200
269 279 292 310 333 359 386 416 449 390 335 283 235 193 155 125 105 98 100 107 117 130 145 163 184 204 222 230 225 211 194 176 159 142 127 111 96 83 77 79 86 95 104 111 117 122 126 130 135 140 147 154 160 165 166 163

3 314 324 338 356 377 401 421 449 389 332 279 229 182 137 95 57 31 31 43 59 76 95 117 143 173 205 234 250 237 212 184 158 133 110 88 66 42 21 7 15 30 45 58 69 77 83 88 93 98 104 111 118 125 130 132 130 3
359 369 382 401 419 449 449 386 329 277 228 180 133 86 36 -17 -63 -41 -11 17 43 69 99 134 175 223 272 310 274 229 187 150 117 88 58 28 -7 -45 -79 -53 -22 3 22 35 46 53 59 64 70 76 82 90 97 102 104 103

404 411 423 449 449 400 367 320 272 226 181 137 92 42 -17 -95 -225 -116 -56 -15 19 52 89 132 185 248 329 449 330 254 196 149 109 73 38 -1 -47 -113 -225 -122 -66 -30 -6 11 22 31 37 43 48 54 61 68 74 80 82 80

449 449 449 409 380 341 304 263 222 181 142 102 60 12 -46 -122 -225 -139 -78 -33 5 42 84 134 193 265 350 449 350 270 204 151 105 65 26 -16 -66 -133 -225 -143 -87 -49 -23 -6 6 15 22 27 33 39 45 51 57 62 65 63

449 426 401 364 328 290 252 215 179 144 110 75 38 -4 -55 -122 -225 -135 -80 -38 0 39 83 136 200 274 358 449 359 279 211 154 106 63 23 -18 -66 -128 -225 -139 -88 -55 -32 -15 -3 5 11 17 22 27 33 39 45 50 52 50

4 449 409 369 327 287 248 211 176 144 114 84 55 24 -9 -46 -87 -120 -96 -64 -32 2 40 85 140 205 280 362 449 363 285 216 158 108 65 26 -11 -50 -89 -121 -100 -73 -50 -32 -18 -8 -1 5 10 15 20 26 32 38 42 44 43 4
449 397 347 299 255 214 178 146 117 90 66 41 17 -8 -34 -58 -72 -64 -46 -22 7 43 88 143 208 283 365 449 366 289 220 162 112 70 33 0 -30 -56 -72 -67 -55 -40 -28 -18 -10 -3 2 6 11 16 21 28 34 39 41 40
449 388 331 278 231 189 153 123 96 73 52 32 13 -5 -23 -37 -45 -42 -30 -12 14 48 91 146 211 286 366 449 367 291 224 166 117 76 41 12 -12 -31 -42 -43 -37 -29 -21 -14 -8 -3 1 5 10 15 20 27 34 40 43 43
449 382 319 263 213 170 135 105 80 60 42 26 11 -2 -14 -24 -28 -26 -18 -2 20 52 95 149 213 287 367 449 369 294 227 170 122 83 50 24 4 -11 -20 -23 -21 -17 -13 -8 -3 0 4 7 12 17 23 30 38 45 49 50
449 378 311 252 200 157 121 92 69 50 35 22 10 0 -8 -15 -17 -16 -9 5 26 56 98 151 215 288 368 449 370 297 231 176 129 91 61 37 19 6 -2 -6 -6 -4 -2 1 4 7 10 13 18 23 30 38 47 55 61 63

