GENERAL OSTEOLOGY

PART OF SKELETAL SYSTEM :

1. Axial Skeleton
a. Osteology of Caput
b. Osteology of Collura
c. Osteology of Thorax
d. Osteology of Vertebrae / Columna Vertebralis
2. Appendicular Skeleton
a. Osteology of Superior Extremity
b. Osteology of Inferior Extremity

I. AXIAL SKELETON
A. CAPUT
1) Ossa Cranium/Neurocranium
a. Os Occipitalis
b. Os parietalis
c. Os frontalis
d. Os temporalis
e. Os sphenoidalis
 f. Os ethmoidalis
Os cranium will form a cavity called cavum cranii

2) Ossa Fascialis/Viscerocranium
a. Os Nasalis
b. Os Maxillaris
c. Os Zygomaticum
d. Os Mandibularis
e. Os Vomer
f. Os Lacrimalis
g. Os Palatina
h. Concha Nasalis Inferior
3) Sutura/sutures are fibrous joints between two bones that did not allow for the movement of the
joints between the bones of the cranium
a. Sutura Coronalis
b. Sutura Sagittalis
c. Sutura Lambdoidea
d. Sutura Squamosa
4) Other structure
a. Foramen Magnum
b. Palatum Durum
c. Palatum Molle
d. Nares Anterior
e. Septum Nasalis

B. COLLUM
The bones in the neck (the part of backbone ossa vertebrae) called os vertebralis pars cervicalis.
Consist of 7 segment vertebrae. Spesifically :
1) Columna vertebrae pars cervicalis I (C1) called atlas
2) Columna vertebrae pars cervicalis II (C2) called axis
3) Columna vertebrae pars cervicalis VII (C7) called vertebrae prominens
Clinical Aspect : Vertebrae Cervicalis Dyslocations
C. THORAX
1) Thorax wall formed by :
a. Columna vertebrae thoracalis
b. Costae and Spatium intercostalis
c. Sternum and Cartilaginea costalis
d. Membrana suprapleuris
e. Diaphragma
2) Thorax cavity/cavitas thoracis consist of :
a. Mediastinum
b. Pulmonalis cavity/cavitas pulmonalis
3) Thorax doors
a. Connection with nape of the neck apertura thoracis superior (thoracic outlet
b. Connection with abdomen
4) Structure of skeletal thorax wall :
I. Sternum
a. Manubrium sterni
Structure :
- Incisura jugularis
- Incisura clavicularis
- Incisura costalis I
 - Incisura costalis II
- Angulus sterni
b. Corpus sterni
c. Processus xyphoideus
II. Cartilago costalis
III. Costae and Spatium intercostalis
Consist of :
- Costae vera (Costae I-VII)
- Costae spuriae (Costae VII-X)
- Costae fluctantes (Costae IX-XII)
General structure of costae :

- Caput costae (Capitulum costae)

- Collum costae
- Tuberculum costae
- Corpus costae
- Angulus costae
- Sulcus costae
Spatium intercostalis (SIC)

The cavity between costae containing three muscle of respiration

IV. Columna Vertebrae

Clinical Aplication:
1. Thoracosynthesis for pleural effusion at spatium intercostalis V-VI
2. Thoracostomy for pneumothorax

D. VERTEBRAE
1) Columna vertebralis/skeletal vertebrae consist of :
a. Vertebrae cervicalis I-VII curvatura lordosis
b. Vertebrae thoraccica I-XII curvatura kyphosis
c. Vertebrae lumbalis I-V curvatura lordosis
d. Vertebrae sacralis I-V curvatura kyphosis (os sacrum)
e. Vertebrae coccygis I-IV os coccygis
 Clinical applications : abnormality at curvatura columna vertebralis, for example : kyphosis,
lordosis, scoliosis

