--....--.... .....

A famous flier reveals for the first

time what happened in Sweden dur-
ing the war. Though officially neu-
tral_ Sweden actually co-operated
with the Allies, supplying flying
fields and in many ways helping the
Americans and British send sup-
plies to the Nonvegian underground

drhen to a place in Stockholm \\here the)

would be ,afe until :.hipped O\er the border.
When we fir,t flew into Sweden-I am
.,peal.:in& of the United l;)t.ttes Army Air
Forcc!>-WC did !>O v.ith unmarked plane anJ
all uniforms carefully concealed. We might
ha\e been \i.,itor from Mars o far as an\-
thini; :1hout u' indicated our nationality. But
hefore a )Car had pas,ed there were Ameri
cnn a \\ell a., Brithh and l'<ornegian uni
form' on Swedish militar} 11) mg fields and
\\e were u-.ing two fields openly und had
arra nged for the u e of five more militar)
field., if nece~':.iry. In some S\\edish town~
there were almo..t as man) Allied flier:. a~
there \\ere Sv.cde'>. .
The Swcdc~ also tran-.portcd explosi\'cs for
us on their r.1ilroad . 1..-arried -.aboteur' anJ
trained Nornegian troop,. 1 hey \\ent even
further-\\ hen 0n maneU\ers near the N11r-
v.egian border Sv.edi'h rroop, \\11uld carrr
a, equipment the un~ and other mati!riel m)
men had floy. n into the country, and lc:l\ e
them for the N of\\egian,, to carry intl) N\'r-
way to be u.;ed again,,t the Gcrn1.1n~. On one
occasion, a Sv.cdi'h pohce \:ar tran~p\lrtcd to
a northern b,1,e 'omc detonator:. that \\ere
too dangerou:. to he mo\cd by tr.iin.

Fmniliaritr with Territory n Help

I \\a~ leader of a special flying mi,sion.
became an American citilen "omc years t-e-
forc the war, but T wa born tn Norway nnd
had ened in th"' Norwegian nJ'> .. ml army.
l had ftoy,n all o'er t>oth Nol"\\ay and
Sueden, and had tieen manager of the Nor-
\\ egian Air Line" before the war drove me
Colonel Balchen had much to do with changing Swedish neutrality from "an uneasy desire to help" to acthe co-operation out. A' n re,ult. I l.:new many Swede' in
influential ro,irion" and had many friend!> in
!'orv.-ay. Thb wa, of some value in bringing
nbout 1 eh clo~er \~orking arrangement
v.ith t e $\ c:de~. Evenrnally the Allie!> \\ere

OUR SECRET WAR IN SCANDINAVIA
BYCOLONELBERNTBALCHEN
PHOTOGRAPH
I and the N ol"\\egian i;o,emmcnt \\anted to
able !1,, dl .Imo'! an} thing they wished in
SY.edc:n .,. irh the heart;'. if 'ccret, co-opera-
tion lil S" 1,:di'h otlki:ib.
S edt'h fl) ing operations by the Aml'rican
Air Force' began early in 19+t After lcavinl:
Greenland, \\here 1 had been commnnJer of
U.S. Army Air Forces the mo t northern nitcd State:. flying b.l'>~.
I was 'cnt to \\'a.,hington for n !.hMt time ;
FOR COLLIER'S BY HANS KNOPF-PIX then I v.a' ordcred to Londlin. About :?.OOO
Norwegian had been training in $\\eden,
partly under the direction of S\\cdish ollker~.

T
HE part that Sweden played in the If \\e \\Jntcd 10 'end ~ome guns or C'\plo- protection, or they would freeze to death: and get them to the Nof'\\egian nir training camp
\\ar has never been fully e'\plained in sivcs to the Norwegian underground we could the water could not be too high or the) at Little Norway, near Toronto, Cnn.1da, for
thi~ country. Officially, of cour,e. alwa}' arrange with Swedi-.h engineers and would drown. So they made the journey in further training as air ere\\,, Bccau'e of my
S\\eden was neutral. but as the \\ar went on. tr..iinmen to -.cc that they \\ere not di,covcrcd diving suit'. \\ ith the front of the helmet un experience in northern fl; ing. and mr kmm 1-
the atti tude of the S\\edes changed from an en route. M ore than one prominent figure scre\\ed so they could breathe. That wa t'di;e of Norv..) and s~ cden. General Carl
unea-.y desire to help to active support of the travelcd m the interior of <in oil tank car. ab,olutcly safe, and the German ne\er u Spaatz of the mericdn S rategic ir F11rcc
Allied cause. \ \ I was constantly flying in Jen' Christian H auge. nO\\ Norwegian Dc- pected. At Q,),1 the tmin pulled out on a apparently thought I '' "' the one to J1) it,
and out of Sweden during the lac;t ye.If and fen-.e Minister and then the leader of the siding in the freight ) ard, nnd the tra\eler although there v.ere ~ome military flier., \\ho
a half of the \\ar, I not only saw thi-. change underground, made the trip several times. climbed 1)Ut of the tender or tnnk car and thoui;ht it could not he d1rnc.
tal.:e place hut had a part in bringing 1t about. went n bout hi~ hu,ine-. . A \\e \\ere to tl} into a neutral country \\C
Through the cooperation of the Swcdi'h Unorthodo" ?\Ioele of Travel The proof of the v.ay the Swed.:~ felt about ob,iou Jy could not carry gun,. The Britbh
people a nd officiah \\e were able, evcntu 11Jy, the \\ ar wa<: sho\\ n bv the difference in their had been fl}ing unarmed through the Sknger-
to use Sweden us a ha\e for our operation~ Tr,I\ elmg in the interior of n tank car i'i treatment 11f the Gc'rm.m~ and the Allies, rak, but had met uch heavy llnk nnd l\l t 61'
agai nst the Germans in Nornay. At times nut reall y a-. dc,pcratc an e'\pedient us it particular)} during the latter ran of the v.ar. many plane~ that they would n\' l\1ngcr fl)
we had so many act1v111e' going on in might seem. alth1rngh it j, an uncomfortahk At one time Sweden Y. as forced by Germ n C:\\; pt dunng the Jong \\inter nights. ihe
Sweden th 11 it was difficult to keep track way to get arou nd. 1 he tank~ arc ah\ a}' prc,-.ure to permit the mm fer of a German Skagemili: i the body of water between Den
of them. hlo\\ n out '' ith steam before being ~ent divi,ion from Nllrway to Finland, but in mart nnd orwa}. umml'r wn coming,
Most of thc'c activities were connected empt} over the line. hccau'c u tank car full 1944 Sweden n.fL .ed to nllov. German ol- \\ith it alm~t con tant d.i} light, nnJ the
\\ilh bombing in 'on,ay a nd suppl)ing the of fume'> i' u' d.1n1.?crou' u~ a bomb. \\hen dicr' on le:nc to tra\el from ~orv. ) to aserrak did not appeal to me, an; way.
Norwegian undergroumJ. I he latter \\Cre by de.1ned out, 11ne ea~ breathe in them. and the Germany by v.ay of Sv.cdcn. Thi \\d be- ly pcciaJ mhsions group had a ll) ing.
hr the m0 t im'1)hcd, and pcrh.1ps the mo t only time a trnvckr had tll he concealed in cau e the German' broke their agreement We do it,'' \\hich ~au e of my :>light, if
important . .Some of the pha,cs of thi' \\Ori.: the interi11r ,,a., while at a station 1)r going nnd tried to mug&)e war materi 1 through tubbom, ~orncgian accent, wn turned into
nowaJays "ecm incredible. ror in 111nce, it 11\cr the hon.lcr. The rest of the time he Sv. edcn in ea led cars. And )Cl the ned vec do it,'' and \\C were proud of nur
i' ama1ing that the C1crman" nc,er disc11\- could ride 1111 the engine. permitted m during this me time to bring record. o \\hen General Spa:itz L.ed me if
eretl the one ,ure \\ 1} ,. 1.. had of getting men I hl' mo't intcre~ting trips the e unckr- in ton~ of material by ir. We e'en landed I could fly bel\\een ~\\Cdcn nod cngland
11111.I material into anJ out of 0 k1, in !':1)r ground ai;cnh made "'ere in the water tenders explo ive on the Stockholm a1rfi ld. While there " s only one an wer...All right," id
\\11}"-hY me.in of tnnk cars on the railro.1d 11f the l1)\;11motivc.,, Obviow.ly, they couldn't Sv.cdi.h guards turned their b d; the camou he, "go to 11. II' )our ~b>-" ~paatz wa,
running fr(lm Stocl.:holm to O)lo. get into the tenders without some i.ort of tlai;ed bo:...es v.cre loaded into true!: nnd like that. He L:ne\\ w h. t he wanted, nc' er
Collier' for March 9, 19'6
 I
,

