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 JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2017

MANAGING
SEDIMENT
HOW SEDIMENT IN A RESERVOIR AFFECTS DAM SAFETY AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Stay
Current

04 CONNECTING YOU TO
THE WORLD OF HYDRO 14 SUPPORTING MHK
COMMERCIALIZATION 20 TRACKING FISH IN
DAM TAILRACES 24 ONE WOMANS
HYDRO CAREER

1701HRW_C1 1 2/9/17 9:48 AM

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 Volume 25. No. 1. January-February 2017

CONTENTS

06
DAMS AND CIVIL STRUCTURES DEPARTMENTS

6 Dealing with Sediment:

Effects on Dams and Hydropower Generation
By Greg Schellenberg, C. Richard Donnelly, Charles Holder and Rajib Ahsan
4 Viewpoint:
Putting Out
the Welcome Mat
How do reservoir sedimentation and appropriate management 4 Hydro Connections
techniques affect operations of hydroelectric facilities? The authors 28 Index to Advertisers
cover the topic and provide illustrative case studies, including the
2,100 MW Aswan High Dam in Egypt.

ARTICLES

14 EMEC Supports MHK Technologies

on Pathway to Commercialization
By Dave Flanagan
With significant technology research and pre-commercialization
work ongoing in the marine and hydrokinetic energy industry, what
will it take to get from here to full commercialization? The European
Marine Energy Centre is involved in the answer to this question. ADVISORY BOARD
H. Irfan Aker Kanchit Ngamsanroaj
Dolsar Engineering Co., Electricity Generating

20
Turkey Authority of Thailand,
Tracking Fish Behavior in the Tailrace of a Hydropower Plant Emmanuel Antwi-Darkwa
Thailand
ETAD Consult Ltd., Ghana Christian Dalosto Pase
By Fabio Suzuki and Paulo Santos Pompeu Tractebel Energia, Brazil
Enrique Cifres
While conditions in the tailraces of dams make studying fish eWATER Consultant SL,
Spain
Doan Ke Ruan
Power Engineering Con-
sulting Company, Vietnam
telemetries difficult, new technologies employed at Brazils 66 MW Ian M. Cook
ICCL, United Kingdom Leon Tromp
Tres Marias project have given researchers a better insight into fish Jean-Louis Drommi
Lesotho Highlands Water
Commission, Lesotho
behavior and movement. Electricite de France,
France Christine van Oldeneel
Hydro Equipment Associa-
Maryse Francois-Xausa tion, Belgium
Alstom Renewable Power
Hydro, France C.V.J. Varma

24
Council of Power Utilities
Roger Gill and The Dams Society,
A Hydro Girl at Heart Sustena Partners, India
Australia
By Jane Crosswell Fernando de Menezes
Raghunath Gopal
(R.G.) Vartak
e Silva
Hydro Tasmania has shaped the Australian states industry, economy Itaipu Binacional, Brazil
Consultant, India
Luis C. Vintimilla
and community for generations. The companys boom years brought Peter Mulvihill Consulting Engineer,
Pioneer Generation, Ecuador
thousands of workers and their families to Tasmania, intertwining New Zealand
James Yang, PhD
Vattenfall Research and
Hydro Tasmanias own history with those of the Hydro People. Development AB, Sweden

www.hydroworld.com January-February 2017 / HRW 1

1701HRW_1 1 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 Tidal energy
Most promising future energy sources
As a leading global supplier in hydro-
power, ANDRITZ HYDRO is also a pio-
neer in providing commercial equip-
ment for the ocean-based electrical
energy future. Tidal power is considered
to be one of the most promising future
energy sources, with an estimated world-
wide potential of more than 150,000 GWh.
ANDRITZ HYDRO GmbH
Eibesbrunnergasse 20, 1120 Vienna, Austria
Phone: +43 50805 0, Fax: +43 50805 51015
contact-hydro@andritz.com
1701HRW_2 2
MeyGen is the largest commercial tidal
energy project under development in the
world. ANDRITZ HYDRO will supply three
1.5 MW tidal current turbines for the array
in the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth,
Scotland.
We focus on the best solution from
water-to-wire.
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #2 www.andritz.com
2/9/17 9:48 AM
 VIEWPOINT

Putting out the welcome mat

Vice President, Group Publishing Director,
Hydro and Water Groups Marla Barnes
+1 918 832 9353 marlab@pennwell.com

Managing Editor Elizabeth Ingram

+1 918 831 9175 elizabethi@pennwell.com

Editor Michael Harris

+1 918 832 9363 michaelh@pennwell.com Dams and hydro plants as tourist destinations? Absolutely. This is a
Associate Editor Gregory B. Poindexter growing trend around the world, and hydro plant owners and operators
+1 918 832 9330 gregp@pennwell.com
are working to accommodate the general publics desire to visit these
Production Manager Daniel Greene
+1 918 831 9401 danielg@pennwell.com fascinating facilities. In fact, just recently I have read about three great
Editorial Graphic Designer Kermit Mulkins examples of countries and governments catering to interested visitors.
+1 918 831 9554 kermitm@pennwell.com
For example, The Jakarta Post reported on Japans ongoing initiative
Audience Development Manager Matt Downing
V.P. of Audience Development & Marketing June Griffin to provide dam trading cards to interested tourists. The cards can only
Production Director Charlie Cole
be obtained from the dams management offices and feature photos
www.pennwell.com and specifications of each dam.
The business card-sized trading cards feature a photo of the dam, letters indicating its
HRW Hydro Review Worldwide
PennWell Corp. purpose and type (F for flood control, G for gravity dam, etc.), specifications, and random
PennWell Global Energy Group
The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, facts or special features.
Powermill Lane, Waltham Abbey,
Essex, EN9 1BN, UK These cards are now available at 500 locations (up from 111 when the program was launched
Telephone: +44 1992 656 600
Fax: +44 1992 656 700 in 2007), including Takihata Dam in Osaka Prefecture, which was completed in 1981. For
E-mail: hydroreview@pennwell.com
World Wide Web: http://www.hydroworld.com context, the Dams in Japan website lists about 2,500 dams in the country.
Sales Consultants: In another example, according to a website called Agenda.ge, work will soon be under way
Howard Lutzk, +1 913 402 7119
howardl@pennwell.com to encourage more local and foreign visitors to come to Enguri Dam on the Enguri River in
Mandy Six, +1 918 831 9792 northwestern Georgia. Enguri is the worlds fourth largest concrete arch dam at 271.5 m high
mandys@pennwell.com
and 728 m wide and was officially granted the status of National Monument in 2015. The dam
For assistance with marketing strategy or ad creation,
please contact: impounds water for a 1,250 MW hydroelectric power plant.
PennWell Marketing Solutions Paul Andrews A new glass elevator would be built to allow tourists to venture deep into the dam, giving
240.595.2352 pandrews@pennwell.com
them access to parts previously open only to workers. The new elevator would replace an old
Chairman Robert F. Biolchini elevator used to transport materials into the dam from ground level. Other infrastructure to be
Vice Chairman Frank T. Lauinger
President and Chief Executive Officer Mark C. Wilmoth built to accommodate the publics desire to visit this facility includes a visitors center, museum,
Executive Vice President,
Corporate Development and Strategy Jayne A. Gilsinger cable cars, high lookout spots and special activities for extreme sport lovers.
Senior Vice President,
Finance and Chief Financial Officer Brian Conway And in a third example, Landsvirkjun, the National Power Company of Iceland, reports a
booming energy tourism industry in the country.
Subscriber Customer Service
PO Box 3264, Northbrook, IL 60065-3264, USA The company owns 13 hydropower stations, as well as three geothermal plants and one
Customer Service Phone: 1-847-559-7330 wind facility. Three of these 17 stations are open to the public for guided tours. One example is
Fax: 847-763-9607
Email: hr@halldata.com Karahnjukar Dam and its associated 700 MW Fljotsdalur Power Station, which reached full
operational capacity in 2007. At this site, visitors can receive a guided tour of the development
Reprints Rhonda Brown
+1 866 879 9144 pennwellreprints@fosterprinting.com (which features the tallest concrete-faced rockfill dam in Europe) and nature of the area.