5 449 375 306 244 191 147 112 83 61 44 30 19 9 2 -4 -8 -10 -8 -2 10 30 60 100 153 217 289 368 449 372 301 238 184 139 103 75 53 37 25 17 13 12 12 13 15 17 19 22 25 29 35 43 52 62 71 78 80 5
449 373 302 239 185 141 105 77 55 39 26 17 9 3 -1 -4 -5 -3 3 14 33 62 102 154 217 290 368 449 375 308 247 196 154 120 93 73 59 48 41 37 35 34 35 36 37 39 41 44 49 55 63 73 83 93 100 103
449 371 299 235 181 136 100 72 51 36 24 15 9 4 0 -2 -2 0 6 17 36 64 103 155 218 290 368 449 380 317 261 214 175 144 119 101 88 78 72 68 66 65 65 65 66 67 69 73 77 84 92 102 112 122 128 130
449 370 297 232 177 132 97 69 48 33 22 14 9 4 2 0 0 2 8 19 37 65 104 155 217 289 368 449 387 331 281 239 204 176 155 139 127 118 113 109 107 106 105 106 106 107 109 112 117 123 131 140 150 158 163 163
449 369 295 229 174 129 94 66 46 32 21 13 8 5 2 1 1 3 9 20 38 65 103 153 215 287 367 449 397 349 306 271 241 218 200 186 176 169 164 161 159 158 157 157 158 159 160 163 167 173 180 188 196 201 203 200

6 449 367 292 226 171 126 91 64 44 30 20 13 8 5 3 2 2 4 10 20 37 64 101 150 211 283 364 449 408 371 338 309 286 268 254 243 235 230 226 223 222 221 220 220 221 221 223 225 229 233 239 245 250 252 251 243 6
449 364 287 221 166 122 88 62 42 29 19 12 8 5 3 2 2 5 10 20 36 61 97 144 204 276 359 449 421 395 373 354 338 325 315 308 303 299 296 294 293 293 292 292 292 293 294 296 298 301 305 309 311 311 305 290

449 357 278 212 159 116 83 59 40 27 18 12 7 5 3 2 3 5 10 19 34 57 90 135 191 262 348 449 435 422 411 401 393 387 382 378 375 373 372 371 370 370 370 370 370 370 371 371 373 374 376 378 378 377 368 343
449 343 263 200 149 109 78 55 38 25 17 11 7 4 3 2 3 5 9 18 31 52 82 121 172 238 323 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449 449

385 305 237 181 135 99 71 50 35 23 16 10 6 4 3 2 2 4 8 16 28 45 71 104 147 199 260 322 347 358 364 367 369 370 371 371 371 371 371 371 371 370 370 370 370 370 371 372 373 375 379 383 388 393 399 404

7 321 260 205 158 119 88 63 45 31 21 14 9 6 4 2 2 2 4 7 13 23 38 59 86 119 158 199 238 263 277 286 291 294 296 297 298 298 298 297 297 297 297 297 297 297 297 298 300 302 307 313 320 329 339 349 359 7
257 211 169 132 101 75 55 39 27 19 12 8 5 3 2 2 2 3 6 11 19 31 47 67 92 120 149 175 195 209 218 224 228 230 232 232 232 232 231 231 231 231 231 231 231 232 233 236 239 245 253 263 275 288 301 314
192 162 132 105 82 62 46 33 23 16 11 7 5 3 2 1 2 3 5 9 15 24 36 51 68 88 107 125 140 153 161 167 172 174 176 176 175 173 172 172 173 174 175 175 176 176 178 181 185 192 201 213 226 240 255 269
128 113 96 79 63 49 37 27 19 13 9 6 4 3 2 1 1 2 4 7 11 18 26 37 49 61 73 84 96 107 115 121 125 128 129 128 126 122 119 121 124 126 128 129 130 131 132 135 140 147 157 168 182 196 211 225

64 67 64 56 46 37 28 21 15 11 7 5 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 19 26 33 39 43 46 60 71 79 85 89 91 92 90 85 77 67 75 83 87 90 92 93 94 96 99 104 111 120 130 143 155 168 180

8 0 29 37 36 32 26 21 16 12 8 6 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 4 6 9 13 17 21 22 18 0 29 44 52 58 61 63 63 60 53 37 0 35 50 57 61 64 65 66 68 71 75 81 89 98 108 118 127 135 8

