Narrative Text

A. Definition of Narrative Text

Narrative Text is one of the 13 types of English text (genre) is born of the Narration (see Types
Of Text) Just like Recount Text, Text anecdote, Spoof News Items Text and Text which serves
to tell the story of the past and for entertainment.

B. Communicative purpose of Narrative Text

Communicative purpose Narrative Text as described above is to entertain listeners or readers on

a story or a story of the past relating to real experience, imaginary or complicated events that led
to a crisis, and ultimately find a solution.

C. Generic Structure Narrative Text

Each type of English text (genre) has the structure of its text alone. Structure of Narrative Text
consists of three parts:

1. Orientation

In the Orientation section contains the introduction or introduction of a character in the story as
well as the time and place it happened.

2. Complication

This section contains an overview Complication emergence of crises or problems experienced by

the characters in the story to be solved.

3. Resolution

On the Resolution contained about how the characters of the story to solve the existing problems
in the Complication. Usually there is more than one for a Complication Resolution.

In some references Narrative Text, there are additional generic structure on Narrative Text, ie the
addition of Coda after Resoultion. So the composition of Narrative text is Orientiation,
Complication, Resolution and Coda.

Coda is the last part of the structure that contains the Narrative Text changes to the characters
and the lessons that can be learned from the story.

D. Language Features Narrative Text

In Narrative Text, there are some characteristics are as follows:

 Using the Action Verb in the Past Tense form. For example: climbed, Turned, Brought,
etc..
Using certain Nouns as pronouns, certain animals and objects in the story. For example:
the king, the queen, and so on.
Using adjectives which form the noun phrase. For example: long black hair, two red
apples, etc..
Using Time and Conjunctions connectives to sequence events. For example: then, before,
after, soon, etc..
Using Adverbs and adverbial Phrase to indicate the location of the incident or event. For
example: here, in the mountain, happily ever after, and so on.

Example
The Legend of Toba Lake

Once upon time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He liked
fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish could talk. The fish
begged him to set it free.

Batara Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish changed into
a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He felt in love with that fish-
woman. The woman wanted to marry with him and said that Batara Guru had to keep the secret
which she had been a fish. Batara Guru aggreed and promised that he would never tell anybody
about it.

They were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru got very angry with
his daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted angrily and got the word of fish to his
daugters. The daughters were crying. They found their mother and talked her about it.

The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother was shouting angrily.
Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth formed a very big hole.
People believed that the big hole became a lake. Then this lake is known as Toba lake.
 Descriptive Text
A. Definition of Descriptive Text

Descriptive text is a text type that is widely used in everyday life to describe objects, places,
people, animals and so forth. Descriptive Text is an English text for mengggmbarkan what
objects or living things we described, both in appearance, smell, sound, or texture of the object or
living thing.

B. Communicative purpose Descriptive Text

Communicative Tujan of Descriptive Text is to describe and reveal the characteristics of objects,
places, or certain creatures in general, any research or peneilitan tenpa depth and menyuluruh.

C. Generic Structure Descriptive Text

In each Descriptive Text are the two parts that is characteristic of Descriptive Text itself. These
two areas are:

1. Identification

Idnetification is part of Descriptive Text about the topic or containing "what" will be depicted or
described.

2. Description

Description is the last part of the Descriptive Text that contains discussion or description of the
topic or the "what" in the Identification of the physical appearance, quality, general behavior and
properties.

D. Laguage Features Descriptive Text

1. Descriptive Text using the present tense, for example: go, eat, fly, etc..
2. Descriptive text uses adjectives berbagaimacam (adjective) Describing a character (portrait),
Numbering (Menomerkan), and classifying (classify), for example: two strong legs, sharp
white fangs, etc.
3. Descriptive Text Relating Verbs used to provide information about the subject, for example:
my mum is realy cool, it has very thick fur, etc.
4. Descriptive Text using Thinking Verbs (verbs of thinking, such as belive, think, etc..) And
Feeling Verbs (verbs flavorings, like feel) to express the author's personal views about the
subject, for example: police believe the suspect is armed, I think it is a clever animal, etc.
5. Descriptive Text also uses Adverbs (adverbs) to provide additional information about the
behavior or trait (Adjective) described, for example: it is extremely high, it definitely runs
past, etc.
E. Example

The Beautiful Kuta Bali

Kuta is the exciting tourist area on the southern part of Bali. Most tourists visiting Bali
do not forget to spend their time in Kuta It is located in southwestern Bali, just minutes from the
airport.