The views expressed by contributing authors are those of the individuals

The public is very interested in the opportunity to visit this and other power producing
concerned and do not necessarily reflect those of HRW or the publishers.
facilities in the country. In fact, in a 2016 Gallup poll, 50% of tourists visiting Iceland said they
HRW (ISSN 1072-9542) is published six times in January, March, May, July,
September, and November by PennWell Global Energy Group, The Water were interested in visiting one of the countrys power stations, and three out of four polled said
Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powermill Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex, EN9 1BN,
UK; phone +44 1992 656 600. Printed in the U.K. Canadian GST Registration that renewable energy would have a positive effect on how they experience Icelandic nature.
Number 12681 3153 RT0001. Canada Post International Publications Mail
Product (Canadian Distribution) Publications Agreement No. 40029359. @ Do you offer unique programs to cater to public interest in your hydro plant? If so, wed love
Copyright 2016 by PennWell Corp. (Registered in U.S. Patent Trademark Of-
fice). No part of this periodical may be reproduced without the consent of the to hear about them. Email me at elizabethi@pennwell.com.
publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the
internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by HRW, ISSN 1072-9542,
provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA 978-750-8400. Prior to pho-
tocopying items for educational classroom use, please contact Copyright Clear-
ance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA 978-750-8400.
Periodicals postage paid at Tulsa, OK and additional mailing offices. Annual
subscription rate: US$44 per year. Single copies: US$20. Payments accepted in
U.S. funds only. HRW is a subscriber to Business News Americas news ser-
vices and incorporates their copy in its news columns. POSTMASTER: Send
change of address, other circulation information to HRW, PO Box 3264, North- Managing Editor
brook, IL 60065-3264. HRW is a registered trademark of PennWell Corp.

Member: BPA International

Printed in the U.K.. GST NO. 12681 3153 RT0001

Publications Mail Agreement No. 40029359
January-February 2017 / HRW 3

1701HRW_3 3 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 HYDRO CONNECTIONS

Making connections at
HydroVision International 2017
HydroVision International is a great place to
make connections to the hydro industry: I
come to HydroVision because in one place, you
can have all the stakeholders present worldwide
and you can network with the people and learn
a lot in terms of technical approach over key
issues for hydro plants in the world, says
Emmanuel Branche with Electricite de France.
Thank you HydroVision for this opportunity
to meet all the people and keep in touch with
the high level individuals in the industry.
Visit www.hydroevent.com/conference/
Connecting Pumped Storage
speakers.html to learn about the three keynote
speakers confirmed. And save the date: June
27-30 in Denver, Colo., USA.
Most popular news stories from
HydroWorld.com for January 2017
Every month, the Hydro Group editors post
dozens of news stories about hydropower and
dams around the world on HydroWorld.com.
What are the most popular ones for users of
the site? Below are the top five news items
for January, based on the number of clicks:
Study reveals effects of hydropower proj-
ects in China on Mekong River, Jan. 9
Itaipu becomes first hydropower plant to
break 100 TWh mark, Jan. 5
Leaked document hints at hydroelectric
powers role in Trumps energy plan, Jan. 26
Canadian federal court dismisses First
Nations case against 1.1-GW Site C
hydropower project, Jan. 25
New York to support upgrades at seven
hydroelectric plants, Jan. 13
Most popular HydroWorld
Facebook post for January 2017
The friendly rivalry between Itaipu and Three
Gorges continues
This Jan. 6 post reached 1,400 people and
got 60 clicks to the website. It also got 15 Likes
and was shared 10 times, with two people
commenting.

Hydro and Wind

Costa Rica has the worlds highest percentage of total national electrical power
generation by hydro.In 1970, I graduated from the University of Costa Rica with
honors in civil and hydraulic engineering. Costa Rica also has a wind resource in the
cordillera, especially in the southern half of the country. With such a prominent focus
on hydropower within the national engineering establishment, I anticipate it will not
be long after the first wind farm or two is installed that the Ticos will be looking at
pumped storage amendments to their existing run-of-river hydro system.
The point is, there is not a lot of cross-fertilization between the wind and hydro
generation industries, especially in the USA, which may ultimately be playing catch-up
with other areas of the world. Of recent interest is the proposed Gordon Butte project in
Montana. While not directly connected with wind, it is a very low-hanging fruit version Most popular HydroWorld tweet
of the typical pumped-storage project I envision being situated at an existing wind on Twitter for January 2017
farm, albeit with delta H on average at one-fifth that of Gordon Butte. What Gordon Leaked document hints at hydroelectric powers
Butte lacks that the wind farms provide is existing electric power grid infrastructure. role in Trumps energy plan
Several years ago, I did a quick look at a rather arbitrarily selected wind farm (Barton This Jan. 27 story got 26 clicks to the web-
Chapel in Texas). I did a Mathcad workup on some of the hydro aspects. I did not do site. It also got three retweets and two likes.
a formal estimate of construction expense, but for the sites topography, soil features
(provided by a county excavation contractor) and apparent water resource, the cost to Most popular video on
install a hydro plant with the nameplate capacity of the wind farm (120 MW) was HydroWorld.com for January 2017
about 60% of the cost of the wind farm. I believe a formal study of arbitraging the Hydro Headlines newscast from Jan. 3
life-cycle value of wind generation would likely indicate an optimum pumped storage This video was viewed 648 times in January.
facility somewhat less than the nameplate capacity of the wind farm.
I feel the first wind farm integrated with pumped storage is not too distant in our
future, once the rest of the world begins to show us the way.

Robert R. Bullard, P.E.

Absolute Engineering Group, div. of Ahimsa Technic Inc.

4 HRW / January-February 2017 www.hydroworld.com

1701HRW_4 4 2/9/17 10:09 AM

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 DAMS AND CIVIL STRUCTURES

Dealing with Sediment: Effects on

Dams and Hydropower Generation
How do reservoir sedimentation and appropriate management
techniques affect operations of dams and hydroelectric facilities? The
authors cover the topic and provide illustrative case studies, including
the 2,100 MW Aswan High Dam in Egypt.
By Greg Schellenberg, C. Richard Donnelly, Charles Holder and Rajib Ahsan

A
lthough sedimentation of the worlds
reservoirs represents a serious threat
to the sustainability of hydropower,
there is limited guidance on how best to
address the problem. Sedimentation affects the
safety of dams and reduces energy production,
storage, discharge capacity and flood attenua-
tion capabilities. It increases loads on the dam
and gates, damages mechanical equipment
and creates a wide range of environmental
impacts. This article explores sedimentation
issues as they pertain to hydropower facilities,
dam safety and the environment; discusses
sedimentation management techniques; and
describes how they can be implemented to
limit the impacts on hydropower.
Background
Reservoir sedimentation is a process of erosion,
entrainment, transportation, deposition and
compaction of sediment carried into reservoirs
formed and contained by dams. In unregulated,
mature rivers with stable catchments, sediment
processes are relatively balanced. Construction
of a dam decreases flow velocities, initiating
or accelerating sedimentation,1 resulting in
progressively finer materials being deposited
(see Figure 1).
2
There are three stages in a reservoirs life:
Continuous and rapidly occurring sedi-
ment accumulation;
Partial sediment balance, where often
fine sediments reach a balance but coarse
sediments continue to accumulate; and
Full sediment balance, with sediment inflow
and outflow equal for all particle sizes.
Most of the worlds reservoirs are in the
continuous accumulation stage.2 Many were
designed by estimating sedimentation rates in
order to provide a pool with sufficient volume
to achieve a specified design life. However,
this design life is typically far less than what
is actually achievable. Therefore, managing
reservoirs to achieve a full sediment balance
is essential in order to maximize their lives.
Developing regions of the world that stand
to benefit most from hydroelectricity are
often those with the highest sediment yields
(see Figure 2 on page 8).3 In these regions,