0 14 20 22 21 18 15 12 9 6 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 4 6 8 11 12 12 9 0 15 26 33 38 41 42 42 39 33 20 0 18 30 36 40 43 44 46 47 50 54 59 65 72 79 85 89 90
0 6 9 12 13 12 10 8 6 5 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 7 7 4 0 9 16 21 24 27 28 27 25 20 12 0 10 17 23 26 28 29 31 32 34 37 41 46 50 55 56 54 45

0 0 0 5 7 7 7 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 2 0 5 9 13 15 17 18 17 16 12 7 0 6 10 14 16 18 19 20 21 23 25 28 31 34 36 34 25 0
0 0 0 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 3 6 8 9 11 11 11 10 7 4 0 3 6 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 22 22 20 13 0

9 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 3 5 6 6 7 6 6 4 2 0 2 3 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 11 12 13 14 14 12 7 0 9
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 2 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Figure 4. xy chosen cut plane simulation model

Several sensitivity analyses will be made, first having two or three conductor bundles per phase, then, for
the cleanness coefficient variation going from 0,35 (high contamination) to 0,6 (medium contamination).

Table 3. Data for studied substation

7 STUDY CASE RESULTS

7.1 Equipotential curves Vxy results

After the iterative process has been made to obtain the equipotential curves Vxy according to 3.4, the
following results shown in Figure 5 have been obtained for the studied substation. In this figure the
resulting 3D phase b maximum equipotential voltage map (kV phase pick) which is produced around the
substation equipment. As it can be seen the curves tend to change from nominal value on the energized
equipment to a null value toward the substation floor; for phases a and c the curves reach a negative value
on the isolation strings the voltage varies almost linearly.

11
 Equipotenciales Vxy - Linea - SE Montalvo 500 kV Equipotenciales Vxy - Linea - SE Montalvo 500 kV

440-460 440-460
420-440 420-440
400-420 400-420
380-400 380-400
360-380 360-380
340-360 460 340-360
320-340 440 320-340
420 300-320
460 300-320 400
440 280-300 380 280-300
420 360
400 260-280 340 260-280
380 320 240-260
360 240-260 300
Vxy 340 220-240 Vxy 280 220-240
320 260 200-220
300 200-220 240
280 220 180-200
260 180-200 200
240 160-180 180 160-180
220 160 140-160
200 140-160 140
180 120 120-140
160 120-140 100
140 100-120 80 100-120
120 60 80-100
100 80-100 40
80 20 60-80
60 60-80 0
40 -20 40-60
20 40-60 -40
0 -60 20-40
20-40 -80
1 -20 -100 0-20
-40 0-20 -120
-60 -20-0
9 -80 -20-0 1 -140
-100 -160 -40--20
-120 -40--20 -180 -60--40
17 -140 -60--40 -200
-160 12 -220 -80--60
-180 -80--60 -240
25 -200 -100--80
-220 -100--80 -120--100
-240 -120--100 23
33 49 -140--120
1 -140--120 41
41 34 33 Eje Y
12 Eje Y Eje X 25
Eje X 49 23 17
45
34 9
1
45

Figure 5. 3D equipotential Vxy for the studied substation

Around the upper side of the connecting equipment the equipotential curves get quite close producing a
high gradient value which means that the electric field intensity grows and the possibility of Corona Effect
is higher. These equipotential curves can be also represented in a planar way as it is shown in Figure 6,
where the lines at the same voltage have a given color.

Equipotenciales Vxy - Linea - SE Montalvo 500 kV

1 440-460
420-440
Eje Y 400-420
380-400
360-380
340-360
320-340
300-320
280-300
12 260-280
240-260
220-240
200-220
180-200
160-180
140-160
Vxy 120-140
23 100-120
80-100
60-80
40-60
20-40
0-20
-20-0
-40--20
-60--40
34 -80--60
-100--80
-120--100
-140--120
-160--140
-180--160
-200--180
-220--200
-240--220
45

1 Eje X 9 17 25 33 41 49

Figure 6. Planar equipotential Vxy for the studied substation

7.2 Electric field intensity Exy and Corona effect results

Calculations made following the number 3.5, allow obtaining the electric field intensity Exy at all cut xy
plane squared net points for the 500 kV studied substation, through the gradient operator applied to the
obtained equipotential Vxy. With this result, mainly with that obtained for the cable and bus surfaces
where Emax appear, the final comparison with the critical disruptive surface gradient E0 and a mark is set
for those cases when Emax > E0 indicating that Corona Effect appears.