wasted words, and backed his men to the If Dr. Grassmann had known what my or-
limit. ders were he would have been greatly per-
I asked for B- t 7s, because their flying char-turbed. Although nominally attached to the
acterbtics arc so good. but as SHAEF was Air Transport Command, my orders desig-
preparing for the Normandy offensive a few nated me "as the representative of the Com-
months later, I was unable to get them. I manding General, United States Strategic Air
was offered my choice of some war-weary Forces in Europe, and as such (you) are
Liberators. retired and disarmed, and picked authorized to render decisions on all matters
the best of them for first flights. We were pertinent to the conduct of this operation."
ready early in February. Our headquarters That directive gave me quite a little leeway,
was at Leuchars, on the cast Scottish coast, and l was also operating under orders of
where the R.A.F. also had a station. But it the Office of Strategic Services, which were
seemed that we would never get started. very secret indeed. So I smiled at Dr. Grass-
There is no way of proving it, but it seemed mann.
clear to me the British did not want Ameri- "Gute11 Tag," I said. "Wie gel11's."
cans flying into Scandinavia, apparently be- The German looked stunned. He stam-
cause they feared that we might obtain a mered and walked away. Then the police
commercial foothold. This had been im- and customs officials, old friends of mine
pressed upon me before the war, when I had from Norwegian flying days, came running
tried to set up an airline between the United up.
States and Norway. Despite the war, the Brit- Hello, hello," they called. "We haven't
ish desire to keep Scandinavian flying terri- seen you for years. Welcome. How are you?
tory for themselves had not changed. All Welcome."
'orts Of opposition arose, although the British I could not help looking at the retreating
were to end their own flying operations into back of Dr. Grassmann and chuckling.
Sweden with transport planes on March 15th. In the Hotel Stockholm I called up some
By that time it would be too light for safety more friends, Harry SOderman, chief of the
except for fast planes through the Skagerrak. Swedish Criminological Institute. and a very
useful man to know; Lieutenant General
London Conference Called Bengt Nordenskjold, head of the Swedish
Air Force; Captain Carl Florman, head of
But sometime in March there was a meet- the Swedish Air Lines; Per Norlin, managing
ing in London between King Haakon of director of the S\\edish Intercontinental Air-
Norway, Prime Minister Churchill, British lines; Karl Ljungberg, director of Swedish
Foreign Minister Anthony Eden, and Nor- Air Ministry. and Sven Grafstrom. secretary
wegian Foreign Minister Trygve Lie. whom to the Foreign Minister. They had kno'' n
the Russians later supported for president I was coming and were very glad 1 was there.
of the United Nations Assembly. Mr. Lie What could they do to help"? They knew all
brought up the matter, and a~k.cd Mr. about our plans to fly out 2,000 Norwegian
Churchill why the British were so reluctant flying cadets.
to grant pcrmi~sion for the American Air The first thing we had to do was to arrange
Force~ to fly into Sweden to evacuate Nor- with the Air Ministry for marl.s for our
wegians and interned Allied fliers. planes. We had no international markings.
Apparently Churchill had not heard of our In the United States, planes carry the letters
impasse. and was indignant about it, so much NC followed by numerals. Abroad, planes
~o that he told Mr. Eden to get the matter carry letters identifying the country they
cleared up immediately. ln the meantime, come from. Great Britain's plane\, for in-
General Henry H. Arnold, head of the Amcr- stance, have the letters GB, but we did nut
1cun Air Forces, had gone to President Roose- want to U'>e Britbh letters. So we had to radio
clt . who sent word 10 London to expedite the to Wa-.hington to have five NC numbers as- Thousands of ~orwc~ian troop'>, \\ho helped dri\C the Germans out or northern
l\\ltter. So we finally got clearance papers. signed to o ur unit. a nd these were registered Norway, were trained in Swedi h camp under the direction o( Swcllil>h army oHicer~
Our first flight was on the night of March w.ith the S""ed1sh Air Mm1stry. It wa-. strict\}'
3 I, 1944. With me were Lieutenant Colonel illegal, for NC numbers are for civil planes,
Keith Allen, a former airline pilot in this and we were using stripped bombers flying
country and one of the best flying officers 1 with overloads that no commercial line
have known; Captain David H. Schreiner, would countenance.
Captain Robert C. Durham, Captain Davie
A. McWilliams, Captain C. H. Owsley, Lieu- Identification Codes a Must
tenant Robert Witherow, Technical Sergeant
Albert L. Sage, Technical Sergeant Cecil F. Then we had to set up an identification
Grove and Sergeant Ray E. Foy. We were code for future use, and arrange for recog-
all eager to get away. We had made our nition at two points, one at Ytter-Malung,
plans so carefully that we did not see how in we:.t central Sweden, and the other at
anything could go wrong. Goteborg, on the southern route. We had to
The only condition I had made when I was fix radio frequencies. for identification pur-
a!>ked how 1 intended to fly the dangerous poses. We also arranged for warnings so a:.
rou te into Sweden was that I could pick my to dodge German interference. At 8 A.M.
weather. And I wanted bad weather. What warnings were to be sent in code from Scot
we always waited for, on this and later flights, land to the American Legation in Sweden,
was a warm front coming up the Atlantic and the Swedish General Staff would be in-
that swerved into the Norwegian coast from formed what time we ""ere e>-pected at the
the Shetland Islands, carrying with it clouds border. so that antiaircraft batteries would
and rain. This sort of weather would conceal not fire on us.
us until we were well into Nornay, perhaps We aho arranged with the S\\edes to tell
into Sweden, when the moil.lure would drop us when German border patrol fighters were
in the mountains and we were apt to find up, and these patrols were always de 1gnated
clear weather at Stockholm. ln such weather by a word which. when decoded, spelled
we naturally flew blind, but with radar to .. bandits." Also. any ship movement out of
help us, that did not matter. a Nor....,egian port was at once reported to
When we reached a point in the Atlantic Stockholm by Norwegian underground radio,
off the Norwegian coast about halfway be- and Stockholm relayed the information to
tween Sogne Fiord and Nord Fiord, we London. So there wasn't a convoy or flak
turned east and flew in over Norway. With ')h1p along the coast that we didn't know
radar we could pick up the coast, and plot about before we started a flight.
our cour!>e to a Swedish radio beacon that As a matter of fact, the mformation for
led us on a radio corridor to Stockholm. our special flight mission was so good that the
When we got there on our first flight. the air- other Intelligence officers came to us for tn
port was fogbound. and we had to circle for formation.
two hours before landing. We knew where every gun was on the Nor-
And what an amusing landing! As our wceg1an coast, where every German dtVl'tOn
camouflaged plane. without a single 1dent1fy- was stationed, how many plane~ there were
mg mark on it, came to a stop on the runway (Comi1111ed on page 56)
1 climbed out through the bomb bay. Two
')wed1sh transports were warming up to take
off to Berlin with German passengers, and
the tirst person I saw w.as a Dr. Gra'>:imann, Nordnl Bridge near the Swedish-
~uppo<,edly a (Jerman press attach~. but ac- Norwegian border, O\er which ore
tualty head of the Gestapo in S\\eden. I had was shipped to the Gemlnns during
known him before the war as pre s attachc the winter. This photograph was
in Stockholm and Copenhagen. taken shortly after the liberation
Collier's for March 9, 1946
 A ..
"Don't let on, H enry, the next time we can fix it ourselves!"
CO\.\.ll:lt'S
Our Secret War in Scandinavia
Continued from page 15
on every field and \\hat type. when they U\u-
ally landed and loo!.: off and \\hat bomher\
or tran'>porh went through Bergen or O:.lo
or any other impor1an1 field.
l do not thin!.. that any underground in
Europe was as carefully organized as thal
of Norway. We dropped men into Norway
\\.llh definite la'!..' and they almo't imanably
did them Y.ell r remember one boy "ho was
dropped near 0'>1o. Y.ho lived in !hat city for
four year' and was never detected by the Ger-
man\. At one lime he lived in the garage
owned by a friend of mine. l\ly friend was
in a conccn1ra11on camp. but his wife car-
ried on.
One of the most important stations for a
long time m 0-.lo Y.as established in the ma-
ternity ho,pital for a year. We dropped the
operator and hi'> radio set on the our..l..irt.., of
O\lo, and our friends there. some of whom
\\ere doctors. got him a job as electrician in
the hospllal. Being a bright lad 1t did not
tale him long lo learn the dutie' of a ho'>pllal
electrician. and \\hile he \\as fu-.!>ing around
on the roof v.ith wires he managed to !>et up
Coc.Ua&l ci.u.. fro ..
his aerials in such a manner that they could
C..r6 )1lUl> I - , N. Y. not be detected.
He began his work in the spring of 1944.
about the time the Americans and Bnti'h
Heublein's CJub Cocktails belong on "ere getting ready to land on the Normand}
any collector's shelf- because of coast.
He had direct communication \\ith Lon-
t4:hat's inside the gl.ass! don. having set up his apparatus in an attic
on top of the ho..,pital where he v.a-; reason-
Our l\Iartinis, ~bown here, are made .1bly safe from interruption. The Germans, of
from genuine, pot tilled MiJ..,hire Gin and cour,e, intercepted some of the code me-.sages
and by mean' of radio locator' finally de-
a Dry Vermouth that's really dry . termined that the radio must be in the ho'-
pital. So one day they surrounded it v..i1h
Our ~lanhattans are made from our SS men. and abo threw a cordon around the
near-by blocks.
p rh at e t ock of choice whi~kies and a Our operator. having no idea that he had
s,~ eet Vermouth that "s really omething! been discovered. wa pounding a'"'ay at his
J..ey v.hen tv.o Ge!>tapo men wall.ed in the
Completely read y. J w t add ice and erve. door. He tried to get up a stairnay to the
roof. but found that blod.ed. So he came
dov.n. shot the two Germans who had found
him and ran down to a \\ard. lt was a ma-
ternity ward. full of babies in cribs, women
and a few nurses. Suddenly at the door
HEU BLEln's
appeared this }OUng man with a pistol,
The Five yelling, "Get out of the way." They did, in
a hurry.
Popular Varieties
He ran down a stairway to a rear entrance.
eJ- !\hobattan, 65 proof
Dry M artini. 71 p roof
Old fubiooeJ. 80 proof
where he found tw:o more SS men. He shot
them. Ju.,t outside in the }ard were l\\O
more. He shot them, also. Then he climbed
C O C K T AIL S :Side Car, 60 proof
Daiquin, 70 p roof
over a wall, ran aero s a street and into a
building, .,hed his working clothes, and went
out on the farther street. with hb pbtol in
his pocket and a civilian suit on. and ap-
pearing quite unconcerned. The odd thing
about him was that he v..as usually nervous,
Mll1h11t Ds1Wt4 L0114tn Dry Gin Is 90 pl'Mf, distilled from 100? groin neutral spirits. G. F. Heublln & lro., Inc., Hartfor41, C.nn.
but in this crbis he was as calm as could be.
When he reached a street a block from
.,
BEH ROrH
the ht)'>pital. he !'>aw a German officer \\.ith
'''0 !>lrcclwall..ers sauntering along. H e went
up to the group, said, Hello." to one of the
g1rb and tool. her arm .... Then he marched
calmly behind the German officer. Two weeks
later he was on his way to Stocl..holm.
Although this espionage work was a lways
a big part of my du ties. there was another
fu ndamental idea at the back of our Swedish
invasion. if you can call it that. There was
always the possibility, even after Normandy,
that the Germans \\Ould make a stand in
Norway and that it might be necessary to
dig them ou t.
That could not be done from the Nor\\e-
gian ..,ide. for the only possible landing place
there was at tavanger. and behind the plain
"ere mountain-. that were nearly impossible
to penetrate. So the plans of SH AEF always
con ... idered 1he pthsibility of entering Norway
hy v..ay of Sweden. probably by dropping air-
borne troops. after as,urance that the Swedes
would not only permit such action, but also
assist us.
Getting Air Bases E stablished
I had the task of setting up a base as a
precedent. and finding other landing fields
'>uilable for such an at tempt. We found two
apartment houses near the field which we
were permitted 10 use. and we set up our own
radio receiving ~tation. Our transmitting sta-
tion was ebe\\here. We got North Atlantic
weather report'>, and a lso had our own
weather men. We were even permitted to
have our ov.n tower control officer m the
Stocl..holm field air tower. l remember the
Swedi\h roreign l\.linister coming out one
day and !laying:
"What are you trying to do, run this field?"
But he did not object.
Th" ""a' not entirely a one-way affair.
The Sv.edcs had long wanted an airline be-
tw-een their country and the United States,
and they believed that if they helped us we
would help them. They wanted to land in
Iceland, where we already had a base. Some
B- 17s '"'hich had made forced landings in
Sweden had been turned over to them, and
they had rebui lt them into pasi.enger ships.
They first i.tarted flying with lighted planes,
as they were supposed to do under interna-
tional law. ju\t as neutral surface vessels
travel with all lights in dangerous territory.
But the Germans shot down two of these
planes, and the Swedes stopped operations in
1943. But after we had blazed a new path
for them O\.er Norway and down to Scotland,
they resumed operations in March, 1945, with
unlighted planes, and continued their flight'>
to lceland.
During all this period I was meeting $\\.ed-
ish officials, men who were sympathetic to the
Allied cause and who had great influence. ll
Collie r's for March 9, 1946
 -
" ..
'