6 HRW / January-February 2017 www.hydroworld.com

1701HRW_6 6 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 sustainable hydropower development must
involve consideration of sediment manage-
ment techniques during design, construction
and operation.
Sediment impacts on generation
About 0.5% to 1% of the total volume of 6,800
km3 of water stored in reservoirs around the
world is lost annually as a result of sedimen-
tation.2 As a result, global per capita reservoir
storage has rapidly decreased since its peak at
about 1980. Current storage is equivalent to
2
levels that existed nearly 60 years ago.
Loss of reservoir storage reduces flexibility
in generation and affects the reliability of water
supply. Without storage, hydropower facilities
are entirely dependent on seasonal flows. These
flows might not occur when energy is needed,
eliminating one of the key benefits that hydro-
power provides over other renewables.
Sediments discharged from an upstream
dam in a cascade system can increase tailwater
levels, reducing power generation.1 This would
impact the generation potential of all plants
in the cascade and increase the possibility of
powerhouse flooding.
Sediment impacts on stability
Sediment loads are commonly idealized as a
static at-rest soil pressure. The U.S. Bureau
of Reclamations design manual for small
dams suggests that sediments be considered
equivalent to a fluid with an implied pressure
coefficient of about 0.39 and an internal fric-
tion coefficient of about 37 degrees.
However, actual reservoir sediment prop-
erties can vary considerably. Unconsolidated
fine-grained sediments likely have lower
shear resistance and a higher at-rest pressure
coefficient, while a reservoir filled with coarser
sediments may have a higher shear strength.1
Published criteria with respect to potential
changes in uplift pressures due to sedimenta-
tion often neglect the fact that fine-grained
sediments may reduce uplift in the same man-
ner as does an engineered upstream blanket.
Conversely, in the case where there is a large
turbid inflow, higher uplift pressures would
be expected until enough particles had settled
to form a blanket.
During a seismic event, it is likely that
liquefied sediments would quickly return close
www.hydroworld.com
1701HRW_7 7
to their original state, resulting in a rapid dis-
sipation of pore pressures. Therefore, it may
be questionable to automatically assign higher
uplift pressures in this case.
Commonly used design considerations can
omit some plausible load cases. For example,
an underwater sediment slope failure could
cause surface waves, adding additional loading,
hydro-dynamic pressure waves and an inertial
loading from the dense fluidized soil-water
mass. Another phenomena commonly ignored
relates to turbidity currents in reservoirs. Such
turbid fluid with a sediment load of 100 mg/l
could be about 6% heavier than clear water.1
Submarine landslides are widely studied
because of their potential to create tsunami
waves. However, designers also need to con-
sider the potential that failure of the steeply
sloped deltaic front could increase loading and
produce compression waves that may fluidize
finer sediments near the toe of the landslide.
As the deposition advances toward the dam,
the potential for issues progressively increases.
It is often assumed that, during an earth-
quake, sediments fully liquefy, lose all strength
and exert a dense fluid hydrostatic load on
the dam. However, this degree of fluidization
likely is not possible in a reservoir filled with
coarse materials. Designers also often assume
that the fully fluidized dense fluid contributes
to hydro-dynamic pressure loading based on
Westergaards formula, ignoring the physical
basis for its derivation. In fact, there is some
question about the applicability of Westergaards
formula for hydro-dynamic pressures.
Designs also need to consider the degree of
saturation of the sediments. There is minimal
Figure 1 Typical Reservoir Sediment Profile*
Higher Velocity
Delta Deposits
(Coarse)
Muddy Lake Deposits (Fine)
Typically, sedimentation in the reservoir behind a dam takes the form of progressively finer materials being deposited as the
flows approach the dam.
*Adapted from Morris, G.L. and J. Fan, Reservoir Sedimentation Manual, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998.
system damping under dynamic loading
when reservoir sediments are fully saturated.
However, significant reductions in acceleration
occur when sediments are partially saturated.4,5
For rigid foundations, hydrodynamic pressures
decrease slightly at the dam base when sed-
iments are fully saturated but increase when
partially saturated.4 Partial saturation will
increase he systems response to horizontal
ground movement.5 Sediment thickness is
an important consideration, especially when
the sediments are partially saturated.5 Thin
layers result in minimal absorption of hor-
izontal motions, largely due to a relatively
high modulus of elasticity and low attenuation
coefficient.6 Over the reservoir life cycle, this
changes as sediments continue to accumulate.7
Other important factors are sediment density,
compressibility and pore water pressure.5,7
This dependence on sediment properties
makes a strong case for their measurement
and inclusion as part of the design.4 However,
designs are performed before sedimentation
occurs and the same sediments that are stable
under normal conditions and absorb energy
at the bottom of the reservoir could liquefy.
For this reason, the use of a reservoir bottom
reflection coefficient must be logically linked
to assessment of the reservoir sediment behav-
ior and ongoing monitoring.
Sediment impacts on discharge capability
Sediments will often block low-level outlets
designed to allow for reservoir drawdown.1 As
sedimentation continues, clogging of spillway
tunnels or other conduits may occur.1
Reduction of spillway capacity can occur
Lower Velocity
Low-Level Outlet
or Penstock
Live Storage
Dead Storage
January-February 2017 / HRW 7
2/9/17 9:48 AM
 as a result of the loss of approach depth when
the sediment front reaches the dam. The res-
ervoir becomes a delta-filled valley that takes
a meandering course such that a flood wave
does not spread out to allow flood routing.
Sediment impacts on equipment
Sediment can damage turbines and other
mechanical equipment through erosion of
the oxide coating on the blades, leading
to surface irregularities and more serious
material damage.8 Sustained erosion can lead
to extended shutdown time for maintenance
or replacement.8
Many factors determine rates of mechanical
abrasion. Of particular importance is sediment
type and physical characteristics. Angular sed-
iments composed of minerals with a Mohs
hardness greater than 5 such as quartz,
feldspar and tourmaline are problematic.
In addition, hydraulic and facility operation
parameters such as flow velocity, hydraulic
head, turbulence, turbine rotation speed and
turbine material affect abrasion susceptibility.
Impulse turbines, such as Pelton or Turgo, are
Figure 2 Comparison of Hydroelectric Potential and Sediment Production*
Regional Sediment Sediment Discharge to
Yield (tons/km3/yr) Oceans (Megatons/yr)
<50 <100
50100 100200
100 200 200300
200 400 3001,000
400 800 1,0002,000
>800 2,0005,000
Developing regions of the world that stand to benefit most from production of hydroelectricity are often those with the highest
sediment yields.
*Installed capacity data and sediment yield data adapted from International Hydropower Association 2015
Hydropower Status Report, figure adapted 16
8 HRW / January-February 2017
1701HRW_8 8
more susceptible to abrasion than are reaction
8
turbines. However, runner changes and needle
tip/seat ring replacement are much easier with
Pelton turbines. Therefore, they may be prefer-
able on the basis of the overall life cycle cost.
Abrasion can be reduced by selecting
metals to increase erosive resistance and/or
by reducing the volume of fine sediment that
reaches mechanical equipment. Plants often
are designed to remove most of the coarse
sediment particles. However, even silt can
cause significant abrasion if the quartz content
9
and pressure head is high enough. The 1,500
MW Nathpa Jhakri hydroelectric plant in
India used four desilting chambers that were
successful in removing coarser sediments.
However, damage from the finer particles
was so severe that parts of the turbines had
to be replaced within one year.
Materials used commonly in sedi-
ment-prone hydropower plants are stainless
steels that are heat treated for hardening and
increased protection from abrasion.8 Protecting
mechanical equipment from sediment abra-
sion can also be achieved with hard surface
Installed Hydroelectric Capacity
excluding Pumped Storage (MW)
No Data 5,00010,000
<100 10,00020,000
100500 20,00050,000
5001,000 50,000100,000
1,0002,500 >100,000
2,5005,000
coatings of ceramic paints or pastes or with hard
facing alloys.8 Research has shown improved
resistance to sediment abrasion when tungsten
carbide-based composites are used as a surface
coating.8 In undertaking such assessments, it
is important to consider the fact that abrasion
will increase as the reservoir fills. The Nozaki
method can be used to assess turbine repair
frequency. The method accounts for the effec-
tive sediment concentration, particle size and
shape, the turbine material and any coatings.
Turbine designs need to minimize peak veloc-
ities to reduce impacts. For a Pelton turbine, fewer
jets and larger runner buckets with larger radii
reduce centrifugal forces between the sediment
and runner surfaces. Regardless of the turbine
selected, designs must consider issues such as the
ease of runner removal for future maintenance.
Sediment impacts on the environment
Any dam will cause some degree of sediment
starvation downstream. Plant and animal
species are sensitive to alteration of both the
sediment supply and flow regime.2,10 Increases
in sediment concentration can create turbid
waters with a smaller euphotic zone. This
decreases plant productivity, negatively impact-
ing fish and bird species2 and causing abrasion
of fish gills, thus increasing potential for disease
or mortality. Turbidity can also cause visual
impairment for predatory fish, affecting their
feeding habits. Finally, sediment is a primary
carrier of suspended pollutants such as nitro-
gen, phosphorous and heavy metals.10
Sediments released as a result of sediment
management or a dam breach may have envi-
ronmental effects that can persist for decades.
Numerical modeling of sedimentation
and sediment management strategies
A variety of tools are available for hydromor-
phological simulation in order to optimize
reservoir management:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-
RAS model features a movable boundary
sediment transport calculation module that
was recently used to simulate sedimenta-
tion processes resulting from hydropower
development in northern Manitoba.11
MIKE 21 is a two-dimensional hydrody-
namic model used to simulate sedimentation
processes that was used to assess sediment
www.hydroworld.com
2/9/17 9:48 AM
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 deposition patterns and simulate the results extending reservoir longevity are key. has limited capacity and can only exclude
of future flushing operations at Boegoeberg For storage hydro, sediment management sediments carried by higher streamflows.2
Dam in South Africa.12 strategies to extend reservoir longevity can be However, it does reduce the amount of
The hydrodynamic, sediment transport classified into three categories: suspended sediment and bedload reaching
and physical habitat model FAST is used Those that divert some of the sediment the reservoir.14 Other advantages include the
to simulate morphological processes and through or around the reservoir; fact that the reservoir and dam are located
changes to fish habitat within alluvial riv- Those that remove or rearrange sediment away from the main river channel, allowing
ers.13 It was used to predict hydromorpho- that has already been deposited; and for minimal disruption to aquatic species
logical conditions and to optimize sediment Those that minimize the amount of sedi- and habitat and reducing the need for large
flushing procedures prior to constructing ment reaching the reservoir from upstream. on-stream spillways.2 On the other hand,
new hydropower facilities on the Nile River. Many dam operators have implemented off-stream reservoirs typically do not permit
sediment management techniques designed maximization of generation capacity, especially
14
Sediment management solutions to achieve these goals. Some examples are in areas that depend on high stream flows
Developing and retaining sustainable storage described below. occurring over a short period of time.2
to satisfy global needs requires inclusion of Sediment bypassing works best in areas of
reservoir sediment management practices at Bypassing high relief where the sediment-laden flows are
project conception and throughout its life On-stream sediment bypassing diverts part of carried efficiently through the diversion tunnel
cycle. These practices vary depending on the the sediment-laden water around the reservoir, or channel. Bypassing is most cost-effective
tope of facility. For run-of-river projects, typically using a weir that operates during high at dams that are on the bend of a river, as this
sediment management aims to remove flows when sediment concentrations are high. allows for a relatively short diversion between
sediments that can cause abrasion of the An off-stream reservoir can be used such the weir and the downstream side of the dam.14
turbines and clog cooling water intakes. that only the clear water is diverted over a
In a storage project, this objective and bypass weir. An off-stream reservoir typically Sluicing/drawdown routing
This technique involves lowering the reservoir
Figure 3 Sediment Management Techniques Related to Reservoir Life and Retention Time* water levels in advance of high streamflows so
100,000 that water and sediment can be routed through
Storage Operation
Density Current Venting the spillway at high velocities. Refill occurs during
Potentially Redundancy the receding limb of the flood hydrograph.2,14
Sustainable
10,000 Sluicing methods depend on the facilitys hydro-
logic characteristics and reservoir size.
Reservoir Annual Life Cycle (CAP/MAS)