In Figure 7 the substation profile is shown and also the Corona Effect generation, marked with violet color
squares, for a substation with two cable buses per phase and for cases with mt from 0,35 to 0,55. In Figure
8 the same substation profile is shown and the Corona Effect generation, for a substation with three cable
buses per phase and also for cases with mt from 0,35 to 0,55.

For cases of figure 7, with N = 2, an Emax = 14,6 kV/cm is obtained and an E0 = 7,8 kV/cm with highly
contaminated cables (mt = 0,35); an E0 = 12,3 kV/cm value is obtained with medium contaminated cables
(mt = 0,55). In both cases, especially in the first case (mt = 0,35) a high Corona Effect is produced.

12
For cases of figure 8, with N = 3, an Emax = 11,7 kV/cm is obtained and an E0 = 7,8 kV/cm with highly
contaminated cables (mt = 0,35); an E0 = 12,3 kV/cm value is obtained with medium contaminated cables
(mt = 0,55) some corona Effect is produced, which almost fully disappears when the cable cleanness
increases.
-0 14 28 42 55 67 79 90 101 111 121 130 138 146 154 160 167 173 178 182 187 190 193 196 198 199 200 200 200 199 199 199 199 198 198 198 198 197 197 197 196 196 196 196 195 195 195 195 194 194 194 193 193 193 193 192 -0 14 28 42 55 67 79 90 101 111 121 130 138 146 154 160 167 173 178 182 187 190 193 196 198 199 200 200 200 199 199 199 199 198 198 198 198 197 197 197 196 196 196 196 195 195 195 195 194 194 194 193 193 193 193 192
0 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
0 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

0 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

0 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 0 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4

0 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 6 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 6 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4

0 5 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 11 0 5 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 11

0 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 4 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 4 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5

0 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 7 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 0 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 7 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5

0 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 0 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4

0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4

0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3

0 5 5 5 5 5 4 7 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 7 6 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 5 5 5 5 5 4 7 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 7 6 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

0 4 5 5 4 5 6 9 8 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 13 8 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 11 6 5 4 3 3 3 4 5 6 8 12 7 6 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 0 4 5 5 4 5 6 9 8 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 13 8 6 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 11 6 5 4 3 3 3 4 5 6 8 12 7 6 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2

0 4 4 5 6 7 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 7 8 12 14 10 6 4 4 4 4 5 6 8 11 14 10 7 5 4 4 4 4 5 6 10 13 9 6 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 4 4 5 6 7 8 8 7 7 6 6 6 7 8 12 14 10 6 4 4 4 4 5 6 8 11 14 10 7 5 4 4 4 4 5 6 10 13 9 6 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

449 3 4 5 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 6 7 9 9 7 5 4 4 4 5 5 7 8 9 10 9 7 6 5 4 4 4 5 6 8 9 7 5 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 449 3 4 5 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 6 7 9 9 7 5 4 4 4 5 5 7 8 9 10 9 7 6 5 4 4 4 5 6 8 9 7 5 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1