"Fine," said Olson. "I will be down at 57

was easy at a luncheon or dinner, or over a
drink, to tell what we wanted to accomplish eight o'clock i11 the morning."
and, without pressing the point, make it clear We couldn't get hotel rooms for them, so

Home Movie Biography.,,

that it would not hurt the cause of Sweden to
work with us. A word here and a word there
added up to quite a bit in the end.
Sweden felt that the Germans were losi ng,
and wanted to improve its position i~ post-
war air commerce. Moreover, the Swedes
feared despera tely that the Germans might
try to go through Sweden. It was the physi-
ca l contact with American flying officers and
the success of the operations that helped
bring this feeling into focus. They felt closer
to us because of our being there, and we
linked them to the world ;they liked a nd un-
derstood, a world from which they were
othe~ise completely cut off.
It was for these reasons, probably, that
they let us set up an American Air Transport
ticket office in February. 1945, in the Hotel
Stockholm. The British Overseas Airway'> had
an office there also. We did business as
openly as it is done in New York , for we were
flying out internees and cadets, ''ho had to
m a t...e their arrangements somehow. The Ger-
mans did their air-ticket business through
the Swedish airlines, which were flying to
Berlin.
During all this time there had been con-
ferences , if one can call them that, with the
various ministries about uniforms. The Brit-
we took them in busses to a staging station
nea r Stockholm, called Saltsjobaden. I \\as a
little upset because they didn't have ~ivilian
clothes, and called the Foreign Minister.
"They are a ll in uniform, and I don't know
what to do," I said.
Chapter One
"Don't worry," he said. " It will be all
right"
" You !...now," [reminded him , "they h aven't
seen a lighted town in a Jong time, and they
all want to go in. How can I keep them ?"
"Let them go," he said.
Then I had to call up the American Min-
istry. The men had no passports, no identifi-
cation, no anything. The Ministry '" as very
much disturbed and told me I would prob-
ably be court-martialed. But by this time the
internee certificates were being stamped, the
crews were a ll fingerprinted and photo-
graphed, a nd the only trouble was that they
had no civilian clothes to wear into to,.,.n.
Clothes were sca rce in Sweden then , but \.\.e
got thousa nds of coupons from the Foreign
Ministry. a nd I bought the boys clothing out
of my elastic contingent fund.
Clothing Scarcity Creates Problem
When we got them to Ka llax on the war to
Kir\..enes. there were a lot of Norwegians a., AVAILABLE NOWt

ish had been using civil airline uniforms, and
so had the Norwegia ns. At first we came in
without uniforms. then with o,ercoats over
uniform'>, and then there was the time in the
fall of 1944, about the time our American
troops reached the Rhine. "hen a n American
general arrived in full uniform, and nohml}
/
well as Ameritans in the planes. and the
problem of Jea\'e was '' ori.e. The American,. New Filmo Companion, 8mm
"ho had '>Orne civilian clothes, could go into
town , hut the Non\.egiam. could n ot. That
did not seem fair. It happened that Sodcr-
111.1n Ind Dcfen.,e \1ini-.tcr Torp \\ere at
- camera for makintt floe
mo' 1cs at low co t (jbo1.n1
ttbo1. ). Ne" coat<:<l lens for
sharper, bcuer pie1ur~s.