Flushing Dredging
1,000
Sluicing Dredging can be efficient but it will continue
Dredging
Bypassing for the life of the project and can have signif-
Excavation icant cost impacts. For example, dredging of 6
Check Dams
100 million m3 of sediment at the Loiza reservoir
in Puerto Rico in 1997 cost $10/m3.1,2

10 Flushing
Flushing, Sluicing,
Flushing involves emptying the reservoir
Hydrosuction,
Dredging by opening bottom outlets and allowing the
incoming streamflow to scour sediment.2,14
1
The effectiveness varies but, generally, only a
Non-Sustainable
core of sediment along the original channel
thalweg is flushed. Sediments on the sides of
0.1 the reservoir remain in place.2
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 An alternative method is pressure flushing,
Annual Retention Time (CAP/MAF)
where the reservoir is partially drawn down
Storage Operations Sluicing Pressure Flushing Bypassing
before flushing. This redistributes coarse
Drawdown Flushing Check Dams Dredging Dry Excavation
upstream sediments closer to the dam, alle-
The selection of the optimal sediment management technique for a reservoir can be estimated based on precedent
experience and other factors, such as the ratio of reservoir volume to mean annual sediment inflow and retention time. viating their impacts, but often does not clear
*Adapted 9 the finer sediments.2 Pressure flushing is also

10 HRW / January-February 2017 www.hydroworld.com

1701HRW_10 10 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 used for sediment redistribution, moving them
to a less sensitive location.
Erosion control
Many watersheds experience increased ero-
sion rates due to land use and other human
practices. Erosion reduction techniques fall
into three categories: structural or mechanical,
1
vegetative and operational.
Structural or mechanical measures such
as terraces, conveyance channels, check dams
and sediment traps1,14 decrease overland or
channelized flow velocity, increasing surface
storage and thereby reducing the sediment
load in the runoff.
Vegetative erosion control takes advan-
tage of plants natural ability to limit erosion.
Agricultural practices that minimize sediment
yield are particularly effective.
Operational measures minimize erosion
through planning, management and organi-
zation. Examples include timing construction
work such that erosion is minimized or
scheduling timber harvesting to coincide with
favorable soil conditions.1
Erosion management is perhaps the most
widely recommended but most poorly imple-
mented sediment management technique
because land users may not see any direct
benefits from controlling sediment yield.2
high dam that impounds a 130 km3 reservoir.15
This dam has been controversial, largely due
to concerns regarding sediment starvation of
the Nile River Delta.15
Before construction of this dam, the Nile
River transported an average of 100 x 106 tons/
yr of sediment to the Nile River Delta in the
Mediterranean Sea.16 Today, with a trapping
efficiency of 99%, little sediment reaches the
delta.15,16 While the live storage capacity of
the Lake Nasser/Nubia reservoir upstream of
Aswan High Dam is not expected to be com-
17
promised for another 300 to 400 years, the
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adverse downstream impacts have been widely
reported.15 Erosion along the Mediterranean
coast of Egypt has been ongoing for centuries,
but the sediment trapping has combined with
sea-level rise and other factors to exacerbate
coastal erosion problems.15
Dez Dam, Iran
The 520 MW Dez hydroelectric project in
southwestern Iran features a 203 m-high con-
crete arch dam. Reservoir sedimentation has
caused the riverbed to rise by about 2 m per year,
resulting in the loss of about 19% of reservoir
LONG-TERM
SOLUTION
PREFERRED
PRODUCT
OF CHOICE

Selection of optimal sedimentation

management techniques
The appropriate sedimentation management
practice is a function of the reservoir life,
expressed as the ratio of reservoir volume
(CAP) to mean annual sediment inflow to
the reservoir (MAS), and retention time
represented as a function of the ratio of CAP
to the mean annual incoming flow (MAF).
Selection of the optimal sediment management
techniques can be estimated based on precedent
experience and these factors (see Figure 3).

Case studies
The case studies discussed below illustrate
a range of sediment management concerns
as well as strategies taken to mitigate them.

Aswan High Dam, Egypt Contact us today for further information

The 2,100- MW Aswan High Dam project 1 541 504 0416 | www.emagineered.com
on the Nile River in Egypt includes a 111 m
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #7

www.hydroworld.com January-February 2017 / HRW 11

1701HRW_11 11 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 storage during its 40 years of operation. As of
2016, the reservoir bed was now within 12 m
of the power intakes, such that sediment may
be drawn into the tunnels within a decade.
Sediment management strategies consid-
ered for the Dez project included watershed
management, sediment flushing, tactical dredg-
ing near the power intakes, and heightening
the dam. The optimal solution was determined
to be sediment flushing, managed by means of
powerhouse and spillway operation changes.
Another issue was the fact that sediments
had risen above the low level outlets. As
sluicing of the sediments through the Howell-
Bunger valves introduced a risk of damage to
the valves, a physical model was built to eval-
uate replacing these valves with radial sluice
gates. Results showed that the downstream
river reach could not tolerate the amount of
scour associated with this modification, so the
Howell-Bunger valves were redesigned with
abrasion-resistant materials.
Three Gorges, China
In China, the extent of this issue has led to
the development of innovations in sediment
12 HRW / January-February 2017
1701HRW_12 12
management.14 Four main sediment man-
agement strategies have been adopted. They
are: storing the clear and releasing the turbid,
releasing turbidity currents, sediment flushing,
19
and dredging.
The 22,500 MW Three Gorges Project
on the Yangtze River is the worlds largest
hydropower facility. The dead storage portion
3
of the Three Gorges reservoir (17 billion m )
is designed to be filled with sediment in about
3
120 to 150 years. The remaining 22 billion m is
to be retained indefinitely by flushing.19 During
the June to September flood season, when 50%
to 60% of the annual runoff transports much
of the sediments in Chinese rivers,19 operators
draw down the reservoir, retaining clearer water
for the rest of the year. This strategy has been
effective for reducing sediment impacts at
both Three Gorges Dam and the Sanmenxia
19
Reservoir, with a 400 MW powerhouse.
Conclusions
The worlds reservoirs are used for many pur-
poses, among them to provide reliable water
supply, hydropower and flood mitigation.
Sustainable hydropower requires dealing with
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #8
the important issue of reservoir sedimentation.
This article describes sedimentation
processes, identifies key impacts of sedimen-
tation on hydropower facilities and presents
techniques that can be used to address these
impacts. Sedimentation can affect hydropower
production due to loss of reservoir storage
and/or damage to the facilitys mechanical
components. Sediments deposited in res-
ervoirs may affect the safety of dams and,
without proper management, negatively
impact the environment.
Methods of managing sediment fall under
three general categories: those that divert
sediment around or through the reservoir,
those that remove deposited sediments, and
those that minimize the amount of sediment
reaching the facility in the first place. A variety
of sediment management strategies have been
used around the world, with many successful
implementations documented.
This discussion highlights the need for
appropriate sediment management at hydro-
power facilities and shows how this can be
achieved through consideration of sediment
concerns from the earliest design phase
www.hydroworld.com
2/9/17 9:48 AM
 through to construction and operation. Reservoir Sedimentation Management, Proceedings of Sixth Nasser, Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, Volume