Kuta is one of the world's most famous beaches. It first attracted Western surfers with its
world renowned surf break followed closely behind by sun worshipers and party goers attracted
to its wide stretches of white sandy beach.

Kuta is the center of night life activities. Kuta has a shopping mecca, with its lines of
shops, boutiques, and galleries. Restaurants line up the streets as well as the beachfront hotels,
ranging from a small, inexpensive homestay to a luxurious resort. There are many night clubs
along Jalan Legian and Jalan Pantai Kuta. The busiest time for all night clubs are around from
22:00 and will close until down.

Bali Action

The amazing choice of different activities available in Bali means that there is indeed something
for everyone. Whether you want to throw yourself from high attitudes, hurtle down frothing rapids,
explore the wonders of the deep or just lie back and take it easy. Bali has perfected the art of keeping its
guests happy.

The beach is a major factor in any island holiday and Bali has a coastline which offers every
possible water activity including surfing some of the best waves in the world, swimming with dolphins,
cruises, snorkelling, diving, sailing and parasailing. For snorkelling and diving, the closest spots to Kuta
are Benoa and Sanur beaches where all the relevant equipment can be hired.

Further afield, good destinations include Pulau Serangan, Nusa Penida and Nusa Lembongan in the
south, Padang Bai, Candidasa, Tulamben and Amed in the east, Lovina, in the north and the amazing
Pulau Menjangan in the northwest.

Bali's waves are world famous and range from safe beach breaks for beginners like Kuta to the awesome
swells at Padang Padang, Uluwatu and Nusa Lembongan, which regularly attract the pros. Beginners
should respect the sea and stay within depth to start with as the current can be very strong. Apart from
Kuta and Legian beaches, Medewi is also good for beginners. For the more experienced, Nusa Dua has a
number of breaks as does Sanur; Canggu, Ketewel and the area around the airport are also popular with
experienced surfers.
 News Item Text
A. Definition of News Item Text

News Items Text is one (Types Of Text) which provides information to the reader about the
events that happen everyday. Such events are presented to the reader is an event that is
considered important, warm and newsworthy.

B. Communicative purposes News Item Text

Communicative goals of News Items Text is preaching to readers, listeners or viewers about
events or events deemed important or newsworthy.

C. Generic Structure News Item Text

In the English text the manifold News Item Text, there are three sections in each linguistic
structure, namely:

1. Newsworthy Events

The first part of the linguistic structure of News Item Text is often called Main Event is part of a
recount or news about the event or events that are usually in the form of core summary or
Summary.

2. Event backgroud

The second part of the linguistic structure of News Item Text or often also called the Elaboration
is the part that tells or contains background event or incident, who was involved and where it
happened.

3. Source

The last part of the linguistic structure of News Item Text is the part that tells or contains
comments, witnessed the events, experts, etc.. about events or incidents reported.

D. Linguistic Feature News Item Text

In every English text type News Item Text, linguistic traits are as follows:

1. Brief information contained in the headline

2. Focusing on events
3. Using action verbs
4. Using the process material
Example
Indonesian Migrant Worker dies in Malaysia
An Indonesian migrant worker Munti Binti Bani has died on Monday after being hospitalized for several
days due to alleged torture by her employees in Selangor, Malaysia.

Antara state news agency has reported that Munti had been treated at Tengku Ampuan Rahimah
hospital since last Tuesday and died on Monday at 10 a.m, local time. Munti was found unconscious
with her hands and feet were tied in a bathroom in Taman Sentosa housing complex last Tuesday. She
was suffering from major wounds on her body and had apparently been beaten with iron.

Munti's body will be sent tomorrow to her hometown in Pondok Jeruk Barat village of Jombang, East
Java after undergoing autopsy at the hospital. We express our deep condolences as there is yet another
worker who was tortured and passed away at the hospital, Indonesia's Ambassador for Malaysia, Da'i
Bachtiar said in Kuala Lumpur on Monday. The Embassy will arrange for all compensation, including
insurance, she deserves to receive, Da'i said.

He added that Munti's employees Vanitha and Murugan had been detained and were undergoing
questioning at the local police office. We hope the police can uphold justice and punish them should
they be proven to be involved in the case, he said.
 Procedure Text
A. Procedure Text Understanding

What is Procedure Text? Procedure Text is a type of English text or commonly called a genre
that shows a process in the making or mengoprasikan something that serves to illustrate how
something is done through the regular steps.

B. Communicative purpose Procedure Text

Communicative purpose of Procedure Text adalaha provide instructions on how to do things

through actions or steps are sequential.