~,a
-.ard anything about it.
By this time the Germans had been dri,en
OUt Of f tnland, a nd the great question \\ ,I\
"hether S\\.cden would come into the \\ar
o n our side. We had sent No rwegia n troops
Kalla \ on an inspecti on tnp. \O I told them
m} trouble'>. Soderman called the Fmeign
~I ini.,ter. and then told me to let them all
go to l ulea, the nearc t to,\ n, \\eanng their
uniforms.
l .,
f I

rroRr this younr man is a month

to Kir\..enes. in northern Noma} near Pet-
sa mo, by sea in November of 1944. and lost
a lot of them through submarine action and
by dive bombers based in Norwa y. It \\.as
decided to tran~po rt b y air a comp:.ny of
police troop .... and two ho-.pital units, from
northern S\\eden to Kirkene'> to participate
in actions aguinst Ge1 mans rclre.H ing from
rinland.
Thb "as a full military operation. The
planes that were to 11 r them north came to
Stockholm v.ith United State" mrhtM} m.1r\..-
ings. and with invasion s tripes on their fuse-
lages a nd rudders. They landed a t night. and
it wa-; intended to get them out a'> quic\..l) a'>
pos-.ible so that they would not he ..,een, be-
cause the crews were in full uniform. But
the weather wa~ bad. and it \vas impo'>'>ible
for them to leave the field. So I \vent to sec
Police Captain Olson, \\ho was in charge o(
the field, and explained the difficulty.
"Why not give them internee certificates?"
I said. "You can have them fingerprinted and
photographed and everything."
Ahout thi" time Brigad ier General Alfred
A. Kes,ler. America n ~ l rlitary Attachc a t
Stoc\..holm. was sent to in~pect our group. At
Ka Ila' there were eighty-seven S\\ cdtsh
planes and ten American planes. The general
""'invited to dinner at Lulea b~ the Swede;.,
after revie\.\.ing our unit. There he met Swcd-
i-.h officers. l'lorwegian-. in Norn egtan unt-
form'>. Norwegian\ in Briti'>h uniforms,
Americans in American uniform,_ a nd Finn-
1... h officer' in Finnish uniform ... He lol1 t...ed ut
this Alice in Wonderlnnd settinc. and '>aid:
" I am beginning. to see da} light. Thi-.. is some-
thing \cry different from what I e:\pected.
How the hell did it happen?"
B}' April we were all in uniform in Stock-
holm. And if we ha d gone into Norn a:,. the
Swede::. would have gone \\ ith us.
Jn the 11c1t and co11d11di11i: i11stal/111c111, Colv-
11el Bt1lche11 descri bt>~ how t lie A mt1icn11s
supplied the Nv,.we~iwi 1111der~ro1111d, 1111d
crnc11l/feclNorwegian cadets mu/ illtemccl
Allied /fias.
PATENT
Off ICE
B old, Dad is taking his first home
movics.
Thus begins Chapter One in an-
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every cherished family occa ion ..
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t 0L Ll[ft"5

Collier's for March 9, 1H6

58 World Changer
Continued from page 17

miles deep. has brought them up short.
The Armstrong principle, however, was
radically different from a ny which had pre-
ceded it. Studies of wave action reveal that
the surface disturbances of the sea are just
that-surface disturba nces. So, instead of a
flight deck built upon a barge or conventional
type of floating vessel, he designed one which
wou ld rest upon vertical floats extending
down a hundred or more feet through the di-.-
turbed surface waters to rest in what the deep-
sea sailor refers to as "solid water." Thus the
flight deck is undisturbed by surface waves
a nd storms which pass between the vertical
floats, much the same way as water passes
between the piling of piers.
To celebrate the birth of his idea. Arm-
'>trong promptly resigned from D u Pont and
'>tarted building models and conducting tests.
He also organized the Seadrome Patents Co ..
Inc., to operate the seadromes on a toll basis
for airlines. And at the outrageous prices
asked in the dry middle twenties, he bought a
bottle of bourbon which he set on his work-
room shelf with the firm resolve that it
wou ld remain unopened until the first sea-
drome v.as an actuality.
The First Wave of Enthusiasm
an inventor in story or real life-Armstron g
is at last dusting the cobwebs off the bourbon
preparatory to tapping it. It took a global
wa r to blast the seadrome off the drawing
board. but Air Transport Command- after
extensive tests made by Army engineers and
some redesigning to adapt it to modern air
craft-is interested in going ahead with the
drome.
And to show how even the wi ldest predic-
tions of the press can age with time into some-
thing quite re:.pectable. ATC would like to
have a dromc over a mile long (actually about
6.000 feet). \\ith four decks fo r hangar space.
gasoline storage, living quarters, dining
rooms. workshops, etc.
For the first time, too. a deep-water a nchor-
age can be effected. Because of the Arm-
strong principle of fl otation. there is no great
pull on the cable. no resultant strain upon
the seadrome itself. John A. R oe bling's Sons
Co., of Trenton. N. J .. builders of the Brook-
lyn Bridge. have already perfected an anchor-
age they guarantee wi ll work.
It may ::.eem ironical tha t back in the twen -
ties. when aircraft had a short range and such
c.lromes v.ere essential to cross-ocean flights.
nothing was done about building them, whi le
now. with plent y of aircraft capable of easily
spa nning the ocean. the first seadromes may

Howwtodeal The investment in bourbon at fir\t seemed

a short-term one. The press-fasci nated v..ith
the idea-did it~lf proud with artists' ga rish
be put into operation. However, th e eco
nomics of air travel have not altered although
aircraft have.

wwith COLDS conceptions of floating cities on man-made

i.,Jands of -.tee!. The movie colony took up
Armstrong, lionized him. Gloria Swam.on,
In the middle twenties. Armstrong's '>Citing
point to the airlines was simply: " It\ beller
to carry pay load than gasoli ne." That made
Elinor Glyn gave parties in his honor. Let- '>Cnse. It still does; and ATC's experience a'>
ters of congratulation and encouragement the greatest globe-girdling airli ne for freight
Physician advise these 5 basic steps, in ad- poured in from people like Rud yard Kipling, and passengers bears him out.
dition to temporary relief measures, to help your Henry Field fof the Field Mu<.eum), Simon The development of new, far-ranging air
Lake (inventor of the i.ubma rine) a nd Sir craft mean\ simpl y tha t the load ca pacity ot
system throw off a cold. See how lemons help : John Rile,. Britain" foremost "hip designer, the planes has been boosted. It docs no t
v..ho offered to aid in the design of the alter the basic fact that it is cheaper to carry
5 BASIC STEPS drome'>. 1-cllow engi neers declared it wa'> more pay load in these la rger planes th an to
LEMONS HELP WITH ALL 5 practical. industrial gianb poured money into carry ga-,oline. ATC's st udies revealed. for
ADVISED BY PHYSICIANS
11. heheving that, in addition to worl.ing, the e,_ample, that with one such dromc sta tioned
G.t plenty of rest: Lemons are among the richest i.eadrome would also pa} . between San Francisco and Hawai i for re
I overcome fatlcue; bulld known sources of vitamin C, which Thi'> year. 1946-twenty-two years later, fueling purpo ~es . th e pay load of an airliner
resistance. combats fatigue and fights i11fectio11. years packed with every trial and tribulation could be upped more than 100 per cent.
and individual heartbreak which ever plagued The whole story of the seadromes devel-
Lemon juice with water and baking
2 Allulllnlze your system. soda forms sodium citrate, an excel
lent alkalinizer.

Lemon juice and water, with or

Insure reaulu
3 ellml natlon.
without soda, is mildly laxative for
most people.

~t llshtly. Tke plenty

4 of llqulds. especlally Fresh lemon drinks are favorites.
citrus Juices.

KHP warm; avoid Hot lemonade is almost universally

5 further c:hlll. If cold per
prescribed.
1l1b, H your doctor.

TO GAIN FULL BENEFITS FROM

LEMONS - FOLLOW THIS ROUTINE
At first sip of a cold drink a glass of lemon
and soda. Take another every 3 or 4 hours.
To Induce perspiration, take a hot lemonade To make lemon & soda
when you go to bed. pour juice of l lemon in
a half glass of water. Add
Lemon and soda forms natural sodium citrate. - slowly - half teaspoon
Supplies vitamins and all other benefits of baking soda (bicarbon
fresh lemon juice, plus an increased alkaliniz- ate). Drink as foaming
quiets.
ing effect Consumed at once, soda does not
appreciably reduce vitamin content.
To avoid colds build your resistance! Join the millions who now drink lemon
and water daily. Juice of l lemon in glass of plain water.first thmgonarising.