2) Columna vertebrae consist of :

a. Segments of vertebrae
b. Articulatio
c. Pad of fibrocartilago discus intervertebralis
3) General characteristics of vertebrae (part of vertebrae)
a. Corpus vertebrae
b. Arcus vertebrae
c. Foramen vertebralis
d. Foramen intervertebralis
e. Pediculus
f. Lamina arcus vertebrae
g. Incisura vertebralis superior et inferior
h. Processus at arcus :
- Processus spinosus
- Processus tranversus
- Processus articularis superior
- Processus articularis inferior
3. Discus Intervetebralis
- Thickest in the cervical and lumbal ( the most prevalent movement)
- Every discus consist of :
Anulus Fibroses
Nucleus pulposes
4. Canalis vetebralis -> channel which is formed from a series of vertebrates foramen
 Tabel 1. Comparison of Vetebrae Cervicalis Atipical

Vetebrae Cervicalis III

Vetebrae Cervicalis I Vetebrae Cervicalis II
(Vetebrae Prominens)

Corpus Hasnt Has Has

Processus Spinosus Hasnt Has processes spinosus Processes spinosus not bifida
bifida and most longer (Prominens)

Arcus :

- Anterior Has Hasnt Hasnt

- Posterior Has Has Has

Has the lateral masses on Has dens Large processus transverses

each side (dextra et with small foramen
sinistra, superior et transversarium place through
inferior) with facies vena vertebralis
articulates in the upper
surface for jointed with
condylus occipitalis and
facies on lower surface to
jointed with axis

Tabel 2. Comparison Of Vetebrae Tipical As Constituent Of Columnae Vetebrae

 Vetebrae Cervicales Vetebrae Thoracica Vetebrae Lumbales

Corpus Small, the width from Medium, heart shaped Large, kidney shaped
side to side

Processus Spinosus Small and bifida Long, sloping Short, flat, rectangular
downward shape, leading to the
rear

Foramen vertebrale Large and triangle Small and round Large and round
shaped

Processus Has the foramen Has Fovea Costalis Large and

Transversus transversarium and jointed with slender,hasnt fovea
passed by arteri tuberculum costae ; costalis and facies
vertebralis from C1- hasnt foramen articularis jointed with
C6 transversarium costa ; hasnt foramen
transversarium

Processus Articularis Facies to posterior Facies to posterior Facies to medial

Superior and superior and lateral

Processus Articularis Facies to inferior and Facies to anterior and Facies to lateral
Inferior anterior medial excepted T12
facing to lateral side

Fovea Costalis Hasnt Fovea costalis on the Hasnt

corpus side jointed
with capitulum costae

II. APPENDICULAR SKELETON

A. OSTEOLOGI EXTRIMITAS SUPERIOR

1. Os. Clavicula

Extrimitas sternalis

Corpus claviculae

Extrimitas acromialis

Tuberculum conoideum

Clinical applications : Fracture os. Clavicula

2. Os. Scapula
 Part :

Collum scapulae

Acromion (processus acromialis)

Spina scapulae

Cavitas glenoidalis

Processus coracoideus

Fossa supraspinata

Fossa infraspinata

Margo :

Margo superior

Margo medial

Margo lateral

Facies :

Facies costalis

Facies posterior

Angulus :

Angulus superior

Angulus inferior

Angulus lateralis

Angulus acromii

3. Os. Humerus

Facies :

Facies anteromedialis

Facies anterolateralis

Facies posterior

Facies articularis carpalis

Margo :
 Margo medial

Margo lateral

Part :

Caput humeri

Tuberculum majus

Sulcus intertubularis

Tuberculum minus

Collum anatomicum

Collum chirurgicum

Corpus humeri

Condylus humeri

Epycondilus medialis

Epycondilus lateralis

Fossa olecrani

4. Os. Radius

Facies :

Facies anterior

Facies posterior

Facies medial

Facies lateral

Part :

Caput radii

Collum radii

Corpus radii

Foramen nutricium

Proc. Styloideus radii

Tuberositas radii

5. Os. Ulna
 Facies :

Facies anterior

Facies posterior

Facies medial

Facies lateral

Part :

Olecranon

Caput ulnae

Corpus ulnae

Proc. Styloideus ulnae

Tuberositas ulnae

6. Bones at manus region

Os. Carpi

Os. Metacarpi

Ossa digitorium : - Phalanx proximalis

- Phalanx medialis

- Phalanx distalis

B. PELVIS

Pelvis consists of :

a. Hard Part : Bone

b. Soft Part : Ligamentum and muscle

1. Ossa Pelvis

Consists of 4 bone :

a. Os Coxae (two)

b. Os Sacrum (one)

c. Os Coccygeus (one)