C. Linguistic structure of Procedure Text

Linguistic structure of Procedure Text consists of 3 parts:

1. Aim / Goal
In the first part of the linguistic structure Procdeure Text contains information about the purpose
of the creation or operator of something.

2. Materials
In the second part, Materials consist of materials used in making something. But not all parts of
Procedure Text includes materials, sometimes a Procedure Text does not have the materials
section.

There are three types of Procedural Text that do not use the materials, namely:
Procedural Text that explains how something works or how to do the instruction manual. For
example: How to use the video games, the computer, the tape recorder, or the fax, etc.
Procedural text that instructs how to do certain activities with unregulated. For example: raod
safety rules, or video game rules, etc.
Procedural Text relating to the nature or human behavior. Examples How to live happily, or How
to secceed.

3. Steps
On the steps, contains the steps or sequences that must be done so that the goals outlined in the
Aim / Goal to be achieved. Steps or sequences must be order from the first to the last.

D. Linguistic Characteristics Procedure Text

There are several features of the Procedure Text language, such as:
1. Using imperative sentence patterns (Command), for example, Cut, Do not mix, and so on.
2. Using action verbs, such as turn, put, do not, mix, etc..
3. Using connectives (conjunctions) to sort of activities, such as then, while, and so on.
4. Using the adverbials (adverb) to reveal details of time, place, manner accurate, for example,
for five minutes, 2 hours, etc.
5. Using the simple present.

Example

How To Make Fried Rice

Ingredients:
2 plates of white rice
2 cloves garlic, crushed
5 seeds red onion, mashed
2 seed red chilli, mashed
1 tomato, sliced thin
1 egg, lightly beaten
2 tablespoons cooking oil
1 teaspoon salt
1 tsp pepper powder

How to Make:
1) Saute garlic, onion and red pepper until fragrant.
2) Pour the egg and stir to become scrambled.
3) Add rice, stir until blended with herbs and no rice to clot.
4) Add salt and pepper and stir again until smooth.
 Report Text
A. Definition of Report Text

Report Text is one of the 13 types of English text (Types of Text) which presents information
about something like nature, animals, plants, humans work and social phenomenon as it is. The
information presented in the Report Text is the result of systematic observation and analysis.

B. Communicative purpose of Report Text

Text communicative purpose of the Report is to present information about something, they are,
as a result of systematic observation or analysis. It describes the symptoms can include natural,
environmental, man-made objects, or social phenomena. Description of Report Text can be a
general conclusion, for example, whales including mammals such as fish giving birth.

C. Structure Text / Generic structure Report Text

Text in the Report, there is a text structure made up of two parts, namely:

1. General Clasification
At the general clasification (general classification) provides an introduction to the phenomena /
objects that will be discussed to include a general statement that describes the subject of reports,
statements, and its classification.

2. Description
In the Description (description) consists of an overview of the phenomena / objects are discussed
from part to part, habit or behavior to any living thing, or its usefulness for the object in detail.

D. Linguistic Characteristics Report Text

1. In a Report Text are some of the traits of language (language features) as follows:
2. Using general nouns, such as 'Reptiles in Comodo Insland', etc..
3. Using Relating verbs to describe features, such as reptiles are Scaly animals (this applies to
all the features of reptiles), and so on.
4. Using action verbs in explains the behavior, such as lizards can not fly, and so on.
5. Using the present tense to express a common, such as Komodo dragons Usually weight
more than 160 kg, and so on.
6. Mengguanakan term technical / scientific, such as water contains oxygen and hydrogen, etc.
Example

Venice is a city in northern Italy.

Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with Padua, the city
is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the Queen of the
Adriatic, City of Water, City of Bridges, and The City of Light. The city stretches across
117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.
Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by
about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by
about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of
transport is on water or on foot.
You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used for
tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel by
motorised waterbuses (vaporetti) which ply regular routes along the major canals and between
the citys islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in common use
by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points
without bridges.
You can see the amusing citys landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del
Bovolo, Saint Marks Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural residences
for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of Venetian countryside.
They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The city
is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.
 Recount Text
A. Definition of Recount Text

Recount Text is one of the type of English text retells events or experiences in the past. The
purpose of Recount Text is to provide information or to entertain the reader. Recount Text Inside
there are no complications (Complication) as in Narrative Text.

B. Communicative purpose Recount Text

Recount Text communicative purposes as described above is to report on events, incidents or

events in order to preach or entertain course without conflict in the story.

C. Generic structure Recount Text

1. Orientation
Orientation or introduction that provides information about who, where, and when the event or
events that occurred in the past.

2. Events
Events are recorded events, which are usually presented in chronological order, such as "In the
first day, I .... And in the next day .... And in the last day ..." . In the Events section is also
usually present personal comments about the event or events described.