449 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 5 6 9 11 8 5 4 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 9 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 6 8 10 7 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
449 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 5 6 9 11 8 5 4 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 9 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 6 8 10 7 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
449 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 8 5 4 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 8 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 8 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
449 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 8 5 4 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 8 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 8 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
449 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
449 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
449 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
449 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
449 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
449 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
449 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
449 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
449 7 7 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 7 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
449 7 7 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 7 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
449 7 7 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 5 6 7 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
449 7 7 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 5 6 7 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
449 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 5 6 7 8 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3
449 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 5 6 7 8 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3
449 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
449 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
449 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4
449 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4
449 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 6 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5
449 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 6 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5
449 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 6 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5
449 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 6 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5
449 9 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 10 6 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 11
449 9 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 10 6 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 11
449 10 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 11 9 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 7 4
449 10 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 11 9 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 7 4
385 8 7 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 11 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 4
385 8 7 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 11 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 4
321 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 4
321 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 4
257 7 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4
257 7 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4
192 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
192 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
128 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4
128 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4
64 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 6 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
64 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 6 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
0 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4
0 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4
0 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4
0 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Emax =14,37 kV/cm 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Emax =14,37 kV/cm 0

Figure 7. Emax and corona Effect results for a 500 kV substation, N = 2, mt = 0,35 y 0,55
-0 14 28 42 55 67 79 90 101 111 121 130 138 146 154 160 167 173 178 182 187 190 193 196 198 199 200 200 200 199 199 199 199 198 198 198 198 197 197 197 196 196 196 196 195 195 195 195 194 194 194 193 193 193 193 192 -0 14 28 42 55 67 79 90 101 111 121 130 138 146 154 160 167 173 178 182 187 190 193 196 198 199 200 200 200 199 199 199 199 198 198 198 198 197 197 197 196 196 196 196 195 195 195 195 194 194 194 193 193 193 193 192
0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

0 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

0 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 0 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3

0 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3

0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3

0 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 9
0 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 9
0 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4
0 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4
0 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
0 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 4
0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3
0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3
0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3
0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3
0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
0 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
0 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
0 4 4 4 4 4 5 7 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 7 11 6 5 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 9 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 10 6 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 4 4 4 4 4 5 7 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 7 11 6 5 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 9 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 10 6 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 3 3 4 4 6 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 9 12 8 5 4 3 3 3 4 5 6 9 11 9 6 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 8 11 7 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
0 3 3 4 4 6 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 9 12 8 5 4 3 3 3 4 5 6 9 11 9 6 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 8 11 7 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
449 2 3 4 6 5 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 6 7 8 6 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 3 3 4 5 7 7 6 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
449 2 3 4 6 5 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 6 7 8 6 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 3 3 4 5 7 7 6 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
449 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 7 9 6 4 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 4 5 7 8 6 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
449 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 7 9 6 4 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 4 5 7 8 6 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
449 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 7 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 7 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
449 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 7 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 7 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
449 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
449 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
449 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
449 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
449 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
449 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
449 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
449 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 449 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
449 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 449 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
449 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 449 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
449 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 449 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3
449 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 449 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3
449 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 449 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 5 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4
449 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 5 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 449 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4
449 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 449 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 8 5 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 9
449 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 8 5 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 9 449 8 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4
449 8 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 385 7 6 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 4 6 7 9 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4

385 7 6 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 4 6 7 9 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 4 321 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4

321 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 257 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4

257 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 192 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

192 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 128 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4

128 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 64 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4

64 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 0 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4
0 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Emax =11,68 kV/cm 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Emax =11,68 kV/cm 0

Figure 8. Emax and corona Effect results for a 500 kV substation, N = 3, mt = 0,35 y 0,55

7.3 Radio Interference results

The digital simulator generates a radio interference evaluation map with the formulas of 4.1 and the IEEE
RI qualification defined in 4.2. The radio interference result for the simulated case with N = 3, medium
contamination for cables (mt = 0,55) and Emax = 11,7 kV/cm, E0 = 12.3 kV/cm is shown on the rectangular
map of Figure 9, in which the horizontal abscises mark the external radio signal intensity (radio, TV) and
the ordinates denote the noise intensity produced by the Corona Effect, which grows downwards.

The SNR as it was established in 4.2 is the dB difference of these two signals. According to the SNR
obtained category, the map gets colors following the IEEE criterion. Red color indicates high radio
interference, usually produced for low frequency values and for external low power signals. The yellow
and blue colors reveal medium or low radio interference. The green color shows absence of radio
interference.