Editors Note: This is an abridged version of International Conference on Water Resources and Hydropower 15, 1990, pages 123-129.

a much longer article on the topic. To read the Development in Asia, 2016. 18
Steele, R., et al, Sedimentation Issues in the Dez Dam

article in its entirety, visit www.hydroworld. 14

Kondolf, G., et al, Sustainable Sediment Management in Reservoir, Hatch H.G. Acres Conference, 2006.

com/index/hydro-library.html. Reservoirs and Regulated Rivers: Experiences from Five 19

Wang, Z., and C. Hu, Strategies for Managing Reservoir

Continents, Earths Future, Volume 2, 2014, pages 256-280. Sedimentation, International Journal of Sediment Research,

Notes 15
Abd-El Monsef, H., S. Smith, and K. Darwish, Impacts Volume 24, 2009, pages 369-384.
1
Reservoir Sedimentation Manual, McGraw-Hill, New York, of the Aswan High Dam After 50 Years, Water Resources

1998. Management, Volume 29, 2015, pages 1873-1885.

2 16
Morris, G., G. Annandale and R. Hotchkiss, Reservoir Milliman, J., and R. Meade, R. World-wide Delivery of Greg Schellenberg is junior hydrotechnical engineer, C.

Sedimentation, in Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, River Sediment to the Oceans, Journal of Geology, Volume Richard Donnelly is principal consultant, Charles Holder

Measurements, Modeling, and Practice, American Society 91, No. 1, 1983, pages 1-21. is senior civil consultant, and Rajib Ahsan is senior
17
of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., U.S., 2008. Smith, S., A Revised Estimate of the Life Span of Lake hydraulic engineer with Hatch.
3
Grummer, J., Combating Silt Erosion in Hydraulic Turbines,

HRW-Hydro Review Worldwide, Volume 17, No. 1, March

2009.
PRODUCTS
BUILT ON
4
Bougacha, S., and J. Tassoulas, Seismic Response of Gravity

Dams II: Effects of Sediments, Journal of Engineering

EXPERTISE
Mechanics, Volume 117, No. 8, 1991, pages 1839-1850.
5
Dominguez, J., R. Gallego, and B. Japon, Effects of Porous

Sediments on Seismic Response of Gravity Dams, Journal

RELATIONSHIPS BUILT ON

TRUST
of Engineering Mechanics, Volume 117, No. 8, 1997, pages

302-311.
6
Hatami, K., Effect of Reservoir Bottom on Earthquake

Response of Concrete Dams, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake

Engineering, Volume 16, 1997, pages 407-415.

7
Gogoi, I., and D. Maity, Influence of Sediment Layers on

Dynamic Behavior of Aged Concrete Dams, Journal of

Engineering Mechanics, Volume 133, No. 4, 2007, pages

400-413.
8
Dorij, U., and R. Ghomaschi, Hydro Turbine Failure

Mechanisms: An Overview, Engineering Failure Analysis,

Volume 44, 2014, pages 136-147.

9
Annandale, G., G. Morris, and P. Karki, Sediment

Management at Reservoirs and Hydropower Plants: World

Bank Technical Note, Proceedings of 84th ICOLD Meeting,

International Commission on Large Dams, Paris, 2016.

10
Ahmari, H., et al, Assessment of Erosion and Sedimentation

for Hydropower Projects on the Lower Nelson River,

Manitoba, Canadian Dam Association, Montreal, Quebec,

Canada, 2013.
11
Kenny, S., et al, Assessment of Impacts to the Sedimentation Whatever your challenge, weve got the
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http://hrw.hotims.com RS #9

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1701HRW_13 13 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 MARINE HYDROKINETICS

Prior to being deployed, the Scotrenewables SR2000, foreground, and SME PLATO devices are
pictured at Hatston Pier in Orkney in June 2016. (Photo: Colin Keldie, courtesy of EMEC)

EMEC Supports MHK Technologies on

Pathway to Commercialization
With significant technology research and pre-commercialization work
ongoing in the marine and hydrokinetic energy industry, what will it
take to get from here to full commercialization? The European Marine
Energy Centre is involved in the answer to this question.
By Lisa MacKenzie and Dave Flanagan

E
stablished in 2003, the European
Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)
in Scotland is a marine and hydroki-
netic (MHK) energy testing facility
supporting MHK technology on the road
to commercialization.
In terms of the potential to produce epic
quantities of power from wave and tide, we
have shown we are on the right track, says
Neil Kermode, EMEC managing director.
We have proven you can turn seawater
into electricity and we [the MHK industry]
have started to do that with higher degrees
of reliability.
As the man in charge of the Orkney
Islands-based EMEC, you would expect
Kermode to be buoyant about the sectors
progress towards commercialization. But
while he might be evangelical about the global
potential of MHK, Kermodes also pragmatic
when it comes to assessing the challenges
that remain for developers of wave and tidal
energy technologies.
There is still work to be done in terms
of winning over a wider audience, beyond
the marine energy sector itself, he says. I
think that many people are still fixated on
the issue of pricing, whereas they should be
concerned about the fact we have had the
highest temperature winter on record, with

14 HRW / January-February 2017 www.hydroworld.com

1701HRW_14 14 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 global CO2 concentrations now above 400 believe they are within striking distance of place because there is more and more activity
parts per million. the prices being bid for offshore wind. Most upon which to innovate. In due course that
We are also seeing the collapse of certain believe that price parity will take several years innovation leads to a degree of consolidation
eco-systems. It is all pretty catastrophic, but to accomplish. and, in turn, marketable products that will
I think many people do not really seem to We know the cost of producing energy attract confident investment.
care. I think if people did value the air we will come down as we get more efficient at The fact we are now seeing a much greater
breathe and the water we drink, then Im doing it, he says. Developers will only get degree of repeated activity is a sign we are at
quite sure marine energy would be a much good at doing it through constant practice and the start of that commercialization journey.
more attractive option than burning fossil repetition, and its encouraging to see some of
fuels. We cannot just keep setting light to the early mover companies starting to build Orkney test center
stuff within a confined space and ignoring multiple machines. Were now going to see The Orkney test center has been firmly in the
the consequences. an increase in the rate of innovation taking vanguard of the global ocean power revolution
Environmental arguments aside, the
uncompromising nature of the ocean envi-
ronment meant from the outset that progress
toward the goal of harnessing MHK energys
massive potential as a power source was cer-
tainly never going to be smooth or cheap.
Early sectoral interest around 2010 from
utilities and major investors stalled four years
or so later as the scale of the technical chal-
lenges and inherent costs of MHK became
more apparent. In addition, a couple of high Powering progress,
profile companies going into administration
(i.e., Pelamis Wave Power), served as fuel for safely and sustainably
marine energy sceptics.
Developers have therefore had to weather Your challenges are transforming the way you do business.
the storms literally and metaphorically Advances in technology are opening a new era of possibilities
with some opting to go back to the drawing and opportunities for safer, greener power production.
board. According to Kermode, there is now We will leverage our collective experience to meet your
a much greater degree of technical humility challenges head-on.
within the industry.
Together we can build positive change.
Marine energy is certainly becoming
increasingly diverse, both in terms of scale and Contact us at hatch.com
approach to the task in hand, he says. Many
developers are now exploring smaller-scale
solutions, individually tailored to particular
site conditions or local grid constraints, and
there is a growing realization that this is no
one size fits all in terms of harnessing the
oceans power.
At the same time, Kermodes convinced
the costs associated with MHK energy will
continue to decrease as developers refine
devices and operational procedures. With
comparatively few machines in the water
there remain a range of opinions as to how
far the present costs will be driven down. Most
projects are presently experimental and the
multi-million-dollar project costs are clearly
not representative of scale production that
will be achieved. Some technology developers http://hrw.hotims.com RS #10