Ossa Coxae divided into three parts :

a. Os Ilium
 b. Os Ischium ; acetabulum

c. Os Pubis ; symphisis ossis pubis

2. Pelvic Door

Divided into three parts :

a. Apertura pelvis Superior (pintu atas panggul), the boundaries :

a) Promontorium os sacrum

b) Linea terminalis

c) Margo superior symphisis ossis pubis

b. Pintu tengah panggul (Narrow field of pelvic), the boundaries :

a) Os sacrum 4-5

b) Spina ischiadicae

c) Margo inferior symphisis ossis pubis

c. Apertura pelvis inferior (pintu bawah panggul), the boundaries :

Consists of two triangles with the same basis :

a) Front of triangle

- Arcus Pubicus

- Connecting line between tuber ischiadicum dextra et sinistra

b) Rear of triangle

- End of os sacrum

- Ligamentum sacro tuberosum dextra

- Ligamentum sacro tuberosum sinistra

- Connecting line between tuber ischiadicum dextra et sinistra

3. Pelvic cavity

Consists of two cavity :

a. Pelvic major (false greater pelvis)

b. Pelvic minor (true messer pelvis)

C. Osteologi exstremitas inferior

1. Femur
Part :
Caput femoris
Collum femoris
Corpus femoris
Trochanter major
Trochanter minor
Linea intertrochanter
Crista intertrochanter
Linea *aspera
Tuberositas glutea
Epicondylus medialis
Epicondylus lateralis
Condylus medialis
Condylus lateralis
Incisura intercondylaris
Fossa intercondylaris
Facies
Facies patellaris
Facies popliteal

2. Patella
Facies anterior (rough)
Facies articularis (soft)
Basis patella (superior)
Apex patella (inferior)

3. Tibia
Condylus lateralis
Condylus medialis
Corpus tibiae
Malleolus medialis
Tuberositas tibiae
Tuberculum intercondylare mediale
Tuberculum intercondylare laterale
Faces fibularis

4. Fibula
Caput fibulae
Collura fibulae
Apex capitis fibulae
Malleolus lateralis

5. Ossa tarsalia
Os. Talus
Os. Calcaneus
Os. Naviculare
Os. Cuboideum
 Os cuniforme mediate
Os. Cuniforme intermedium
Os cuniforme laterale
Hallux
Arcus transversal
Arcus longitudinal

Articulation (jenis articulatio)

1. Sinartosis (does not produce movement)
Sutura
Gpmphosis
Synchondrosis
Synostosis
2. Amphiarthosis (The resulting slight movement)
Syndesmosis
Symphisis
3. Diarthosis (can produce movement)
Synovial:
Gliding joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Ellipsoidal joint
Saddle joint
Ball and socket joints

Os. Clavicula Os humerus

Os scapula Os Radius
Os ulna Manus

Ossa Pelvis Os femur

Patella

Ossa Tarsalia
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Based on the location of the respiratory tractus divided into two, namely:

A. Upper Respiratory Tract

1. Nasal
2. Pharynx
B. Lower Respiratory Tract

1. Larynx
2. Trachea
3. Bronchus
4. Bronchiolus
5. Alveolus
6. Pulmo

Respiratory Tract :
Nares anterior vestibulum nasi (cilia) cavum nasi nares posterior (choana) pharynx larynx
trachea primary bronchus secondary bronchus tertiary bronchus bronchioles
terminal bronchiolus respiratory bronchiolus alveolus duct alveolus sac alveolus

A. Upper Respiratory Tract

Upper Respiratory Tract includes two organs, they are Nasal and Pharynx.