3. Reorientation
On the Reorientation, there is recognition that there is repetition in the Orientation, which
summarizes the repetition sequence of events, events or activities that are told.

D. Linguistic Characteristics of Recount Text

There are several linguistic traits that might be friends found when reading a Recount Text. The
characteristics of Recount Text language is:
1. Using the Past Tense. Suppose we went to the zoo, I was happy, etc.
2. Uses the conjunction and Time connectives to sequence events or happenings. Eg and, but,
the, aftar that, etc.
3. Using Adverbs and adverbial Phrase to disclose where, when and how. Suppose yesterday,
at my house, slowly, etc.
4. Using Action Verbs. Suppose went, slept, run, brought, etc.
Example

A Study Tour To Bali

I was in senior high school when at the first time I went to Bali Island. I went there with my
teachers and my friends. It was a study tour actually. My teacher, me class friends, and I were in
the same bus. We left our school at 8 a.m.

The journey from Pati to Bali took a day. I was so exhausted because I had to sit along the
journey. Actually, it was a funny journey because I spent all of my time with my friends, like
playing games, laughing, and kidding. But I felt that all of my tiredness gone all of sudden when
we arrived at the Sanur Beach. It was still morning, I saw a sun rise which was so beautiful. Then
we were drove to the hotel to take a rest and had meals. After that, we went to the Nusa Dua
Beach. There were so many activities to do there. We could play parasailing, banana boat, and so
on. But I chose to go to a little island which had a lot of reptile there. There were snake, turtles,
etc. The scenery was so beautiful because I was in the middle of the sea! Next, we went to
Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK). There were two statues which were so big. They were Wisnu
and his bird, called Garuda. I was interested in its relief on the rock but, actually, I did not know
the story on it. At last, we went to the Sosro Company. We learned a lot of things there from the
first step till the end of making a tea. After that, we went back to Pati.

After a very long journey, through the land and the sea, I learned something about nature and
human products. Although it took a lot of my energy, I felt so happy because I spent all of my
time with my friends.
 Analytical Exposition Text
A. Definition of Analytical Exposition Text

Analytical Exposition is a type of text that belongs to the type of Argumentation Text in which
the text contains detailed author's thinking about an event or events that are around.

B. Communicative purpose Analytical Exposition Text

Communicative goals of Analytical Exposition Text is to convince the reader that the topic is
presented is an important topic for discussion or attention by way of arguments or the opinions
that support the main idea or topic.

C. Linguistic Structure of Analytical Exposition

Linguistic Structure of Analytical Exposition Text consists of three parts:
1. thesis
In section Thesis, the author introduces ideas about the topic or subject that will be discussed.
Thesis has always been in the first paragraph in Analytical Exposition Text.

2. argument
In this section the author presents the arguments or the opinions that support the main idea the
author, usually in an Analytical Exposition Text there are more than two arguments. The more
arguments appear more confident readers that the topic discussed by the author is a very
important topic or need attention.

3. Reiteration
This section is the concluding part of an Analytical Exposition Text is always located at the end
of the paragraph. Reiteration contains rewriting or replacement of the main ideas contained in the
first paragraph. Reiteration is also commonly called the conclusion or conclusions.

D. Linguistic Characteristics of Analytical Exposition

In an Analytical Exposition Text, there are several linguistic traits as below, namely:
1. Using simple present
2. Using reltional process
3. Using internal conjunction
4. Using casual conjuction
Example
Corruption and Indonesian Culture

Thesis:

Corruption has happened for many years and today it becomes a bad culture in Indonesia for
three reasons.

Argument 1:

Most adult Indonesian or foreigners have known and admitted that corruptions happen in many
places. The daily newspapers, news programs on TV and radio have reported corruptions are
done everywhere, almost in all departments or public services of this country. Corruptions
happen in health, education departments and banks. When we manage to get some documents in
public service offices, we usually need much money to pay. Manipulations happen everywhere.

Argument 2:

The actions to eliminate corruption are weak. The ever stronger culture seems not to come to an
end when the responsible institutions who have to reinforce the justice today commit corruption.
This is the worst. Corruptions happen in police department, courts where judges, public
prosecutors, lawyers make deals to do corruption. All of us also heard in the end of 2004,
Probosutejo reported that he had bribed the Supreme Court, or called Mahkamah Agung which
becomes the highest level where the justice can be obtained. Perhaps you have to try to come to
the local courts and see what happen there. You will see practices of bribery and other kinds of
corruption. Therefore, we can say that corruptions becomes our culture. Do you like it?