www.hydroworld.com January-February 2017 / HRW 15

1701HRW_15 15 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 since it was established in 2003. Since then, EMEC has supported
the deployment of 27 marine energy devices from 17 different clients.
There is no doubt the pace of progress within the MHK sector is
picking up, with a remarkable variety of projects under way, particularly
within the tidal sector.
For example, at the larger end of the scale sits the development of
Atlantis Resources MeyGen tidal array in the Pentland Firth, a channel
between the Scottish mainland and the Orkney Islands.
The types of turbines being deployed at MeyGen were initially
tested at EMEC, with Atlantis planning to install 269 devices with
total capacity of 398 MW in the Pentland Firths turbulent waters
by 2020. The first device was installed in 2016 and was generating to
the grid at full power by the years end.
Another example is Scotrenewables Tidal Power Ltd., which is test-
ing its commercial scale, 2 MW SR2000 the worlds largest floating
turbine at EMECs Fall of Warness tidal test site. The firm has also
secured a European Commission Horizon 2020 grant of 10 million
(US$10.63 million) for its Floating Tidal Energy Commercialization
(FloTEC) project, which will build on the information gleaned from
testing the SR2000 to develop a mark two prototype of the SR2000
technology. There will be a significant focus on reducing the levelized
cost of energy at every stage of the design, build and demonstration
of the SR2000-M2.
Meanwhile, Dublin-based OpenHydro the first developer to use
EMECs Fall of Warness test site and the first to deliver electricity
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #11
16 HRW / January-February 2017
1701HRW_16 16
from a tidal device to the UK national grid has recently deployed
two turbines in Brittany, France, and another two in Nova Scotia,
Canada, while continuing to test a smaller scale 6-meter version of its
Open Centre turbine at EMEC.
Isle of Wight-based tidal developer Sustainable Marine Energy is
also close to deploying its PLAT-O tidal energy platform at the Fall of
Warness test site after successfully installing four subsea rock anchors
by robot in the sites challenging tidal flows.
Dutch tidal developer Tocardo is one of the most recent compa-
nies to secure a berth at EMEC and is set to demonstrate a 20-year
pre-commercial array at the Fall of Warness site. Tocardo plans to
install eight T2 turbines across two of Tocardos semi-submersible
U-shaped floating platforms, with work scheduled to begin in 2017.
Although developments within the tidal sector are currently
capturing the headlines, EMEC remains fully committed to sup-
porting the wave energy sector as well. Confidence seems to be
returning to the sector, with several innovative smaller scale projects
coming to fruition.
For example, Flemish developer Laminaria has signed up to test
its wave energy converter (WEC) at EMECs Billia Croo wave test
site where it will undergo performance testing in 2017. To that end,
Laminaria have also launched the OCEANERA-NET funded
LAMWEC project which includes EMEC, Innosea, Ghent University
and TTI Testing to help Laminaria develop and test a 200-kW
WEC. A key focus of the project will be on the WECs survivability
in extreme storm conditions, with emphasis on the design and build
of Laminarias power take-off and storm protection system, new
anchor design suitable for a range of seabed configurations, and the
development of a mooring and pulley system that will support the
aforementioned components.
Meanwhile, Swedish wave energy developer CorPower Ocean is
preparing to test a half-scale prototype WEC at EMECs test site in
Scapa Flow in 2017 following dry rig testing of the system in Stockholm.
CorPower have a few related projects on the go, including WaveBoost
a three-year Horizon 2020 funded innovation programme targeting
significant improvements in the reliability and performance of WECs
by using pneumatic components in combination with advanced control
technology. The efforts are expected to increase energy production,
reduce CAPEX and improve grid integration of wave energy farms,
resulting in a reduction in the cost of energy of up to 30%.
Alleviating testing costs
It is undeniable that the cost of pre-commercial demonstration of
full-scale ocean energy technology is high EMEC estimate that it
costs developers around 30 million (US$32.2 million) to progress a
technology from concept stage to getting just one prototype into the
water. Before committing, investors want to be certain the technology
has been proven to work in actual ocean conditions. This results in
the so-called valley-of-death phenomenon and often prevents MHK
products from reaching the market.
In this vein, EMEC recently launched the 11 million (US$11.7
million) FORESEA (Funding Ocean Renewable Energy through
www.hydroworld.com
2/9/17 9:48 AM
 Strategic European Action) project, which
brings together Europes leading ocean
energy test facilities EMEC (UK);
SmartBay (Ireland); SEM-REV (France);
and the Tidal Testing Centre (Netherlands)
to support the demonstration of tidal,
wave and offshore wind energy technologies
in real sea conditions.
FORESEA will offer a series of funding
and business development support packages
to ocean energy technology developers at
technology readiness level (TRL) 5+ (i.e.,
those looking to test subsystems or full-scale
systems in a real sea environment) to help lever
the further investment needed to take their
products to market. Funded by the Interreg
North-West Europe program, the first call
was launched in July 2016 and saw 10 ocean
energy developers offered support eight of Pictured here mounted on its subsea base, the top of the 16-meter-diameter, 2-MW OpenHydro
which are due to test at EMEC with the Open Centre turbine is designed to sit 20 to 25 meters above the seabed. (Photo courtesy Mike
second call for support packages launched in Brookes-Roper)
November 2016.
The activity that has taken place around burgeoning sector further. EMEC employs handling and project management. In addi-
EMECs sites can serve as a case study for 22 people across a wide range of disciplines, tion, the Orkney marine energy supply chain
the economic benefits of developing this including operations and maintenance, data supports about 230 jobs in the islands covering

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http://hrw.hotims.com RS #12 http://hrw.hotims.com RS #13

www.hydroworld.com January-February 2017 / HRW 17

1701HRW_17 17 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 everything from environmental consultancy,
marine operations, and engineering. Given
their unprecedented experience in the sec-
tor, these local companies are increasingly
finding their input sought on marine energy
projects worldwide (e.g., a local consultancy
Aquatera Ltd. has just publicized a new
project in which they are developing a marine
energy roadmap for Peru).
Major investment in islands infrastructure
has also followed EMECs formation, with
22 million (US$23.4 million) of public sector
cash used to create new renewables focused
harbor facilities at Hatston, near Kirkwall,
Lyness on the Island of Hoy and at Coplands
Dock in Stromness.
The financial case for the creation of
EMEC is also proving well founded, with
a recent study by Highlands and Islands
Enterprise revealing the centers activities
have helped generate almost 250 million
(US$266 million) for the UK economy, with
3,801 full-time equivalent (FTE) job years
A 160 meter-long extension was added to Haston Pier in Hatston Quay, Kirkwall, Orkney, in 2013,
extending it from 225 meters to 385 meters almost one-quarter mile. The pier accommo-
dates Scotlands longest commercial deep-water berth. (Photo courtesy K4 Graphics)
18 HRW / January-February 2017
1701HRW_18 18
created so far. This equates to 380 permanent
FTE positions in the UK economy over the
course of 10 years.
To remain flexible and responsive to
the needs of both the wave and tidal sector,
EMEC is continually looking at ways it can
help developers reduce time, cost and risk in
testing programs. The center is accredited by
the United Kingdom Accreditation Service
to provide internationally recognized perfor-
mance assessment and technology verification,
providing developers with independently
verified reports vital for proving claims
and increasing investor confidence.
EMECs research and development
program has encompassed everything from
studies into biofouling and tests of coatings for
use in harsh oceanic environments, to projects
exploring cabling solutions for tidal arrays and
the development of methodologies to improve
reliability in marine energy converters.
Although there is much to be positive
about for Kermode and the marine energy
industry, the EMEC boss remains measured
and pragmatic.
I think we should always be vigilant about
becoming complacent and thinking weve got
this covered, he warns. The history of tech-
nology is littered with occasions when people
stopped innovating or stopped paying attention,
and the number of times that technologies have
moved overseas or stalled for a generation are
legion. We need to guard against that.
We must not kid ourselves that this needs
no more money; it does. And it needs more
experience and it needs more time at sea.
Similar to any new technology, development
requires vision and energetic support to ride
through the inevitable problems that lie ahead.
However, MHK has an approval rating of
79% among the British public so we have the
support behind us.
We have done some of the conceptually
hard stuff; we have produced electricity from
the sea safely and without discernable envi-
ronmental impact. The next hard task is to
do it more quickly, reliably and consistently
at more and more locations; by doing it again
and again we will learn how to do it better
and therefore cheaper.
So the task at hand is just to do it again
and again and again. We need the space to do
that, as well as the money and the political
will. But with those approval ratings and our
recent success, whats stopping us?
According to Kermode, there is also a need
for the marine energy industry to keep banging
on doors to hammer home the message that it
offers a viable, cost-effective alternative to fossil
fuels. We have never seen such unprecedented
pressure on the environment, he concludes.
The challenge we face is to make sure we have
got secure and affordable supplies of energy, and
jobs available within a low carbon environment.
Marine energy technologies exactly fit with all
those objectives, so why would we not push on
as hard as we possibly can?
People have to recognize that this is not
just innovation. It is in fact an aid to our
planetary survival.
Lisa MacKenzie is marketing and communications officer
for the European Marine Energy Center. Dave Flanagan is
a journalist reporting for EMEC.
www.hydroworld.com
2/9/17 9:48 AM
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1701HRW_19 19 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 F I S H PA S S AG E

Researchers inserted HTI acoustic tags into 90 fish, allowing for tracking in three dimensions.