1. Nasal

On the nasal, the air is filtered, humidified and adjusted the temperature to bodys
temperature. Nasal starting from the anterior nares to the posterior nares.

a. Boundary of nasal and oral cavity are:

Palatum durum

Palatum molle

b. The structure of nasal:

1) Nares anterior / nares externa

2) Dorsum nasi
1) Vestibulum nasi
3) Cavum nasi / nasal cavity
There are three concha:
 a) Concha nasalis superior
b) Concha nasalis media
c) Concha nasalis inferior
There are three meatus:
a) Meatus nasalis superior
b) Meatus nasalis media
c) Meatus nasalis inferior
Va s c ul ar is at io ns : P lexu s K ei se lbach o fte n have b le ed ing
5) Nares Posterior (Choana) / Nares Interna

6) Sinus Paranasal, such as:

Sinus maxillaris
Sinus frontalis
Sinus sphenoidalis
Sinus ethmoidalis

Figure 1. The lateral wall of the nasal cavity

2. Pharynx
There are three parts, there are:
 a. Nasopharynx
Ostium Pharyngeum Tuba Auditiva (OFTA)
Tonsilla pharyngea

b. Oropharynx
Fa u c e s
Tonsilla palatina
c. Laryngopharynx
Adytus laryngeus

Compiler of Waldayers Ring:

a. Tonsilla pharyngea
b. Tonsilla palatina
a. Tonsilla lingualis

Structure:
Glotis
Cartilago cricoidea
Cartilago epiglottis
Ligamentum vestibularis
L i ga m e n t u m vo c a l i s
Plica vestibularis
Plica vocalis

Clinical Application :
Epistaxis, Septum deviasi, Anosmia, Rinitis, Palatoschisis, Polip

2. Lower Respiratory Tract

1. Larynx
 a. Three single cartilage:

Cartilage thyroidea
There is prominentia laryngeal (jakun)

Cartilage cricoidea
Epiglottis
b. Three pairs cartilage

Cartilage arytenoidea
Cartilage cuneiforme
Cartilage corniculata
c. Plica vestibularis
d. Plica vocalis

Laryngeal function, are:

As the airway / lower respiratory tract

Protect the airway and foreign objects or food
Producing sound

2. Trachea

a. Cartilage trachealis
b. Ligamentum annularia
c. Bifurcatio trachealis (branch of trachea as high as angulus sterni) there is carina.
 Figure 2. Lower Respiratory Tract

3. Bronchus
Bronchus is a channel which branching from trachea

Primary bronchus / principalis

Secondary bronchus / lobaris

Tertiary bronchus / segmentalis

Table1. The differences between the right primary bronchus and the left one :

______________________________________________________________
Difference Bronchus primer dextra Bronchus primer sinistra
________________________________________________________________
Long shorter longer
Wide wider Tighter
Tilt more upright more horizontal
4. Bronchiolus
Bronchiolus is a channels which branching from bronchus.
Divided into:

1) Dextra:

Lobus superior pulmo dextra

Border: Fissura horizontalis pulmo dextra

Lobus medius pulmo dextra

Border: Fissura oblique pulmo dextra

Lobus Inferior pulmo dextra

2) Sinistra

Lobus superior pulmo sinistra

Border: Fissura oblique pulmo sinistra
Lobus inferior pulmo sinistra

b. Other Structure:
Lingula pulmo sinistra
Incisura cardiac
c. Segment of Pulmo
Apex pulmo
Basis pulmo
Incisura cardiac
Hillum pulmonalis entry of radix pulmo
Radix pulmonalis consist of primary bronchus, pulmonal artery and vein,
tracheobronchiales lymphatic nodes, nervus vagus.
d. Wrapper
a. Pleura visceralis : layerswhich stick in pulmo
b. Pleura parietalis : layers which stick in thorax
c. Cupula pleura : pleura parietalis which cover apex pulmo
Figure 3. Pulmo Dextra et Sinistra

Figure 4. Bronchus
A : Bronchus principalis pulmo dextra

B : Bronchus lobaris lobus superior pulmo dextra

B1 : Bronchus segmentalis apicalis lobus superior pulmo dextra

B2 : Bronchus segmentalis posterior lobus superior pulmo dextra

B3 : Bronchus segmentalis anterior lobus superior pulmo dextra

D : Bronchus lobaris lobus medius pulmo dextra

D4 : Bronchus segmentalis lateralis lobus medius pulmo dextra
D5 : Bronchus segmentalis medialis lobus medius pulmo dextra

E : Bronchus lobaris lobus inferior pulmo dextra

E6 : Bronchus segmentalis superior lobus inferior pulmo dextra

E7 : Bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis lobus inferior pulmo dextra

E8 : Bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior lobus inferior pulmo dextra