Argument 3:

The citizens have no goodwill to fight against the corruption. They create the situations in which
people have opportunities to do corruptions. The citizens like to break the rules because they are
not disciplined. For example, in the street when they drive a car or ride motorcycle, they do not
have the driving license or necessary documents. Then, they are caught by the local policemen.
To avoid more difficulties, they like to bribe the officer. The officer let them go then. In other
words, the citizens and officers are the same, doing corruption together. If only the people were
critical, disciplined, and obey the rules, and willing to report any wrong behaviors, this country
will not be number one corrupting country in the world.

Reiteration / conclusion:

Conclusion Based on the reasons, we can conclude that corruption is becoming a bad culture in
Indonesia if it is not ended soon by all of us. It seems that there must be more severe penalty for
the Corruptors. Do we still care about the future of this country?
Example
The Dangerous of Using Drugs
Everybody must pay attention of drugs. Drugs are very dangerous for us. Why it is very
dangerous for us? Because its can caused harm to our body.
In terms of health, many organs in our body can be harm because using drug. In general,
the impact of using drug are can unconscious, make us hallucinate, can harm our nerve, and
cause addictive effect. Beside that, using drugs can make the users depressed, liver disease,
schizophrenia, blockage of blood vessels, dehydration, optic nerve damage, brain damage, and
finally it can cause DEATH!
When viewed in terms of Islamic law, drugs are forbidden. Because it is cause badness,
self harm, debilitate. And Islam proscribes all that can cause badness, self harm because it is
included zhalim. Also if we using drugs, it means we already do the forbidden things in Islam, it
means we sin. So, in terms of Islamic law, using drugs also dangerous.
Furthermore, if the users of drugs are teenagers, it can endanger their future, and
endanger their homeland, their country. From the data, 32 percent of drugs users in Indonesia
are teenagers, so, if many teenagers in this case Indonesia- use drugs, it can be endanger this
country, harm youth generation, whereas youths are nation expectation. If the youth using
drugs, our nation can be destroy!
So, from now on we must pay attention of drugs, because its very dangerous, both in
terms of health, religion (Islam), nationality and state.
 Spoof
A. Definition of Spoof Text

Besides Narrative Text, Recount Text, Text and anecdote, Spoof Text also belong to the class of
Narration (see the English text type, Types of Text), which would tell the story of the past by the
end of the funny and unexpected.

B. Communicative purpose Spoof Text

Of course, all kinds of texts belonging Narration has the same communicative purpose, as well as
on the Spoof Text, which is to entertain the reader or listener of stories read.

C. Linguistic Structure of Spoof Text

There are three types of linguistic structures owned by Spoof Text, namely:

1. Orientation

As with any other type of text Narration, always begins with orientation. Orientation is the part
where the author introduces the story begin.

2. Events

While in the Events section in which the author tells of events in the story but the events
recounted the incident is still reasonable.

3. twist

And part of the last Spoof Text Twist. Twist a piece of text which tells the opposite of natural
events in the Events section. Twist is the final part of the text that tells Spoof final scene funny
and unexpectedly before.

D. Linguistic Characteristics of Spoof Text

There are several linguistic characteristics that can distinguish Spoof Text with English Text
types (Types of Text) the other, namely:

1. Using the Past Tense; was, were, did, etc.

2. Using action verbs (action verb), did, went, walked, etc.
3. Using adverb of time and place adverbs.
4. Told chronologically.
Exemple
Lost and Never Found
My dad is a golf freak. Since he likes to ask me to accompany him playing golf, Im getting
crazy about it, too. Besides playing it, I also like to join golf tournaments. in the last tournament I
joined, some thing embarssing happened to me.
in the middle of the game, my ball landed in a mud pond. not wanting to give up, I approached
the pond and tried to find the ball with my club. After about five minutes. I still couldnt find my
ball, but worse, i couldnt pull out my club. it seemed to be stuck on something. I waded into the
pond and groped around with my hand, trying to find the ball. Then I gave up! I got out of the
pond and found out that i hadnt only lost my ball and my club, but also my shoes. I was very
embarassed because all the people were watching!
 Hortatory Exposition
A. Understanding Hortatory Exposition Text
As with Analytical Exposition, Hortatory Exposition is a type of English text belong to the class
of Argumentation. Hortatory Exposition is a type of English text which influenced the authors
attempt to bring the reader to do something or act in a certain way. In Hortatory Exposition, the
author lists some opinion on certain things to reinforce the main ideas of the text.