COLl.flR "S ID lltYllH

Collier's for March 9, 1946

 ' I
The Marx Menace
Continued from page H
added Gummo and Chico. And thus The
Four Marx Brothers were launched ... and
so were the endless gags about Hart, Schaff-
ner and the Marx Brothers. As the years
passed, Gummo was to be replaced by Zeppo,
the kid brother of the family, and finally he
was to drop out to become an agent, leaving
only three in the act.
For some years now the three have been
making their last movie. The excuse for mak-
ing Casablanca was that Harpo and Groucho
had to do something to k.cep Chico away
from the racetrack-which was as good an
excuse as any.
Today, the Marxcs' idea is to pile in so
many ga~ that it doesn't matter if the laughs
overlap. People can look at the picture and
still have a good time if they miss a few
guffaw-getters, or if Number 23 comes on
before they've stopped laughing at Number
22.
When the Marxes announced A Night in
Casablanca as the title of their new one,
somebody in Warner Brothers' legal depart-
ment wrote Groucho a formal note, pointing
out that Wamers had made a picture titled
Casablanca and objecting to its further use.
Nothing could be done legally, because a
title can't be copyrighted, much less an Afri-
can town name.
Groucho was equal to the occasion. As
spokesman for his trip he wrote a polite let-
ter to Warners, arguing that it they pre-
vented his usina the word Casablanca, he
"'ould object to the use of their \\-Ord 'Broth-
er " in the firm's title. He pointed out, with
unassailable logic, that the Marx Brothers
antedated the Warner Brothers and hinted
that, to him, it looked like a nice case of mild
copycatting. This ended the argument.
The brothers, in fact, have been known
under that title since they were in their teens
-a reasonably long time ago.
The Marx legend is full of stories. At one
time in their early years Chico and Harpo
looked like t~in>. Chico was a good piano
player; Harpo a poor one. Chico would get
a piano-playing job and turn it over to Harpo,
going bad:. to his own. Harpo v.ould last a
few performances and add a few dollars to
the family purse, which was pretty thin.
Groucho, who used to sing a sweet tenor,
got his start in a Gus Edwards musical act,
into which Mother had battered her way
after a six-months siege of booking offices.
From this he went into a inging combo
known as the Leroy Trio and was in Cripple
Creek, Colorado, when his voice broke. He
was heaved out of the act bodily and drove a
grocery wagon for ome v.eeks to get fare
back home to Mother.
Harpo got his start playing with a harp
his uncle, Al Shean, bought for forty dollars
and gave him, or which was his grandmoth-
er's in Germany. The stories differ. He not
only can't read music, but his private method
of harp tuning is such that no other harpii.t
can play it. Harpo once bought a thirty-
minute lcuon in harping and spent it showing
CelLlll ' I "Oh, snap out of it, Frances!"
Collier' for March 16, 1946
" . ' - . .. .
the teacher the Marx Method, with some suc- 71
cess.
The brothers always have been artists first
and businessmen afterward. When, in 1918,
they opened their own show in Battle Creek,
Michigan they had merely an idea: No
script, no advance billing, no light plot for
the electrician and no photographs of them-
FALSETEETH WEARERS
selves for the lobby. The last problem they
solved by placing a six-foot blowup of Miss
Theda Bara, a vamp of the period, in the
lobby. But even with Miss Bara-who some
customers may have imagined was part of the
act-the box-office take was just twenty-eight
dollars. They starved around the circuit-
/low AwTvl-
and finally got home, once more, to Mother.
A Marx legend is that Winston Cnurchill
was watching their Night at the Opera when
oenture Breat h!
the ne\\-s was brought to him that Rudolph
Hess had landed in Scotland-and that the
Prime Minister refused to leave until the
picture was finished. A wire story at the time
quoted Churchill as saying: " I wouldn't leave
1f Goebbcls, Hitler, Goering and Hess all
landed by parachute; they couldn't possibly
be as funny as this."
The Marx boys have thought over this
quote quite a bit-and are still wondering
whether it's high praise to be judged funnier
than the four former top men of Nazidom.
The Marxes' best friend probably is the
regimentation of modern life and their re-
fusal to accept it. They do, on the stage and
screen, what millions of people would like to
do but are prevented from doing by law, cus-
tom or the menacing shriek of conscience.
How Not to Be Frustrated
"Every man," says Harpo, "wants to chase
a pretty girl if he sees one. He doesn't-I do.
Most people at some time want to throw
things around recklessly. They don't-but we
do. We're a sort of safety valve through
which people can blow off steam. People
all have inhibitions and hate them. We just
ignore them."
As everyone knows, Harpo has been doing
the same sort of thing for fifteen or twenty
)IC n. without spcakina a \\oord, and he aet as
many laughs as eYer. In Casablanca, Pro-
ducer David Loew offered Harpo fifty-five
thousand dollars more to speak one word:
"Murder!" It sounds like a lot of money, but
the novelty value would have been great;
"Harpo Speaks" in ads and on billboards
would have brouaht in dough at the box of- ,~e,, you're probably brushinq
fice.
Harpo, who likes a dollar as well as the '' \/t,,v your plate with makeshift
next man, thought it over and turned it down,
with a headshake instead of a "No." Why f~ cleansers -soak it in
break a tradition? Let history remember
Harpo the Mute, not Harpo the Gabbier.
,,, POLI DENT instead!"
A character is hard to build- but you can
always go out and get fifty-five thousand
bucks ~omewhere. That's Harpo.
Groucho, though, is apt to be a trifle satiric
about the long march of the Marxcs; he has
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OUR SECRET WAR
IN SCANDINAVIA
BY COLONEL BERNT BALCHEN
U.S. Army Air Forces
In his concluding article Colonel Ba1chen tells how the Allies were
able, with the co-operation of the Swedes, to supply the Norwegian
underground, and to harass the Germans from Swedish territory
T JS incredible how dumb the Germans
A Liberator bomber, flying slow and low, dropping agentt and supplies for the Nor-
wegian underground behind German lines. Drawing was made by Colonel Balchen
I
were in guarding the border bet'\\een Nor-
way and Sweden. We could run supplies
and people back and forth by train or truck
whenever '\\e chose. One reason for our suc-
cess in these operations was the peculiar
nature of the border, which runs along the
ridge of a low mountain range, and, .,.ith the
exception of a few towns, is just miles and
miles of forests and mountains. Not only
was it difficult to guard such a border, but
the guards seemed to get bored with their
isolation and to become careless.
Of cour,e, we had the "illing aid of the
Swedes. Many fleeing Norwegian patriots
with the Germans at their heels were saved
by soldiers of the Swedish border patrol, who
took them to Swedish headquarters and gave
them food and instructions for further prog-
ress. Once one of our agents \\35 '\\Ounded
in a running fight with the Gestapo. The
Swedes had watched his progress for some
time; he would drop to the ground and fire
at the Germans, then get up and run a bit
farther before falling and taking another
shot to slow up the pur:.uit. He was \l.ithin
half a mile of the border "hen be \\as
wounded, and could run no more.
That was too much for the Swedes. Some
of the patrol '"ent across the border and took
Colonel Balchen inspects the fugitive a'\\ay from the Germans at the
a hut occupied by Russian point of the bayonet. The Germans made a
prisoners of war. Made of protest to the S'\\edish commanding officer,
clay and peat, the shelter but little attention was paid to it.
was about eight feet long, Throughout the German occupation of
six feet wide, and two Norway there were convoys running into
and one-half feet high. Sweden over all the roads. Goods had to be
It held about fifteen men shipped back and forth, and it was easy for
the Norwegian underground to put two or
three emptr rucks into a convor. Then, at
a certain point, these trucks would drop out
and othe~. packed with refugees and cov-
ered with tarpaulins, would take their places.
All the Germans did was count the truck:.. I
think we lost only three trucks during the
whole war.
Jn the central part of the S"edi~h-Nor
wegian border there is a great lumber dis-
Another drawing by Colonel Balchen. Here the Liberator has made a drop and is tnct, which is partly on the 1'0'\\egian side
hurrying back to its base. Supplies were dropped from an altitude of 400 feet and partly on the S\\edJSh. Trucks carrying
lumber w.ere al\l.ays going into s"' eden and
returning with supplies for the Germans, and
it was very easy to stow guns and ammuni-
tion, and even a courier, m one of the trucks.
1 cram themselves, hoping to keep from freez-
-~ The Swedes at the border would notify us
when a good-natured German guard whom
they could control would be on duty, and
when we heard the way was clear, the truck
would go rumbling mto Norway, v.here the
underground agents met 1t and too)( charge
of the cargo.
The Swedish air patrol which watched the
northern border was stationed at Kiruna, a
town of some 10,000 population in the north-
western part of the country. It was more of
a rescue patrol than anything else, for during
the v. inter of 1944-45, "hen the German
were being pushed back through northern
Norway, taking with them the Ru~sian sla"e
laboren. and the Lapp~ and Nof'\\egian who
lived in the area, there were many escapes
over the border.
Sometimes the refugees could not quite
make it, and would fall e~hau!>ted, "ith
frozen feet or leg). Hundreds of the e un-
._. I ,
fortunates were seen by the Swedish flying
patrol, and the pilot would either land and
pick up the refugee, or notify a ground pa-
trol where he was, which was often inside
German-occupied territory. Swedish ambu-
lance planes were constantly engaged in this
'\\Ork, and they saved more lives than "'e will
ever know.
Many of the refugees were Russians in
miserable condition, and their desire to get
away from their captors was easily under-
stood when we flew into Banak, a big air-
port in the north of Norn-ay on the polar
sea, where the Germans had had their noi rh-
ern headquarters.
Never ha\ e I seen such living conditions as
the RU',i.ians had. There were neatly 10,000
of them in pnson camps, working on roads
and bridgcll nnd auiields, and shut up at
night behind electrified wire barricades. Two
of these camps were m swamps, where even
in the dry season the water was over our