E9 : Bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis lobus inferior pulmo dextra

E10 : Bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior lobus inferior pulmo dextra

F : Bronchus principalis pulmo sinistra

G : Bronchus lobaris lobus superior pulmo sinistra

G1 : Bronchus segmentalis apicoposterior lobus superior pulmo sinistra

G2 : Bronchus segmentalis apicoposterior lobus superior pulmo sinistra

G3 : Bronchus segmentalis anterior lobus superior pulmo sinistra

H4 : Bronchus lingularis superior lobus superior pulmo sinistra

H5 : Bronchus lingularis inferior lobus superior pulmo sinistra

I : Bronchus lobaris lobus inferior pulmo sinistra

I6 : Bronchus segmentalis superior lobus inferior pulmo sinistra

I7 : Bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis lobus inferior pulmo sinistra

I8 : Bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior lobus inferior pulmo sinistra

I9 : Bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis lobus inferior pulmo sinistra

I10 : Bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior lobus inferior pulmo sinistra

 U R I N A RY S Y S T E M

______________________________________________________________________________

Urinary System consist of :

A. Ren / Kidney

B. Ureter

C. Vesicaurinaria

D. Urethra
______________________________________________________________________________

A. REN

B.

a.

Picture 16. Structure of the kidney

a. Quantity : 2 (dextra et sinistra)

 b. Position : Regio lumbal C.

c. Skeletopi

a) Dextra : Vertebrae L2-L4

b) Sinistra : Vertebrae T12-L3

d. Margo : medial et lateral

e. Facies : anterior et posterior

f. Segments : anterius (superius et inferius), posterius, superius,inferius

g. Layers of tissue (outer to inside )

a) fascia renalis,

b) capsulaadiposa,

c) capsulafibrosa,

d) corpus adipose

h. Segment of the kidney :

a) Cortex renalis

b) Medulla renalis

c) Pyramidesrenales

d) Papillae renales

e) Columnaerenalis

f) Calyx renalis major

g) Calyx renalis minor

h) Pelvis renalis

Tabel 11. Sinus dan Hilum Renalis

Sinus Renalis Hilum Renalis

Vassa (arteri& vena) renalis Vassa (arteri& vena) renalis
Limferenalis Limferenalis
Nervus Nervus
Pelvisrenalis Ureter
i. Blood vessel of the kidneys :

a) Aa. / vv. Interlobares

b) Aa. / vv. Arcuata

c) Aa. / vv. Interlobulares

d) Aa. Segmentales
 Picture 17. Vascularization of the kidney

Picture 18. Flowchart of Renal Circulation

j. Nephron : the smallest structures that can carry out all the functions of a system

a) Glomerulus

b) Proximal convoluted tubule

c) Distal convoluted tubule

d) Ansahenle / loop of henle

e) Collectives duct
Picture 18. Structure of nephron
C . URETER

Are a pair of muscular tubes that extend from thekidneys to the urinary bladder (Vesica
urinaria)

a. Distance : 10-12 inchi (25-30 cm)

b. Pars : abdominalis et pelvicalis
c. Constringency
a) Junctura Pelvic ureterica
b) Crossed in front of a. iliaca
c) Junctura uretero vesicae

D . VESICA URINARIA / URINARY BLADDER

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that serves as a temporary reservoir for
urine

a. Position
a) Male : anterior rectum, superior glandula prostat
b) Female : anterior uterus
b. Layers : musculus detrusor vesicae
c. Ostium
a) Ostium ureteris dextra et sinistra (from ureter)
b) Ostium urethrae internum(to urethra)

The triangular area bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra
makes up a region called the trigoneof the urinary bladder.

d. Ligamentum
a) Ligamentum umbilicalis medialis
b) Ligamentum umbilicalis mediana
 Ligamentum umbilicale
Apex vesicae
medianum

Tunica
muscularis

Ostium ureteris
dextra et sinistra
Trigonum vesicae

Ostium urethrae
internum Urethra masculina

pars prostatica

Picture 19.Vesica Urinaria

E . URETRA

The urethra extends from the neck of the urinary bladder and transports urine to the
exterior of the body.