Unlike Analytical Exposition, Exposition Hortatory present Recommendation as the closing

paragraph of a Hortatory Exposition Text. In this Recommendation, the author tried to encourage
and persuade the reader to do something. It is far different from the Analytical Exposition which
puts Reiteration or re-writing the main idea of a text as the cover without any solicitation or
bujuakan to the reader.

B. Communicative purpose Hortatory Exposition Text

Unlike the Analytical Exposition Text describes the communicative purpose and influence the
reader that the events in the telling is important, the goal kommunikatifnya Hortatory Expostion
Text is presenting and influencing your readers that should be so, and should not be.

C. Linguistic Structure Hortatory Exposition Text

There are three parts of the structure or pattern of sentences in Hortatory Exposition Text,
namely:
1. Thesis
Thesis contains the author's introduction to the main idea of a symptom or event that will be
raised or discussed.

2. Arguments
Arguments contains the opinions of the authors that support the main idea. The more opinions
the authors write, the more attractive a Hortatory Exposition Text, because readers tend to
believe in an event if there are many opinions that support in it.

3. Recommendation
Recommendation contains a recommendation or solicitation author to the reader.

D. Linguistic Characteristics Hortatory Exposition Text

Below is a hallmark of language contained in Hortatory Exposition Text, namely:

1. Using the simple present tense.
 2. Using temporal conectives; firstly, Secondly, thirdly, etc.
3. Using evaluative words; importanly, valuablly, trustworthly, etc.

Exemple
NEVER TRY SMOKING

A lot of people, especially teenagers, who do not smoke, always want to try smoking. They know
it is bad for them and all, but it is just something they want to try. So they ask one of their
smoker friends for a cigarette. Admittedly, they firstly can not light it on their own so they ask
his friend to do it. Then they inhale that cigarette and smoke occasionally.

Apparently that makes them the born smokers. Now they do smoke fairly regularly. They can not
avoid smoking and they enjoy too. They have smoker friends. Everyday they bring a pack in
their pocket. For them, a pack of cigarette is as important as a wallet for their money.

Suddenly, for certain reason, they realize the fact that tobacco is the cause of a long list of nasty
diseases. It is not only heart disease, stroke, and chronic lung disease but also bladder, lung, and
pancreatic cancer. Even it was reported that around 400,000 Americans died each year. It was
one every 80 seconds from tobacco-related illnesses.

Then they decide it is stupid to harm selves. They want to quit smoking. Unfortunately, they find
that quitting smoking is so difficult. Why can't I stop smoking? I really want to stop it. It is
hard to quit because nicotine is powerfully addictive. Cigarette is one of the most efficient drug-
delivery devices ever devised. As result, when people try to quit smoking, they often experience
classic nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, headache, depression, and
restlessness.

Well, still want to try smoke? Think the facts before trying! If you are not smoker, you should
never and never try to smoke.

.
 Explanation
A. Understanding Explanation Text
Explanation Text is a text that contains the processes associated with natural phenomena, soisal,
science, culture and more. An Explanation text is usually derived from the corresponding author
questions 'why' and 'how' of a phenomenon.

B. The purpose Linguistic Explanation Text

The purpose of the Explanation text linguistics is to explain the processes that occur in the
formation or activity associated with natural phenomena, social, scientific, cultural, and others
aimed at explaining.

C. Structure of Linguistic Explanation Text

There are three sections in the linguistic structure of Explanation Text, namely:
1. A general statement
In a general statement contains a general explanation of the phenomenon that will be discussed,
this phenomenon could be the introduction or explanation.

2. A squenced of explanation
A squenced of explanation contains an explanation of why the phenomenon may occur or be
created. A squenced of explanation in the form of answers to the question 'why' and 'how' the
author when making an Explanation text. In squenced of explanation may consist of more than
one paragraph.

3. closing
Actually closing was not listed in the generic structure of the Explanation text, but most people
assume that the last paragraph of the Explanation text is closing, but it is part of squenced of
explantaion that contains the final steps described in the section squenced of explanation.