boot as \\'e walked nround. One can only
imagine what it was like when it rained. Their
houses were of earth, roofed w\\h sod, with
no heat, although sometimes the Russian~
managed to make a stove out of uns.
The Elements Add to Misery
But the thing that shocked me most was
the way they let 2,200 R ussi:ln laboreri. fend
for them elves about three miles northea,t ol
Banak. These men had been dumped there
sometime in the spring of 1944 and told to
make themselves home!>. The only possible
\'- 1y they could get shelter was to dig into a
clay bank \\ ith their hands. The front of the
bank \\as pock-marked with holes \\here
men had clawed their way into the clay to
find some shelter from the rain and sleet and
wind of the Arctic. They had a few bits of
wood to shore up the sides and roof, and
where they needed more protection they cov-
ered the entrances or roofs with turf, They
had no heat, no way of cooking e'\cept \\jth
empty tin cans, and no sanitation facilities,
It must ha\e been horrible in the summer,
for anybody who has been in the north knO\\S
how punishing the mosquitoes and flies can
be. But in the fall, when it rained and sleeted,
it must have been even v. on.e. In a space ten
by fifteen feet, at least twenty men "ould
ina to death by mere physical contact. They
v.ere sick, suffering from scurvy and all :.orts
of filthy diseases. At least fifty per cent of
them died.
We found their bodies, and e\en their
skeletons, for if their own people did not
bury them, the Germans let them he where
they fell. Helpmg to drive out the Germans
v.ho destroyed that area was '\\Orth all the
dangerous flying we did.
The ' orwegians who fled from Nornay
into S\l.eden often v.ith the aid of the \\ede ,
had lo lea\e their po,e,~ion behind. Dur-
ing the \l.ar, at least 60,000 Nornegians es-
caped in this way They were r ai~tered at
Stoc holm by the 1\ornegian legation. and
taken t"are of at 1'..je:.eter in centnl "iweden.
~fany \loere }OUng men '\\ho \\.antcd to 1oin
their countrymen fighting on the oubide 1nd
it was from their ranh that a lari!e 1'1or
'\\egian torce '\\Bli trained by S\\ edt!>h and
 ~ '. . ,,. . . ..
Norwegian officers for eventual action in
Norway. These training camps were started
as early as 1942, and in 1945 there \\ere 15,-
500 well-trained Norwegian troops in them.
Their equipment, uniforms, supplies and am-
munition all came from the Swedish arm;:.
Between 200,000 and 250.000 people from
Norway, Denmark , Estonia, Latvia and Lith-
uania found sanctuar} in Sweden, escaping
slave-labor camps and sometimes mass ex-
ecutions. The activities of the Swedes also
extended outside their own country. In Oslo
alone they fed 50,000 school children every
tlay in the latter years of the occupation.
md in Finland 70.000 children were fed
daily through the Swedish Red Cross.
One of the most astonishing by-products
of Swedish neutrality was the handing over
10 England of rhe first undestroyed V-2 bomb
the bomb that caused such terrifying de-
struction in southern Engla nd. These bombs
began falling in London in October. 1944, as I
well remember. because I was there occa-
'>ionally when they came dO\\n.
Those Mysterious Big Boxes
One day in the latter part of July. 1944, I
got a telephone call from London asking me
to tly over some big boxes, of which they gave
me the dimensions. They were at Bromma
flying field at Stockholm and weighed about
two and a half tons. What was in them they
would not say; it was very secret. I found
that the boxes were too large to get through
any opening in our Liberators, so we got an
old C-47, with no special navigation equip-
ment on it, just enough radio to get around
England.
l ieutenant Colonel Keith Allen made the
flight to Sweden, loaded the boxes. and got
back to Leuchan,, in Scotland. The plane had
no armament; Colonel Allen and his crew
had to depend on good navigation and our in-
formation to dodge fighters and tlak, but
they made it. Then T flew the plane dO\\ n to
Farnborough, the biggest aviation testing
ground in England, comparable lo our
Wright Field, and turned the boxes over to
Professor Alexander, who was in charge of
re e:uch on guided mis ilcs. He confirmed
my belief that the cases contained a V-2 with-
out a war head, which had landed in $\\ eden
while on a test flight.
Our "Where and When" project was the
final test of Swedish co-operation. As the
name suggests, it was not a dependable op-
eration. The idea was to fly Norwegian sol-
diers from Kallax in northern Sweden lo
Kirkenes and other points in northern Nor-
way.
The Germans were being driven back by
ALFRED
the Russia ns. and the Norwegians \\anted to
play a part in the battle. The only way we
could get troops in there was to fly them, and
the only way they could be supplied was b~
airplane. We also dropped agents and radio
apparatus and food.
The weather was unusually vile. Tem-
peratures were frequently lower than 40 de-
grees below zero, and there was a great deal
of fog and icing. Day after day, flights had
to be canceled. Nevertheless. we dropped
1,442 men. and 2,456,000 pounds of supplies
were carried out of Kallax to Kirkenes. to
Banal.., a northern Norwegian airport. and
to Bodo, after the capitulation. It was mostly
military equipment, although some cargo \vas
for civilian relief in Finnmarken. We carried
everything from fishhooks to sectional
houses, hay and oats.
At least 92,000 pounds of material were
dropped by parachute, using the paper para-
chute:. made by the Swedes. \\ hich \\Orked
very well. Even the shroud lines were of
paper. We found that hay in bale~ of ~00
pounds, if tied together \\ ith a steel band,
could be dropped from almost any altituC.:e
without chutes.
On one occasion we had to take in a hca\'y
radio set and food, and because of the weight
of the radio it could not be landec.l b) para-
chute. We wanted to drop it at Banak, close
to the German lines, and the venrure didn't
look very promi!.ing. But it hnd to be done,
becau'e we had to know \\hat the Gcrm:ins
\\ere doing. I decided to take a C-47. ha\'-
ing sent a message before to put bmnchcs
of trees on a river so that it would be possible
to pick the landing place. WI! frequently took
off and landed in a foot, or a fool and a half.
of hard-packed sno\\, but we managed to
keep the plane from turning over. However
this time there was a two-foot !>nO\\ on the
river. 1 got do\\ n all right, and the plane
stopped rolling in fifty yards, ~o deep wa!>
the snow.
A Tou gh Job of Sn ow Shoveling
Getting off was another problem. Fight-
ing ''as goinll on less than I\\ o mile' from
Ban.ii.., and the 100 m..,n v.ho clcircd run-
''ay kept rilles near them all the time they
were shoveling a space abou1 I.OOO foet Ion!?
by s1'\t} "iue. The) ''ere eating in c;od huh,
cooking reindeer meat. and brought their
guns in \\ith them <llld kept them handy . The
\\e,1ther \\as be;1utiful. not a cloud in the 'kr.
and a sort of half l\\ilight. A thousand feet
of snow-covered ice im't much of a rum\ a}".
but by using half flaps. and \\ith a side
wind, \\e got off \\hile going only !>t'\ty miles
an hour. Of cour,e, "e were light. But "e
by FOSTER HUMFREVILLE
....... ...
sure poured on the coal 10 get altitude. and
\\hen \\e turned \\e ''ere right O\ier the firing
line.
The S\\edish air force helped us out again
during this series of battles in the north.
Some l\ornegian soldiers were digging up
mines in the Lapp settlement of 1'...1rasjok:.
The \\hole northern area had been burned
out and de ... troyed by the Germans, and the
only bllllding left in the tm\n \\a'> the church.
In mos! places the} did not even lea\e the
church. One of the larger mine' e\ploded
and killed twenty-two men and injured nine.
All of the latter needed immediate medical
attention.
I telephoned Dr. Carl Semb. chief of the
Nornegian Army Medical Corp-;, and he ar-
ranged for another doctor and a nur e to 11,
DOUBLEDUTY NOSE DROPS
to Karasjok. It w:is impo...sible to land there,
so they would have to be dropped by para- NOW HELPING MILLIONS!
chute. The tO\\ n lay in a bend in the ri\er. \\"hen a head colJ strikes-gee after
\\ith high land on either '>ide, and the drop'> che misery right a\\ay. Puc a liccle
had to be made \\hi le the plane wa" in :'I Va-cro-nol in each nostril. Jc is spe-
ci.1lizeJ meJic.1cion eh.it U'Ork.J right
!>light bank. The nurse, a plucky \\l)man.
whtrt tro11blt ii!
had never been up in an airplane before in
her life. and here she \\as being asked to go Quickly Relieves sneezy, s_nimy,
sruffy distress
up for the first time and then jump. She did of head colJs Makes breaching easier.
not he"itate.
When the plane reached Kara~jok. the doc- Helps Prevent manr C?IJs__from
dc:vtloring 1t useJ
tor jumped. and then the nu .....e. and \\hen it at che first warning sniltle or sneeze.
became e\ 1dent that more than one doctor Keep this Double-Duey Nose Drops
\\as needed. Colonel Semb, not a }OUng m:m, always hanJy-ready to use instantly
aho Jumped. The emergency operation:. \\ere when needed. You may save rourself
performed in the church half an hour later, much misery. l:ol-
and all the lives v.ere c;a.,;ed.
During most of the time. \\e had t\\O con-
current operations O\er l\ornay and s... eden.
V1Cls low Jirections in
the package.
One was fl)ing out ~on,eg1an air cadets and
.\llied flief'i \\ho h.1d been interned. The
other ''a' <,uppl~ ing the 'orv.egia n under-
VATRONOL
ground ''ith amh. muni1ion' nnd medicine,,
and dropping agenb. and radio eq1..apmcnt. CHILDREN'S COLDS
We new armed \\hen \\e \\CO( on.r "'orv.a) lo
To ttliCTC miseries - rub
m<1ke drop:., and \\ere unarmed \\hc:n \\e VicksVapoRub thoroughly
ne\\ into S\\eden. Becau...e of the high hilb on thr~c. chest, back and
and bad \\C.lther. these Highb \\ere regarded let its time-tested poulticc:-
as the mo<;l dangerous in Europe. npor action go to world
The need for our /lights to ~ornay be-
came known to me as soon as I reached
lockholm on mr .first /light there to make
.irr .mgcmcnts fo1 our oper tions. I h. d n.it
heen in my hotel half an hour before an old
friend. Dr. Otto Dahl, one of the leaders of
the underground mo\emcnt in Norv.ay, came
to m} room and told me ot the urgent neec.l
for supplie,.
When I returned to Scotland, I reponed Dr.
Dahl's reque~t. but it \\3S not until July, 1944.
-;oon after the Normand}' in,-asion, that we
could begin to give the underground ''hat it
had a-,ked. For the'c operations I had the
choice of c;i, \\ar-\\eary liberator retired
bombers that v.ere of no further u"e 10 the
Air Force. They were "ent to a depot where
the machine guns in the noo;e \\ere remo,cd,
and the bombardier's compartment w:is
changed to gh e him better \ii.,ibility.