Tracking Fish Behavior in the Tailrace of a

Hydropower Plant
While conditions in the tailraces of dams make studying fish
telemetries difficult, new technologies employed at Brazils 66 MW
Tres Marias project have given researchers a better insight into fish
behavior and movement.
By Fabio Suzuki and Paulo Santos Pompeu

D
ams can interrupt fish reproductive
cycles by fragmenting habitat and
migratory pathways. In particular,
the tailraces of dams that impound water
for hydropower facilities present significant
challenges for migratory fish attempting to
move upstream to spawn. The hydrodynamic
conditions of the tailrace including high
turbulence and temperature variations attract
a large number of migratory fish to the tailrace.
Fish potentially can swim into the draft
tubes during operation of the turbines, becom-
ing trapped and exposed to low dissolved
oxygen, which can lead to mortality. Other
dangerous exposure can include the rapid
decompression and mechanical shock expe-
rienced during the systems starts and stops.
Detailed monitoring of fish movement and
migration patterns in tailraces can provide
information for reducing fish mortality in
turbines and at other key points in tailraces.
However, little is known about upstream
migrating fish in the tailraces of dams because
the majority of fish telemetry technologies
have been unable to detect fish with precision
in the acoustically noisy tailraces of dams. The
study described in this article sought to deter-
mine if new tracking technology could be used
to track fish movement and better understand
their behavior. The end goal would be for hydro
project owners to gain insights about how to
manage operations of hydropower facilities to
minimize fish kill in the turbines.
Methods
The study brought together a number of par-
ties, including the Federal University of Lavras
(UFLA) Department of Biology; Brazilian
power generator Companhia Energetica de

20 HRW / January-February 2017 www.hydroworld.com

1701HRW_20 20 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 Minas Gerais (Cemig); and fisheries biologists maximum distance between adjacent hydro- Observations
from Hydroacoustic Technology Inc. based in phones was about 85 meters. Additionally, Among the tagged fish, there were nine immo-
Seattle, Wash., USA. the hydrophones were installed in different bile tags, of which seven (or 14% of the total
The group set out to evaluate specific depths, with five close to the bottom and six number) were P. argenteus and two (15%) were
numbers of two migratory fish species that close to surface. This system operated at 307 P. maculatus. These tags were removed from
are abundant, important species for com- kHz and it continuously received and stored the analyses under the assumption that they
mercial fisheries and the most common all tag transmission pulses for each of the represented mortalities or tag loss.
species affected by turbine operation in Tres hydrophones deployed. The telemetry system The remainder of the tagged fish left the
Marias Dam. For this study, 50 argenteus operated 24 hours per day and was able to tailrace before the end of the study period.
(Prochilodus argenteus) and 40 maculatus calculate the dimensions of each tagged fish More than 75% left the tailrace in less than
(Pimelodus maculatus) were equipped with in 3D using the same triangulation principals one week, although the average of residence
HTI-provided acoustic tags that were capable of GPS systems. time was longer for P. maculatus (10.79
of being tracked three-dimensionally in the
acoustically-challenging aquatic environment.
The number of tagged fish was chosen for
achieving a reasonable tracking data for fish
movement analysis, taking into account the
funding limitation and the possibility of tag
loss and mortality rate by capture-tagging
procedure. The tag weights and tag lifespans
were ideal for the requirements of this study,
and the 3D tracking technique used permitted
numerous tags to be tracked simultaneously.
This evaluation was conducted in the tail-
race of the 66 MW Tres Marias plant, located
on the Sao Francisco River in southeastern
Brazil. The projects dam is a 2,700 m long
and 75 m tall, with a mean flow of 150 m3/
sec per turbine. The draft tube for each turbine
is about 15 meters long, while the tailrace is
about 155 meters long and 182 meters wide,
giving it an area of about 19,870 m2. The dam
is not equipped with fish passage facilities.
From Oct. 31 to Nov. 4 in 2011, fish
were captured in the tailrace and up to 3 km
downstream in the Sao Francisco River using We provide a comprehensive Specialized
cast nets. Acoustic tags were then surgically range of fishway design and Services
inserted into the fishes body cavities in a monitoring services to suit
your project needs. From Fishway Hydraulics
controlled environment. Research & Design
environmental assessment and
The two tagged species were then evaluated mitigation to monitoring and Biological & Hydraulic
for daily variations in spatial distributions, design, we yield expert solutions Monitoring Program
depth preferences and the influence of turbine on-time and on-budget to the Development &
hydroelectric industry. Execution
discharge on the spatial distribution of fish
in the tailrace from Oct. 31, 2011, through
Feb. 16, 2012.
All the 11 hydrophones used to capture
data were geo-referenced and connected to
an HTI Model 20 Acoustic Tag Tracking
System Data Logger. The hydrophones
position was based on data gathered from ecofishresearch.com
previous tests conducted in tailrace, which
indicated a detection range of 100 m. The http://hrw.hotims.com RS #18