a. Ostium : Ostium urethrae internum et externum

b. The males urethrae consistsof :

a) Urethra pars intramural

b) Urethra pars prostatica

c) Urethra pars membranacea

d) Urethra pars bulbourethralis

e ) U re th ra p a rs s p on gi os a
 Picture 20. The males urethrae

Tabel 12.Differentiation between urethra masculine et feminine

Differ Masculine Feminine

ence
Dista 18 20 cm 3-5 cm
nce
Funct Excretion of Excretion
ion urine and of urine
reproduction
Pars 5 -

Clinical application

1. Glomerulonephritis

2. Cystitis

3. Ren Failure

4. Hydronephrosis

5. Kidney stones/ ureter/ vesica urinaria

Image 19 Urinary System

 F. URINE PATHWAY

INTEGUMENT SYSTEM

Integument system consist of:

A. Cutis
B. Unguis

A. CUTIS
Cutis have 3 layers :
 Epidermis
Dermis
Hipodermis
1. Epidermis
a. Stratum corneum
b. Stratum lucidum
c. Stratum granulosum
d. Stratum spinosum
e. Stratum germinativum / basale

Image 20. Cutis structure

Image 21. Epidermal Layer

2. Dermis
a. Stratum papilare (papillary layer)
Papilla dermis
Corpusculum Vater Meissner
Capillary vessel
b. Stratum reticulare (reticular layer),
 Glandula sebacea
Glandula sudorifera
Corpusculum vater Rufini (heat)
Corpusculum vater Krausse (cold)
Corpusculum vater Pacini (pressure)
Corpusculum Meissner (touch)
# Clinical Application
1. Dermatoglifi
2. Langer Line
3. Combustio
3. Hipodermis
Loose connective tissue
Paniculus adiposus
Arteri et vena

# Clinical Application : Subcutan injection

Addition structure:
Hair bulb
Hair folicle
Scapus
Musculus Arector pill Pubes
B. UNGUIS
Unguis structure:
1. Matrix unguis
2. Radix unguis
3. Corpus unguis
4. Cuticula/eponychium
5. Hyponychium
6. Lunula
Clinical application : Nail extraction

Image 22. Unguis structure

 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Digestive system consists of:

Digestive tract
Accessory digestive organs

A. DIGESTIVE TRACT
Digestive tract are the organs through which the food
Oral cavitypharyngealoesophagealgastricduodenaljejenumileum
colonrectum anus
1. Oral cavity
Anterior margin: inferior et superior labium
Superior margin : palatum durum and palatum molle
a. Dens :
Table 9. Differences teeth Children and Adults

Children teeth (20) Adult teeth (32)

4medial incisivus, 4 medial incisivus,
4lateral incisivus , 4 lateral incisivus,
4 caninus, 4 caninus,
4 first molar, 4 first premolar,
4 second molar 4second premolar,
4 first molar,
4 second molar,
4 third molar
Important structures in the teeth:
Periodontal ligament
Corona dens
Email
Radix dens
cementum
Dens decidua

b. Lingua
1) Pars of lingua
Apex lingua
Corpus lingua
Radix lingua
2) structures of lingua
Fibrosum mediana septum
Sulcus mediana lingua
Sulcus terminalis lingua
Frenulum lingua
 5) Muscles of lingua
Intrinsic muscles
M. longitudinalis lingua
M. tranversalis lingua
M. vertikalis lingus
Ekstrinsic muscles
M. genioglossus
M. hyoglossus
M. styloglossus
M. palatoglossus

2. Pharynx/pharyngeal
Consists of three parts:
a. Nasopharynx
b. Oropharynx
c. Laryngopharynx

Figure 23. Pharynx

3. Oesophagus
c. Pars:
pars cervicalis
pars thoracalis
pars abdominalis
d. Structure:
superior sphyngter oesophageal
inferior sphyngter oesophageal
oesophageus hiatus

1
0
 Gaster/gastric
a. Par : pars cardiac, pars fundus, pars corpus, pars phylorus
s :phylorus sphyngter and inferior oesofageal sphyngter
b. Sphingter :incisura of cardiac and incisura of angularis
c. I n c i s u r a : major curvatura and minor curvatura
d. Curvature