D. Linguistic Characteristics of Explanation Text

In a text explanation, there are linguistic traits as below, namely:
Using simple present tense
Using abstract noun (nouns that appear)
Passive voice mengguanakan
Using Action verbs
Example
CANCER;

What is cancer? It is actually a group of more than one hundred separate diseases. Most of us are
fear from cancer It is reasonable because next to heart disease, cancer is the second leading cause
of death.
Cancer cells come from normal cells because of mutations of DNA. Those mutations can occur
spontaneously. The mutations may be also induced by other factors such as: nuclear and
electromagnetic radiation, viruses, bacteria and fungi, parasites, heat, chemicals in the air, water
and food, mechanical cell-level injury, free radicals, evolution and ageing of DNA, etc. All such
factors can produce mutations that may start cancer.
Cancer cells are formed continuously in the organism. It is estimated that there are about 10,000
cancer cells at any given time in a healthy person. Why do some result in macroscopic-level
cancers and some do not? First, not all damaged cells can multiply and many of them die
quickly. Second, those which potentially divide and form cancer are effectively destroyed by the
mechanisms available to the immune system. Therefore cancer develops if the immune system is
not working properly or the amount of cells produced is too great for the immune system to
eliminate.
 Disscussion
A. Discussion Understanding Text
Discussion is a process of finding a common ground between the two thoughts, ideas or opinions
are different. And Discussion Text can be defined as a text that contains a problematic discourse.
This problematic discourse is a discourse that has two camps between Pro (supports) and Contra
(opponents), between supporters and opponents of the issue issue. The issue presented in the
Discussion Text will be discussed by the two viewpoints (Point of View), the Pro (supporter) and
Contra (opponents).

B. The purpose Komunikarif Discussion Text

Communicative purpose of Discussion Text itself is to present an issue or issues to be reviewed
at least from two points of view, before arriving at a conclusion or recommendation.

C. Language Structure Discussion Text

Discussion in the text, there are four linguistic structure that is visible from the main idea of each
paragraph in the Discussion Text as its precursor texts, namely:
1. Issue

Issue lies in the first paragraph that contains placement problems or issues to be discussed.

2. Supporting Points

In this section, the author presents arguments for the issue. In each paragraph Supporting Point
consists of two components including the main idea of the paragraph and elaboration or
description of the main idea paragraph.

3. Contrasting Points

In this section, the author presents arguments against the issue or problem. As in paragraph
Spportin Point, Contrasting Points also present two components forming the main idea of the
paragraph and elaboration or explanation ari main idea paragraph.

4. Conclunlusion or Recomendation

In this section the author presents the conclusions or it could be recommended from the issue or
issues that have been discussed above.

D. Linguistic Feature Discussion Text

Discussion Text in the making, the authors should consider the use of language that is usually
applied, such as:

1. Using the simple present tense.

2. Using modalites, as must, should, would, may, etc.
3. Using additive, contrastive, and casual connection, such similiary, however, furthemore, on
the other hand, etc.

Example
The Pros and Cons of School Uniform

School uniforms are dress codes that are determined by the teaching institutions and students has to
follow the designed code obediently everyday. Many people believe that school uniforms should be
applied but the others don't.

Uniforms have various advantages for both the family and the child. A united school apparel can relief a
financial stress of the backs of many families. As kids tend to compete and imitate each other, the race of
following new trends in fashion or, providing different attire for every school day is considered a
financial burden, not every family can afford it.

Additionally, a uniform creates a sense of equality between all pupils. Young kids tend to judge others
according to their look and what they wear. Uniting their school attire will draw their attention to other
criteria and, the only advantage of one student over another would be personality, academic achievement
or being good at sports.

On the other hand, as repetition can lead to boredom, children can get frustrated of wearing same thing to
school every day. Also, prevent their first steps of individuality by taking away their right to choose what
to wear on their own free well.

In conclusion, I believe uniforms arent meant to suppress the creativity or freedom of children. It helps
redirecting kids creativity towards more important things than outer look, and waive financial burden of
their families.
 Anecdote
A. Understanding anecdote Text
Text anecdote is one of the English text of the Narration (see article Types of Text) which
recounted the bizarre incident or unusual occurrence either fact or imagination.

B. Communicative purpose anecdote Text

Text of the actual meaning of the above anecdote we can infer the communicative purpose of the
text anecdote recounted the incident odd or unusual events to entertain the reader.

C. Generic Structure anecdote Text

There are four linguistic structure (Generic Structure) of anecdote text, namely:

1. Abstract
The structure of the first language of the Abstract Text anecdote. Abstract In this section, the
authors usually begin introducing odd or unusual events what would diceritakanya. There are
some anecdote Text Abstract of the sentence beginning with the use of questions, but not all use
the Text Abstract of anecdote or questions.

2. Orienation
The structure of the second language of the anecdote Text Orientation. As in Narrative Text,
Text Orientation in the anecdote also tells who, when, and where the incidence of odd or unusual
events occurred.

3. Crisis
The structure of the third language of anecdote Text is Crisis. In this section telling the odd or
unusual events occurred. The authors recount the incident in detail.