7.4 Audible noise results

The digital simulation model also generates a xy graph for the audible noise evaluation following the
indicate method in 5, marking it over 62 dB as harmful to human ear.

13
The audible noise result is also obtained for the indicated substation in 7.3 and its value is shown in Figure
10. With a light blue shadow the perceptible and harmful audible noise is signaled.

NA - Nivel Audible de ruido por Efecto Corona

72

70
NA > 62 dB

NA del EC
68

66

64

NA (dB)
62

60

58

56

54

52
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Dist (m)

Figure 9. Radio Interference map for studied Figure 10. Audible noise graphic in the
substation and SNR colors. studied substation

8 CONCLUSIONS

With the proof parameter herein and previous engineering applications, the new equipotential surfaces and
electric field intensity method, using electromagnetic theory principles, has shown to be a very useful
complimentary tool, easy to use and able to give accurate and reliable results for EHV substation and line
Corona Effect presence definition.

With the new method it is explores in a graphical and numerical way those situations line phases get close
to another electric equipment, as it is the case for a transmission line entering to a substation bay ant then
its energized phases approaching other substation equipment such as the frame structures, isolation strings,
another voltage energized cables, etc.

With the method it is defined graphically the Vxy equipotential map in a transverse xy cut plane, map that
takes all the possible forms different to the typical circular ones of aerial line cases. In these cases the
equipotential lines could get quite close each other producing as a consequence a special increase of
maximum operative surface Gradient Emax (Emax = -Vxy), that could result in a higher value than E0 and
then making that Corona Effect appears.

The method allows making efficiently a sensitivity analysis to any design parameter variation that could
have any influence in the Corona Effect appearance. It is especially useful to explore the effect of the
cleanness coefficient mt min the Corona Effect results. It also produces indices for the contaminating
effects due to the Corona effect presence.

This method has supplied a design need and interprets in a graphical and numerical way the corona effect
norms and occasionally fulfills some norm limitations. It is anyway necessary to keep proving the method
to improve the operative and graphical procedure and to give a final guarantee of its accuracy and validity
in the Corona Effect obtained results.

14
BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Corona and Field effects P. Sarma Maruvada, Vernon L. Chartier, EPRI Transmission Line
Reference Book, Red Book, Chapt. 7115-230 kV Compact Line Design, 2005.

[2] The Importance of Corona Effects in Lighting Studies M. Z. A. AbKadir, W.F. Wan Amad, J.
Jasni, H. Hizam; Dept. EEE, Univ. Putra Malaysia, Journal of applied Sciences 8(19)-3446-3452,
2008.

[3] Corona and Gap Discharge Phenomena P. Sarma Maruvada, EPRI Transmission Line Reference
Book 230 kV and Above, 3rd edition, 1011974, Final Report, 2005.

[4] Corona Generaton IEC Technical Report, TR CISPR 18-1, Edition 2.0, June 2010.

[5] EPRI AC Transmission Line Reference Book 200 kV and Above, Red Book, Third edition, Dec.
2005.

[6] IEC Technical Report TR CISPR 18-1 Radio interference characteristics of overhead power lines
and high-voltage equipment Part 1.

[7] CIGRE Interferences Produced by Corona Effect of Electric Systems CIGRE Working Group
36.01, EMC Aspects of Corona, Electric and Magnetic Fields, Dec 1966.

[8] Corona Loss Characteristics of Contaminated Conductors in Fair Weather E. E. Monbello, G.

Ratt, H. D. Surez, F. O. Torres, Electric Power System Research 59 (2001), 2001.

[9] Sobre el Efecto Corona Pablo Jimnez Pinto, Universidad de Chile, Dpto. IE., Taller Proyectos II,
Santiago 2009.

[10] W. H. Hayt, Jr., Engineering Electromagnetics, Book, McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. NY, USA, 1967.

[11] P. L. Lorrain, D. Corson, Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, Book, W. H. Freeman Co., San Fco.,
USA, 1970.

15