Image 24. Gaster

5. Small intestine (Intestinum Tenue)
a. Duodenum
1) Pars : pars ampulla, pars descende ns, pars horizontalis, pars
ascendens
2) Boils : papilla of major duodeni and papilla of minor duodeni
b. Jejenum
c. Ileum

Table 10. Differences jejunum and ileum

Jejenum Ileum
Long 2,5 m 3,5 m
Wall Thick Thin
Diameter Big Little
Vasa Recta Length/Upright Short
Arcade Loose Bind
Mesentery fat A little Much
Plica circularis Shape feather/brush Tong shape
Structure :
Ileocaecalis sphingter
Valvula ileocecalis/valvula Bauchini

6. Caecum
There Appendix vermiformis, 6 cm.
Point of Mc. Burney (base of appendix) : 1/3 SIAS dextra with
umbilicalis.
Point of V. Lanz (peak appendix that hang down) : 1/3
dextra between SIAS dextra-sinistra.
 7. Colon (Intestinum Crassum)
a. Pars
Colon of ascendens
colon of descendens
colon of transversum
colon of sigmoid
b. Structure
haustra coli
taenia coli
flexura coli dextra
flexura coli sinistra

8. Rectum - Anus
The rectum is where feces storage prior to release the anal
sphincter.
Anal sphincter : external anal sphincter and internal anal sphingter.
Rectum
Clinical application
a. Caries dens
a. Refluks Gastroesofageal
b. Gaster ulcer, duodeni ulcer
c. Diarrhea
d. Constipation
e. Appendicitis
B. DIGESTIVES ACCESSORIUS ORGANS
Digestives accessory organs are organs that do not pass the food but
plays a role in digestion of food.
1. Glandula saliva
Salivary glands are the glands that produce saliva (saliva) containing the
enzyme alpha-amylase or ptialin, salivary gland consists of three pairs :
a. GlandulaParotid
b. Glandula Sublingual
c. Glandula Submandibula

Glandula parotid

Glandula sublingua

Sub~dftAar
duct Glandula submandibula

Image 25. Glandula saliva

2. Hepar
It is the largest organ in the abdomen
Located in the region of hypochondrium dextra and regions epigastrica
It consists of lobes, namely:
a) Lobus hepatis dextra
b) Lobus hepatis sinistra

c) Lobus quadrates
d) Lobus caudatus
Ligamentum
a) Ligamentum falciforme

b) Ligamentum teres hepatis

c) Ligamentum coronarium

d) Ligamentum triangulare dextra

e) Ligamentum triangulare sinistra

f) Ligamentum venosum
Functions production and secretion of bile, detoxification, protein
production, etc. A - Clinical applications: hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver rupture

3. Vesica biliaris / Vesica fellea (gall bladder)

Consists of
a. fundus
b. corpus
c. collum
Functions concentrate and temporarily store the bile coming
from the liver and eventually be released into the duodenum
Clinical Applications: cystitis
 Image 26. Hepar and Vesica Biliaris

Ductus-ductus that play a role in the process of spending the bile

a. Ductus hepaticus dextra et sinistra
Ductus hepaticus communis
Ductus cycticus
Ductus choledocus
4. Pancreas
a. Endocrine organ (hormone-producing insulin, glucagon, somatostatin)
b. Exocrine organ (producing enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin)
Consists of 4 parts:
1) Caput pancreatis
2) Collura pancreatis
3) Corpus pancreatis
4) Cauda pancreatis
d. There are two ductus namely:
ductus pancreaticus wirsungi which will lead to the papilla duodeni major
ductus pancreaticus sartorini which will lead to the papilla dudeni
minor.
Clinical applications: pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus

C. PERITONEUM
The peritoneum is the lining / membranes covering the organs contained in the
abdominal cavity, of which are:
1. Mesenterium
2. Omentum Majus
3. Omentum minus
Clinical applications: Peritoniti
Edited by :
Anatomys Assistant Class of 2013
1. Bayu Aji Wicaksono
2. Almira Meida
3. Faradilla Nur Muliana
4. Rosela Alfi Sahara
5. Afra Bryges Tamia
6. Cita Dianita Zealand
7. Nila Munaya
8. Riska Siela Setyawan
9. Zaky Rabbani Mussaad
10. Mukhammad Arifin