Fitted for Action

l 111IJ1h1111 ,,, '
The bomb ba\ \\a~ fitted \\llh static line to
...,, .. release parach~tes on the containers \\hen
they \\ere let go. The ball turret in the floor
\\ll'i remo\ed, and a hole was made through
\\hich agent,, l)r t-odie~." n' "e cnlled them.
TWO NIW UPIUOHI MOHU fOR
could be dropred. We kept the top nnd wni l
gun' for protection. The crev. \\ere men raoDN fOOD ITOUOI a PROCUllNO
"ho had tlo'rn "ith me 1-efore, or had been
on mis-.ion!> lO France \\here they haJ learned Now right in your own home, you can procesa
ho" to make drop ... Tho'>e \\ho didn't know and keep frozen fOodJ and ordinary foods in
\\ere ..,ent to a training .;chool. one euily atteuiblc Upright Cabinet. Many
Dropping invohes a different sort of fly-
new features.
ing from an} thing el e in the ir r-orce . The
drops ure made at a low altitude, bodies be- Style A-18 Cu. Ft. Frozen Food Storage

ing drt,pped from about 500 feet; and sup-
l'lles, "hich arc not so ea~ily damaged, from
400 feet. The peed of the plane illl l.:ept as
lo\\ as pos,ible. We flew our Liberator at
about 1:!5 miles an hour. \\ilh v,;heels do\\n
and v.ith full flapf. o'er the dropping area,
juc;t about at the stalling point. We flew
nights, many times do\\ n in valle} below the
e
inc:luding Protctaing Compartment.
Style B-"Triple Outy"-Frozen Food
Storage and Proceuina Compartment: plu.
normal temperature on one aide.
Amazing low price
Made by u~rlencec:i mariufacturer ''
n11 flXTUU coaPOUTIOll

-="-...
top' of mountains and along their sid . The
record, show that \\e dropped 120 ton of ,---------------------,
I TYUlt FJXTUlll' COllP ~ O.pt C-3, NilH, Mlchloan I
Mtpplies on Norway and flew hty- e'en mi - I Pl... eruah l:lintratN bool't on HAltDEll,.,_. Home I
'::. 'ions, of which fort}one \\ere ucce fut. I Loctet < l Ui;t11ht M.)deta < >Ct11t Model I
.........
I he others \\Cre not completed because of I I
I NAME I
"Alfred jus t can't wait to do his t rick, where you take a card bad weather.
out of the deck and then hctclls you which one you took" The drop were all co-ordinated "ith Nor- I AOOMU I
couou s I I