4. Reaction / Incident
Linguistic structure of the last of the Coda Text anecdote. At the Coda, the author tells the story
of how the subject (perpetrator) to solve the problem and the end of the odd or unusual event
such.

D. Linguistic characteristic anecdote Text

Each type of English text has a certain linguistic traits but can be seen from the structure
kebahasaanya (Generic Structure). Below are some linguistic characteristics that are commonly
found in every anecdote Text:
1. Using the past tense (past time), such as: I found it last night.
2. Using rhetoric question (rhetorical question), such as: Do you know what?
3. Using the conjuction of time (the conjunction of time), such as: then, afterward, etc.
4. Using action verbs (action verb), such as went, writed, etc.
5. Using sentece imperative (command line), such as: listen to this.
6. Using exclamation sentence (sentence exclamation), such as: it's awful, it's wonderful, etc.

Example

Blessing Behind Tragedy

There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children.
They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They were making plan to
travel with their children to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved
enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member
in a new liner to America.

The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America.
However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor
sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for
long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were
dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had planned.
The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved
without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for
the misfortune.

Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had
shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the
unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.
The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were
left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the
family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy.
 Review
A. Definition Review Text

Maybe some people have never even seen him. Review Text is one of the type of English text
(genre) aimed at reviewing the work in the form of movies, books, and other objects to determine
the quality, advantages and disadvantages that the work was intended for the reader or listener
public.

B. Communicative purpose Review Text

Text communicative purpose of the Review is to critique the event or artwork to your reader or
listener the public, such as movies, shows, books, etc.

C. Generic Structure Review Text

Each type of English text (genre) has its Generic Structure which vary according to the
communicative purpose to be presented to the reader. And for Generic Structure of Review Text,
there are 4 sentence structure, namely:

1. Introduction
Like any type of English text (genre) to another, on the first paragraph of a review text
contains an overview of the work or material will be reviewed. An overview of the work or
the object could be a name, usability, and so forth.

2. Evaluation
Generic Structure In the second, Evaluation, providing a detailed description of the work or
material that was reviewed, could be parts of the work or object, uniqueness and quality. But
do not give much description of the work or the object, as we review the text like "teach" the
prospective buyers and it's not good. Evaluation of the work or in the object as far as needed
by the buyer is the most correct. The term is used in the second paragraph of its structure is
not far from the word "good" or "no" works or objects. In the evaluation section, usually
consisting of more than one evaluation.

3. Interpretation
In the third part, the author gives his own views on the direviewnya karaya or objects. Surely
phase is done after adequate evaluation of the work or goods. Often to support and
strengthen the work of the author or objects direviewnya, the author compares the work or
the work object or a similar object. In this phase the authors wrote in the paper or what the
object is worth or what the object or in the work is less valuable.
4. Summmary
In this section, the author gives the reader the conclusion of the works or objects that have
been direviewnya. After giving an explanation on the evaluation and penlis own views on
interpretation, the authors came to comment whether it works or valuable objects
direviewnya or not to prospective buyers.

D. Linguistic Characteristics (Language Features)

In Review Text, there are several characteristics of language such as the following:

1. Using the present tense.

2. Many use the adjective (the word carpenter) like, bad, good, valuable, etc.
3. Frequent use of long clause (clause length) and complex.

Example
2012 Film Review
2012 is Roland Emmerich's film which uses the Mayan calendar and other end-of-days
prophecies for their doomsday scenario. It imagines the world coming to an end in 2012.

2012 film brings off a series of wonders. The movie hits its peak early on. It starts when Cusack
drives a limo through the streets of Los Angeles as freeways and skyscrapers crumble all around
him from the shock of a 10.5 earthquake. The preposterous flying sequence is equally thrilling.
The climax occurs aboard the giant ark, when an equipment malfunction almost threatens the
entire mission.

Unfortunately, the crucial sequence is not filmed or edited with the requisite clarity. In 2012
film, Emmerich leaves us befuddled as to exactly what is happening to whom. However,
Emmerich' 2012 deserves credit for offbeat casting. Cusack supplies his trademark hangdog
charm. McCarthy has perhaps his best role ever as Peet's cocky. Danny Glover lends dignity to
the role of the tormented president. Chiwetel Ejiofor, as the chief scientist, brings a moving sense
of anguish to a stock role. Platt has fun playing the villain of the piece, and Woody Harrelson
also chews the scenery as a bug-eyed radio prophet trying to warn his listeners about
Armageddon.

All in one, 2012's cinematography, production design and visual effects are awards-worthy.
Music also propels the movie. It presents American Idol runner-up, Adam Lambert, who
provides a rousing anthem over the end credits.