www.hydroworld.com January-February 2017 / HRW 21

1701HRW_21 21 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 The 66 MW Tres Marias hydroelectric plant, where this study was conducted, is on the Sao Francisco River in southeastern Brazil.
days) than P. argenteus (2.81 days).
However, 35 individuals (19 P. macula-
tus and 16 P. argenteus) returned, and most
returned more than twice -- some up to 38
times. There was no statistically significant
difference in the rate of return between the
two species. However, there was a significant
negative correlation between the number of
visits and individual size for P. maculatus,
but no such correlation between these two
variables for P. argenteus. This result can explain
the predominance of smaller individuals of
P. maculatus (mean length of 22 cm) among
fishes entrained within turbines at Tres Marias
Dam, according to CEMIG data.
The average tailrace residency duration was
significantly longer for P. maculatus at about
29 hours than P. argenteus, which stayed in the
tailrace about six hours. However, there was no
correlation between tailrace residency duration
and the size of individuals for either species.
This overhead view shows the placement of the hydrophones used to capture data from the HTI
acoustic tags.
22 HRW / January-February 2017
1701HRW_22 22
Within a day, patterns of movement varied
between the two species. P. maculatus were
more active during nocturnal periods, whereas
P. argenteus activity was greater during the
daytime. But, analysis of the ratio of inward to
outward movements in the tailrace indicated
a prevalence of outward movements from the
tailrace during the first 14 days of the study.
After that the ratio was 1:1.
Lessons learned
Telemetry technology has done much to
further the understanding of how dams affect
fish migratory patterns. The major threat to
fish below hydropower facilities in Brazil is
associated with high mortality due to fish
entering and becoming entrained within
turbine draft tubes.
Although knowledge of fish movement
patterns in the tailrace can be an essential
step to determine strategies to minimize this
impact, applications of acoustic telemetry have
proven challenging, with high turbulence, high
flows, entrained air and electrical interference
proving problematic. Despite the challenges,
the acoustic tags and tracking techniques used
within the Tres Marias tailrace delivered clear
and useful information with a fidelity as fine
as 20 cm in 3D position resolution.
The experiment was a feasibility test to
see whether the researchers would be able to
effectively track fish in the tailrace of a dam.
The research team was more than satisfied with
the outcome of this feasibility study.
Due to funding limitations, the study
was only conducted for 81 days. This study
cost about US$300,000 and was funding by
CEMIG. The results of this project have been
useful for hydro project owners to define the
best scenario of turbine operation with less
risk to fish, since the fish mortality in turbines
can occur in combination with fish attraction
to the tailrace.
Although this is the first study applying this
technology in the tailrace of Brazilian hydro-
power, these results can encourage the use of
telemetry techniques to provide the necessary
data to allow asset managers to take actions
related to hydropower facility operations.
Through continual progress in the devel-
opment of acoustic tag tracking technology,
one will be able to track tailrace fish in more
extreme situations and define operational
patterns to minimize harm to migratory fish
in dam tailraces.
Fabio Suzuki is a fisheries biologist and consultant at
Pisces Consultoria e Servios Ambientais in Brazil. Paulo
Santos Pompeu is a professor at Federal University of
Lavras and served as advisor for the project.
www.hydroworld.com
2/9/17 9:48 AM
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 HUMAN INTEREST
A Hydro Girl at Heart
Hydro Tasmania has shaped the Australian states industry, economy
and community for generations. The companys boom years brought
thousands of workers and their families to Tasmania, intertwining
Hydro Tasmanias own history with those of the Hydro People.
By Jane Crosswell
T
wenty-two years is a long time to work somewhere. You could
say that I grew up with Hydro Tasmania in my blood.
My father, Geoff Apted, worked on construction of
Meadowbank Dam [on the River Derwent, this dam impounds water
for a 41.8 MW hydro powerhouse] in the late 1960s. As a family, we
moved to Strathgordon [the village built to construct the 432 MW
Gordon power station] when I was 3 years old, and I went to primary
school at Strathgordon.
I remember my father coming home from work and telling us about
the strange foods many of the migrants [who arrived during and after
WWII] would bring in their lunch boxes. We were fascinated that
someone could eat whole chilies or black pudding for lunch! These
were things we had never even seen at our dinner table.
I grew up in Hydro Tasmania villages and, like my brothers and
sister, went to work for Hydro Tasmania straight out of school. So as
you can imagine, I witnessed a lot of change.
Increasing demands for power during Tasmanias post-World War II
boom gave rise to a number of Hydro Tasmania company towns, es-
tablished to house workers and their families. At its peak, the utility
employed more than 5,200 Hydro People.
24 HRW / January-February 2017
1701HRW_24 24
I commenced my work career at the Tullah office aged 15 years as
what was known as a nipper. I earned $1.50 per hour washing
cars, making tea and washing floors. My favorite task was taking the
rain gauge readings each morning. I felt very important as I had to
take the reading at precisely 9 a.m. each morning and report the levels
to Head Office for passing on to the weather bureau.
You could say I have been a bit of a trailblazer. Ive had quite a series
of firsts in hydro. I was the first girl to work at Stringers Creek (now
the site of Reece Dam) and I remained the only female for some time.
There were no female engineers around in those days. I worked there
until the Zeehan bushfires went through the site and burned down the
only female toilet on site. I couldnt go back until they built a new one,
so we ended up with what was probably to first unisex toilet on the
West Coast. It made for some interesting encounters!
When I later moved into the office environment in the Accounts
section at Tullah, I was the first person to operate an electric typewriter
in the office. We only had one!
And at the tender age of 17, I was acting Paymaster for three
months during the height of the West Coast Construction era. There
were more than 2,000 people on the payroll and we paid everyone in
cash. I remember the day I was given the combination to the huge
bank safe. Again, I felt very important and responsible!
They were more innocent times back then. We worked hard (nothing
compared to the effort we would put in now of course). I remember
that in the pay office at Tullah, our first task each morning was to
complete the Advocate newspapers crossword as a team! We mucked
around a lot and created our own fun. Some of the practical jokes we
played would probably get us fired today but it was all harmless and
a typical part of Hydro village life. We were very insulated.
I was in the first group of girls who applied for an apprenticeship
with Hydro. There were three of us and we were not accepted into the
program. I dont think the organization was ready for us to be rolling our
sleeves up with the boys just yet, so they didnt know what to do with us.
I was working on the West Coast at the height of the Franklin Dam
www.hydroworld.com
2/9/17 9:48 AM
 debate a time I remember as volatile and to test for particles in the governor oil. I even that time will remember the wonderful Bob
unsettling. We were introduced to a new breed went to Sydney to complete a two-day course Moore who was our boss and mentor. Bob
of people, commonly known as tree-huggers on oil filtration. It wasnt really part of my role. always encouraged us to strive for excellence
or greenies. They did everything they could I just had a penchant for getting involved in and to step outside of our comfort zone, and
to stop our progress, and at the time it caused the more non-traditional things, and at one when I decided I needed a career change, he
a lot of division in the community. stage a couple of the guys thought it would be was a great supporter.
In later years, I became friends with one fun to call me the Chief Lubricating Officer! Due to some unexpected circumstances,
of those original greenies and learned he was Thank goodness that one didnt last. my life took a different path and I went off to
proud to have been one of the protestors It was a wonderful time. We were a social explore the world outside of Hydro for a while.
who had travelled down from Sunbury in group and great friends both inside and It wasnt long though before I found my
Victoria, chained himself to a bulldozer and outside of work. We worked hard and played way back. I swore it was only temporary while
been arrested for what he believed in. The pretty hard as well! Those who were around at I found something better. Strangely enough,
high court decision not to build the Gordon
River below the Franklin scheme changed
many peoples lives and signaled an end to
those heady construction days something
that at that time, we never thought would
end. Although we didnt agree with the
greenies, they increased our awareness of the
importance of preserving the environment
and being sustainable.
Life moved on and after a year in the
Queenstown Distribution Branch office, I
served a short stint in the Burnie Customer
Service area, where I was to take on a role
as relief clerk for the North West Coast.
This involved travelling to regional depots
relieving people who had taken annual leave
and included work at Devonport, Deloraine,
Ulverstone, Wynyard and a six week posting
at Smithton depot.
I guess it was romance that made me move
to the thriving metropolis of Hobart to work
in 1991. There, my series of firsts continued. I
was the first female to ever work in the MHP
office in Davey Street, a group of 35 engineers.
Like others before them, Im not sure they
knew what to do with me there either!
On only my third day in the office, one of
our technical officers said, Cmon girly. Ill
take you out in the field and show you what
we really do! He took me to Trevallyn Power
station to assist him with magnetic particle
testing to test for cracks and imperfections in
the machine runners. I was a bit daunted when
he asked me to crawl through a small hole in
the side of the machine to take us underneath
the runner, where our work occurred. It was
a bit scary but such a great experience. There
were plenty of those at Hydro.
Not one to settle for simple office work, I
got involved in carrying out oil filtration work http://hrw.hotims.com RS #20

www.hydroworld.com January-February 2017 / HRW 25

1701HRW_25 25 2/9/17 9:48 AM

 my series of firsts continued. I became the
first person to work as the support officer for
Business Development, helped to set up the
first Basslink office, and went on to become the
first person to have a role solely dedicated to
marketing in the Consulting Business. Finally,
I moved into the Public Relations Team into a
newly created role that took me to the end of
my tenure with Hydro. The temporary turned
into eight more great years.
There have been many highlights of my
years with Hydro Tasmania, but ones I par-
ticularly remember include:
Representing Hydro Tasmania at the
World Renewable Energy Conference in
Germany in 2001;
Establishing a fundraising program in 2001
that saw many senior managers shave their
heads and employees raise $12,000 to see
them do it;
Working with the Communications
Improvement Team;
Building a team of recycling champions
and introducing a widespread recycling
program;
Managing many corporate events,
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26 HRW / January-February 2017
1701HRW_26 26
including the groundbreaking event to
kick off the Cathedral Rocks Wind Farm;
Implementing the Corporate Blood
Donation Program;
Serving as master of ceremonies for
Hydros annual meetings;
Managing the HPEE Conference in
Tasmania that saw Hydro Tasmania
showcased to 106 delegates from across
the world; and
Being part of the original Values
Facilitation team. This was life-changing
for me. We shared a special time and
were privileged to be involved in such a
leading-edge program.
I was also able to help Hydro win a number
of awards, including:
The 2001 Export Award for our Consulting
Services;
The Sport & Recreation Partnership
award for our association with Junior Surf
Lifesaving; and
The AbAF Partnership award for the
Artists in Schools Program, which is a
partnership with Arts@Work.
The most important part of working
Tradition since 1904
Hydropower and Water
Resources Development
Engineering and consulting
services from concept to
completion and operation
lahmeyer.de joerg-peter.albrecht@de.lahmeyer.com
A company of
there and ultimately the reason I stayed
so long were the people. We were Hydro
people! Those people believed in me and
helped me to believe in myself. Many
strong friendships developed, which have
continued. I was fortunate to be involved in
so many different areas of the organization.
The opportunities presented always allowed
me to stretch myself and to try new things.
All of those things have made me a better
person and I hope I have left at least some
small footprint behind.
No matter how long its been, it still makes
me smile to run into old Hydro colleagues
in the street. We stop for a natter and catch
up and we are still Hydro People.
Editors Note: Hydro Tasmania originally
published this story as part of its centenary
celebration.
Jane Crosswell was formerly Internal Communications,
Events and Sponsorship Coordinator for Hydro Tasmanias
Public Relations team. She spent 22 years with the
company and is now business development director with
Cancer Council Tasmania, among other roles.
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*Electro-mechanical Trash Raker U.S. Patent No. 7,815,811. www.hydrocomponentsystems.com | 920.261.2139

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