Collier's for March 16, 1946

wegian . abotage, and it is a re,-ealing fact
----------------------
 ... ., . .'
lhat not a single act of sabotage was corn
milled in Norway except on command from
London headquarters. The whole system was
beautifully integrated. Here is one example:
The first American bombing in Norway was
at Kjeller Field. just outside Oslo, which the
Germans used for a maintenance depot. The
bombers destroyed the barracks and the en-
gine assembly plant, but did not get the spare
parts. These were moved to a big ware-
house on the edge of the city of Oslo.
We heard from our agents in Oslo that the
parts had been moved, and they asked for
instructions. The area could not be bombed,
because the target was too small, and the
section was well populated. When the prob-
lem was put up to headquarters in London,
it was decided that the saboteurs should do
the work.
They had sufficient explosives, and one
I Sensational filter day, "'hen people living near by had been
warned to leave their homes, the warehouse
whirl-coo)a smoke.
full of spare parts for German airplane en-
gines \\.ent up in the air.
2 Filter retains flakes The system by which tbis was done was
and shreds. worked out carefully. We had our central
headquarters in Stockholm, and there was a
3 Replace filter when direct means of communication with the
diacoJored. headquarters of Milorg, the Norwegian name
for the underground in Oslo. It was largely
by means of personal contact, through agents
!;muggled across the border. For quick ac-
tion, Oslo was in radio communication with
London, and London with us in Stockholm.
There \\ere only three men in the Oslo head-
quarters-shifted all the time. One was in
with~. ef
charge of communications, one in charge of
propaganda, and the other had control of the
to flltn
action group, the "dynamite boys."
Each one of these dealt with another group
Genulnt fllttn
farther down the line, but only through an
lot MlDICO
Plp11, Cl911rttt1 intermediary. The man in Oslo, for instance,
& Cigar Holdt n who pai.sed on word as to what bridge or
Pclctd Only railroad was to be blown up, did not know
la this 1111 the man who would transmit it to the group
Hd lfadl IH. that would take action. Between the man in
0'.'>lo and the group which translated orders
S. M. FRANK & CO., Inc., N. Y. 22 into action was a man or woman who knew
both. If he, or she, were caught, the line of
communication was broken, and there was
Forfill~ng cracks
no danger ol the Germans fine.ling out the
names of the agents at the top or bottom of
~-- the chain.
in Floors
and Furniture Foolproof Operational System
any man con be The ~ystem never really failed. If it were
his own handyman advisable to blow up a bridge because of
with Plastic Wood. German troop movements, the agents in Nor-
011 sole at point,
\\ay \\OUld get in touch with headquarters in
hardware and 1 Ot
O:.lo. They, in turn, would notify London.
It \\:ould be decided whether there were suffi-
cient explosives on hand, and, if not, the
underground would requisition them. Then
\\e \\.Ou Id decide \\ hether the explosives
should he sent in by truck, over the Swedish
border, which could often be done becau~e
of the constant traffic berneen the l\\O coun-
tries; or, if there were need for haste, we
should drop the explosives by airplane at a
point designated by the B.B.C. broadcast
from London .
Our positions for drops were charted on
REFRESH the maps. and each was given a code name,
uch as Goldfinch, Bear, Perch, Apple, etc.
At the headquarters of tbe Office of Strategic
TIRED EYES Services in London we had a big map with
all these locations marked on it, and when
we decided a drop was to be made, orders
"'ent out over the British Broadcasting Sys-
tem. "The Goldfinch has laid an egg," in
Norwegian, would mean that the receivers at
Goldfinch could be prepared to receive one
drop that night. lf two eggs, two drops.
When the time came for our first flight to
drop supplies to the underground, it hap-
pened that King Haakon of Norway and
Crown Prince Olav had come to Leuchars to
Eyes tired and bloodshot from wind ... inspect our Norwegian air squadron. I was
glare . . overwork . lack of sleep? -.eated next to the crown prince at dinner and
Try Eye.Gene. An exclusive ingredient told him that \\.e were going on our first drop-
makes Eye-Gene faster-acting ... more ping flight to Norway that night, and asked
effective than any other eye lotion you him if he \\.ould '>"rite a note to the men at
ever tried. Safe, harmless, stainless, home. He did so, and so did the king, and I
inexpensive. Get a bottle today.
""rote a brief note telling how I had received
EYEGENE
2 DROPS CLEAR, SOOTHE IN SECONDS
the messages.
When I left the table and asked Hi
.Maje~ty to excuse me, as I had an impor-
tant duty to perform, he wmked at me.
It was about eleven o'clock when we told
~
the control tower we were ready to take off,
and the field was lighted ahead of us. In
a few minutes we were clear of the coast, and
the gunners fired their guns to clean them.
Every hour we got weather reports from
Leuchars, sent blind because we could not
reply. The weather was fine with low clouds
underneath, and about 75 miles north of the
Shetlands we set our course for Norway. The
cloud cover disappeared completely, and we
could see the Norwegian mountains ahead.
We could see Sogne Fiord to the south, and
one of the islands where the Germans had a
radar station. But we had a safe passage in, C old make
because this was one of the few places where breathing diffi-
the Germans had no antiaircraft guns. cult? Nose feel
We flew low over the mountains, thus "clamped in a
avoiding the German radar, because moun- clothespin?" Put a Luden's in your
tains distort it, and whenever we could \\e mouth. As it dissolves it releases
stuck close to the ground. That also made
it difficult for fighter planes to attack us,
coot menthol vapor-which, with
because they could not dive and pull out be- every breath, helps relieve clogged
nasal passages, unclamp "clothes-
fore hitting the ground.
pin nose!"
The Scene of Tragedy
We were flying along the north side of the
largest glacier in Norway, Jostedalsbreen.
Deep fiords cut far into the country, and
there 1 saw at Loen the marks on the moun-
tainside from an avalanche that fell into the
lake below and caused a tidal wave that
washed away a whole community and buried
130 Norn.egians, not an uncommon misfor- lUDEN'S
tune in this wild country. This happened sev-
eral years before the war. and I was on the
HONEY-LICORICE
relief party that flew in. Below us \\as some
of the roughest country in Europe, with dark
COUGH DROPSI
Here's a new flavor in cough relief by
chasms between the mountain peaks, and the makers of Luden's Menthol Cough
snow on the tops of them. Drops. B oth are medicated. Both 5~.
Then we changed our course for our target,
Bollho, which is a peak to the east of a long,
narrow lake, high up in the mountain'> and
away from any habitation. I heard a voice
on the interphone:
"Ten minutes to go. Can anybody see any
lights?"
Everybody was staring ahead, and then we
heard from the tail turret:
" lights on the ground below the mountain-
tnp 11 nine o'clock:
We lowered the landing gear and naps,
the bomb-bay door!> were open, and then
we felt the jerk on the plane as the con-
tainers left.
"Oh, boy, this is perfect." somebody said.
We got up our wheels and flaps and took a Watch those lips. You won't get an-
turn over the dropping place. In the twilight other pair. Quick aid to cracked, sore
we could see the chutes lying close to the first lips may prevent more ser ious trouble.
When lips are chapped, parched, or
light. One of the men on the ground was
..
cracked-keep them fit with CHAP STICK.
'>ending the V-sign to us with his ftashlight. Specially medicated, specially soothing.
We always had to be careful in getting
"~;::: ~ -~!@!-~
away from one of these dropping places so
:is not to disclose the locations. The reception
committees had enough trouble with the quis-
lings and Gestapo without our complicating
matters. So we turned and followed a route
back to the sou lh of the glacier by which we
had entered Norway. The sun had come up
and the mountaintops were golden. The gla-
ciers were shining, white, blue and green.
CALLOUSES
Dr. Scholl's Quick, Soothing Relief For
The fiords were still black down in the Painful Callouses, Burning, Tenderness
shadow of the valleys.
When \\.e got back to Leuchars, I went to
bed after debriefing, and was awakened at 9
o'clock. Our Liberators were lined up out-
On Bottom Of Feet
For quick relief beyond
belief, use Super-Soft Dr.
side the hangar for inspection by King
Haakon, six black ones for dropping to the
underground in l'lorwa:r. five green ones for
Scholl's Zino-pads. The
instant you protect
the sensitive spot
flying Nor\\.egians from Sweden to Scotland. with these thin,
I was very proud of them. cushioning, soothing
At ten o'clock King H aakon, Cro\\ n Prince pads, pressure is lift-
Olav and Admiral Riiser-Larsen, command- ed. Painful cal-
ing officer of the Norwegian air forces, and louses, burning or
their !.taff came to inspect us. When I sa luted tenderness are re-
the king he asked me: lieved at once. Sep-
"HO\\ did you make out last night?" arat.e Medications in-
'\\fessages delivered, Your Majesty," I an- cluded in every box
S\\ered . for speedily remov-
He i.hook his head. ing callouses. Cost
''It\ unbelievable. Last night we had din- bu la trifle. Get a box
ner together; since then you have been in today. Insist on Su-
1'urnay, and now you are here again." per-Soft Dr .Scholl 's
During luncheon a courier came \\ith a
Zino-pads!
message for me which said:
Everything, also message, received
Thanks to the Yanks."
I gave the me~sage to the king. He looked
at it a long time.
THE END
CoJlier's for March 16, 19'6
 MR. _ _ _ _ _ _ __0
0
SULLIVAN. 8c CROMWELL . ~------~ 0

PLEASE NOTE AND

FILE COPY IUtTURN
l'ILlt
0
0
ATTEND 0
Sl:E Mlt 0
PASS ON D

February 5, 1946.
MATTER-~-~------~-

Marcus Wallenberg, Esq.,

Stockholms Enskilda Bank,
Stockholm 16, Sweden.
Dear Mr. Wallenberg:
I hear from Al f red that you have slightly deferred
your trip here and I hope this letter will reach you before
you get away. The purpose of it is merely to remind you thatyou
plan to talk to your brother and get from him a report with
regard to his contacts with Joerdeler and the July 20th
group. I am moving along fairly rapidly in collecting my
material and hope to begin writing something 1n the near
future. Also, you will note from the enclosed clipping
from the New York Sun of January 29th that there has already
been a veiled reference coming from the Nuremberg trials
which apparently refers both to your contacts and to my con-
tacts with the group prior to the July 20th putsch. Unless
there are some local reasons at your end of which I cannot
judge here, it might be well to get this out into the open
a little more. What I have in mind is that it ould do no
harm if it were known that the contacts which your brother
had on the other side of the lines were, in instances such
as the July 20th affair, put to uses .which benefitted the
Allied cause. As the publication of a book is a slow and
laborious process, it may be necessary to point up this
matter fairly soon if it is to be of use to us.
In any event, I hope that you will bring over
the full story when you come back.
vith kindest regards to your brother, I remain

Faithfully yours,

(Enclosure)
 January 23, 1959

TELEGRAM TO: MR. MARC WALLENBERG

ST. REGIS HOTEL, ROOM 1105
FIFTH A VENUE & 55TH STREET
NEW YORK, N. Y.

I AM LOOKING FORWARD TO SEEING YOU TOMORROW

NOON. JOHN WILL PROBABLY NOT BE AVAILABLE.

ALLEN

?: 20 Sent yia Signal Center (Cable Secretariat).

 Executive Registry

.5'/-ocik/n& 16', April 9, 1959

Allen W. Dulles, Esq.

Central Intelligence Agency
2 :30 E Street

W a s h i n g t o n, D. C.

Dear Allen,
1Vl arianne will accompany ine to Washington where we are

going to attend the International Chamber of Commerce ineeting

starting onthe 20th of this inonth. I shall try to reach you upon my

arrival and hope that you will be there.

With kindest regards,

SincerelL

Wallenberg